狗的动物习语翻译论文题目

从功能对等的角度论英语习语翻译 法律语言特征和法律语言翻译 英汉模糊语言对比研究及其翻译 翻译中的语境因素分析 导游词翻译中的跨文化意识 涉外商函的特点及翻译习语是某一语言在使用过程中形成的独特的固定的表达方式。本文所要讨论的习语是广义的、包括成语、谚语、歇后语、典故等。英汉两种语言历史悠久，包含着大量的习语，它们或含蓄、幽默、或严肃、典雅，不仅言简意赅，而且形象生动，妙趣横和，给人一种美的享受。由于地理、历史、宗教信仰、生活习俗等方面的差异，英汉习语承载着不民的民族文化特色和文化信息，它们与文化传统紧密相连，不可分割。习语中的文化因素往往是翻译中的难点。本文试图借助语用学的理论，对英汉习语的翻译作一些探索。 美车哲学教授在他的Meaning一书中把话语的意义分为自然意义（natural meaning）和非自然意义（non-natural meaning）两种。话语的非自然意义指人们意欲表达的意义，即在特定的场合下表达出交际者意图的语用隐含意义。这就是Grice的会话含意（conversational implicature）理论的基础。那么，由于英汉两种语言的文化背景的差异，同样字面意义、形象意义的话语文章可能具有完全不同的隐含意义。隐含意义才是说话人或作者所要表达的意义。根据我们的观察，英汉习语之间的多方面差异可归为两类：一是形象意义的差异，一是隐含意义（包括褒贬义）的差异，而它们都是字面以外的意义，是文化差异的具体反映。由此出发，本文提出了英汉习语文化意义翻译的具体原则和方法。 一、英汉习语中所反映的文化差异 朱光潜先生在《谈翻译》一文中说：“外国文学最难了解和翻译的第一是联想的意义……”，“它带有特殊的情感氛围，甚深广而微妙，在字典中无从找出，对文学却极要紧。如果我们不熟悉一国的人情风俗和文化历史背景，对于文字的这种意义就茫然，尤其是在翻译时这种字义最不易应付。”英国文化人类学家爱德华·泰勒在《原始文化》（1871）一书中，首次把文化作为一个概念提了出来，并表述为：“文化是一种复杂，它包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其作社会上习得的能力与习惯。”可见文化的覆盖面很广，它是一个复要的系统。语言作为文化的一个组成部分，反映一个民族丰富多彩的方化现象。我们经过归纳总结认为，英汉习语所反是非曲直的文化差异主要表现在以下几个方面： 1、生存环境的差异 习语的产生与人们的劳动和生活密切相关。英国是一个岛国，历史上航海业曾一度领先世界；而汉民族在亚洲大陆生活繁衍，人们的生活离不开土地。比喻花钱浪费，大手大脚，英语是spend money like water，而汉语是“挥金如土”。英语中有许多关于船和水的习语，在汉语中没有完全相同的对应习语，如to rest on one’s oars（暂时歇一歇），to keep one’s head above water（奋力图存），all at sea（不知所措）等等。 在汉语的文化氛围中，“东风”即是“春天的风”，夏天常与酷署炎热联系在一起，“赤日炎炎似火烧”、“骄阳似火”是常被用来描述夏天的词语。而英国地处西半球，北温带，海洋性气候，报告春天消息的却是西风，英国著名诗人雪莱的《西风颂》正是对春的讴歌。英国的夏季正是温馨宜人的季节，常与 “可爱”、“温和”、“美好”相连。莎士比亚在他的一首十四行诗中把爱人比作夏天，Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?/Thou art more lovely and more temperate。 2、习俗差异 英汉习俗差异是多方面的，最典型的莫过于在对狗这种动物的态度上。狗在汉语中是一种卑微的动物。汉语中与狗有关的习语大都含有贬意：“狐朋狗党”、“狗急跳墙”、“狼心狗肺”、“狗腿子”等，尽管近些年来养庞物狗的人数大大增加，狗的“地位”似乎有所改变，但狗的贬义形象却深深地留在汉语言文化中。而在西方英语国家，狗被认为是人类最忠诚的朋友。英语中有关狗的习语除了一部分因受其他语言的影响而含有贬义外，大部分都没有贬义。在英语习语中，常以狗的形象来比喻人的行为。如You are a lucky dog（你是一个幸运儿），Every dog has his day（凡人皆有得意日），Old dog will mot learn mew tricks（老人学不了新东西）等等。形容人“病得厉害”用sick as a dog，“累极了”是dog-tired。与此相反，中国人十分喜爱猫，用“馋猫”比喻人贪嘴，常有亲呢的成份，而在西方文化中，“猫”被用来比喻“包藏祸心的女人”。 3、宗教信仰方面 与宗教信仰有关的习语也大量地出在在英汉语言中。佛教传入中国已有一千多年的历史，人们相信有“佛主”在左右着人世间的一切，与此有关的习语很多，如“借花献佛”、“闲时不烧香，临时抱佛脚”等。在西方许多国家，特别是在英美，人们信奉基督教，相关的习语如Good helps those who help themselves（上帝帮助自助的人），也有Go to hell（下地狱去）这样的诅咒。 4、历史典故 英汉两种语言中还有大量由历史典故形成的习语，这些习语结构简单，意义深远，往往是不能单从字面意义去理解和翻译的。如“东施效颦”、“名落孙山”、“叶公好龙”等等。英语典故习语多来自《圣经》和希腊罗马神话，如Achilles’heel（唯一致命弱点）、meet one’s waterloo（一败涂地）、Penelope’s web（永远完不成的工作）、a Pandora’s box（潘多拉之盒枣灾难、麻烦、祸害的根源）等。 二、英汉习语翻译的具体原则和方法 关于翻译标准，中外翻译理论家们提出了不同的主张。从严复的“信、达、雅”，傅雷的“重神似不重形似”，到张培基先生提出的“忠实通顺”；从瞿秋白的“等同概念”，到美国著名的翻译理论家Eugene A·Nidar的“功能对等（functional equivalence）”或“动态对等（dynamic equivalence）”，我们可以看出，这些主张是相互影响、互为补充、不断完善的，虽然侧重点有所不同，但中心要结晶都是译文要忠实准确地表达原文的意义，保持原作的风格，忠实反是非曲直原作的面貌。所谓忠实表达原文的意义，应指忠实表达原文的字面意义、形象意义和隐含意义三个方面。但是，并不是原文的每句话、每个习语、词汇都同时具备三种意义，有的可能只有字面意义，没有形象意义；有的可能兼有字面意义和形象意义，但没有隐含意义。尤其是，任何两处语言文化都不可能完相同。

2，麦田里的守望者主人公思想和行为的矛盾分析

I have a little pet dog named "Lucky". It's about one year old with white fur and short tail. It's given by my aunt as my birthday present. It's lovely and friendly. It is not only a dog but also my good friend. I often walk my little dog after supper and I wash it at least ice a week. I often talk with my dog when I feel lonely. It is so lovely that I love it very much.

希望对你有所帮助，祝你快乐每一天！（*^__^*）

the dog

l like the dogs very much. They are very interesting and lovely. They like to eat sausages. Because they are delicious.

the dogs always are people's best friend. It can help people to catch bad people and look after people's children or house.

How useful the dogs are!

I have a pet dog named Lucky. It has white and soft furs with o *** all ears and a long tail. It is given by my aunt as my birthday. It is so friendly and lovely that we all love it very much. It likes playing balls outside so I often take it our for a walk. It also likes to be clean so I wash it and make it clean ice every week. I often feed it with dog food and saussages. It likes one of my best friend. I often play with it after school.。

My favourite animal——Cat I like animals,such as dog,rabbit,bird,elephant and cat,but I don't like pig!I have a little cat ,a beautiful cat named big and bright eyes leave a deep impression on anyone who sees is covered with always sleeps on my she jumps on the top of the time before I get home from school ,Kitty hides behind the soon as I e in ,she follows me everywhere and cries “Miao—Miao.” As if she is saying :“I'm hungry.” She likes pretending to fight day,to my surprise,when I got home,I couldn't find my little Kitty .I was so worried .I looked everywhere .Suddenly she ran out with a little rat .I was so happy .I brought my camera and took a photo in time .What a wonderful picture it was !。

I have a lovely dog. Its name is YoYo. I like it very much. It has o big ears, o big and bright eyes. Its hair is brown. It has e to my home for a year. It has bee a part of my family. It has its own house, but it likes to sleep under my bed, play in my house. I like talking to it, because it's a friend worth of trusting. I would like to share my happy things with it. When I am sad, talking to it makes me feel good.。

（狗） Dogs belong to the canine. When a dog follows its nose, it's actually being led by thee key senses. Sight:a glimpse of the enemy saves them barking up the wrong tree. Sound: a bark can be a fierce threat, but it's also how canines make their long distance calls. Smell: this tells a dog more than all the other senses put together. Inside its nose are around o hundred million *** ell sensitive cells, forty times more than in humans. Through them the dog's brain can pick up signals from one molecule of scent in a million. It gives the dog: a pletely different picture of the world, based on what it *** ells, rather than what it sees. Flowers are irrelevant to a dog. So their scent is meaningless. But food is a serious matter. What to us is an empty plate, is covered with the *** ell of chicken to a hungry dog. 狗 狗属于犬科劝物。

当狗用鼻子嗅着前行时，实际上有三种感觉在起作用：视觉，瞥一眼就知道敌人在哪儿；听觉，犬吠有一种凶猛的威慑力，这也是犬科动物闽相互嗅寻的方式；嗅觉，能给狗提供的信息比其他感觉总和还多。 狗的鼻孔大约有2亿左右的嗅觉细胞——比人多40倍。

通过这些细胞，它的大脑能从100万个气体分子中筛选出1个。根据所闻而不是所见的东西，展现给狗的是一个完全不同的画面。

花对狗来讲无足轻重，所以花香对狗无关紧要。可食物是件大事，对我们来说是一个空盘子，可对一只饥肠辘辘的狗来说却散发着鸡肉的香味 like dogs very are very cute and the most important is that they are honest to their we human beings usually call them our best friends. Dogs are used by us humans in many different people especially the olds and the singles keep dogs as they can have a panion and no longer feel another group of people keep dogs to make may be dog-sellers or make a living by selling or caring some people are train dogs to help people in their daily kind of the dogs are trained for the blind dogs can help the blind people walk safely in the streets. Then one more special group of people keep dogs to help do their , they are policemen!Their dogs are so brave that they can fight with the bad people and protect the citizens and their properties. Dogs are so are really our help us do our job and keep us panied and make us feel no longer lonely and even protect us. We should treat them well and make a good space for them to live.。

My Pet DogI have a pet name is is o years is yellow and very has o big it wears a black always play with mother and my sister look after it every I e back from school,it often walks around me shaking its I give it some food,and it looks very is very cute and love it very you like it?。