中西方戏剧观研究论文

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

观众心态视角不是指观众从某种学科角度(如社会学、历史学角度)去看戏剧演出，而 是指观众与戏剧演出之间的心态落差造成的视角。观众把自己的心态放在一定的位置去 观看戏剧演出，而观众的心态位置与演出在观众心中的位置不是完全平等的，这种落差 造成的视角就是观众心态视角。 中西戏剧观众的心态视角存在着很大差异。中国戏曲观众采用的是俯视角，西方戏剧 观众采用的是仰视角。也就是说，中国戏曲观众处在一种心态上的高位置，去俯视演出 ；而西方戏剧观众处在一种心态上的低位置去仰视演出。

俯视与仲视——谈中西戏剧观众心态视角差异详细内容观众心态视角不是指观众从某种学科角度(如社会学、历史学角度)去看戏剧演出，而 是指观众与戏剧演出之间的心态落差造成的视角。观众把自己的心态放在一定的位置去 观看戏剧演出，而观众的心态位置与演出在观众心中的位置不是完全平等的，这种落差 造成的视角就是观众心态视角。中西戏剧观众的心态视角存在着很大差异。中国戏曲观众采用的是俯视角，西方戏剧 观众采用的是仰视角。也就是说，中国戏曲观众处在一种心态上的高位置，去俯视演出 ；而西方戏剧观众处在一种心态上的低位置去仰视演出。这种视角的差别主要表现在观演关系的中心不同。在剧场里，演员表演戏剧，观众观看演出，但在观演关系中，二者却不占同等的位置 。不同的戏剧，二者的侧重点不同。一是以观众为中心，一是以演出为中心。观演关系 中的观众中心制是指观众处在中心地位，在演出时间、演出长度、演出内容上具有较大 的决定权，观看时也有较大的自由度。演出中心制则相反，演出者具有较大的自主性， 演出时间，剧目内容由演出者决定，观众在观看演出时有较大的限制。在观众中心制的 观演关系中，观众在心态上处于高位置去俯视演出，形成俯视的心态视角。在演出中心 制的观演关系中，观众在心态上处于低位置去仰视演出，形成仰视的心态视角。西方戏剧的观演关系倾向于演出中心制，演出者较少与观众提前商量，演出时，与观 众的直接交流较少，注重演出的整一连续性，演出过程中较少有与演出无关的穿插。观 众提前买票进入剧场，按号入座，观看时不宜做与观剧无关的事，甚至鼓掌也只适合在 幕间和演出结束后，以免干扰演出。这时，观众是用仰视的心态视角去观看演出。中国戏曲的观演关系倾向于观众中心制。中国古典戏曲演出可以分为公众演出和堂会 演出，公众演出不管在剧场还是在广场，观众前去观剧的时间都是自由的，观看演出时 的限制较少，可以做与观剧无关的事(如聊天、吃东西)，也可以随时表示对演出的喜恶 甚至干涉演出(如喝彩、喝倒彩)。为少数观众服务的堂会演出，则完全以观众为中心。 演出时间、演出剧目由观众决定，甚至剧目的情节台词因为避讳等原因要做临时改变。 演出过程中常加入与剧目不相干的节目(如每有重要人物到场，演出立刻停止，加演“ 跳加官”之类向来宾祝福的“例戏”)。[1]这时，观众用俯视的心态视角去观看演出。这种心态视角的差别是如何形成的呢?或许有人认为这是因为中国戏曲以唱念做打为表现方法，欣赏戏曲主要是欣赏演员的 唱做技艺；而西方戏剧的文学性很强，欣赏西方戏剧主要是欣赏戏剧的思想内容。的确 ，这在一定程度上促进了中西戏剧心态视角差别的形成。但是，这句话却解释不了以下 事实：作为西方戏剧重要部分的大歌剧和芭蕾舞，文学性并不强，也是以展示歌舞技艺 为主，而人们却以仰视的心态视角去欣赏。昆曲的文学性是很强的，而在堂会演出中， 宾客仍以俯视的心态视角去观看。中西戏剧观众心态视角差异的根本原因在于二者的起源和形成过程不同。西方戏剧发端于古希腊祭祀大典上的歌舞表演。每年春季祭祀中有人化装成酒神的伴 侣——羊人，众人载歌载舞，颂赞酒神的功绩。后来，在歌舞中加进一个演员，由他轮 流扮演几个人物，并与歌队长对话，这是最初的戏剧因素。内容也扩大到其他神的丰功 伟绩和超人英雄的故事。至此，戏剧作为一种独立的艺术样式已经成型。整个中世纪的 戏剧都是在教堂、广场演出的宗教剧，主要表现上帝的伟大和圣徒事迹。文艺复兴时期 正式形成了话剧、歌剧、舞剧三大剧种。中国古典戏曲的源头说法不一，一说源于俳优，但这仅包含了戏剧的一些表演因素； 另一说是源于具有宗教祭祀性质的巫祭祀仪式，但它对中国戏曲的形成起到多大的决定 性作用还未达成共识。中国戏曲正式形成较晚。北宋时，为了适应广大市民阶层的文化 娱乐需要，各种民间技艺便纷纷从各地汇集到城市里来了。其中，对戏曲的形成影响最 大的主要有说唱性质的艺术：诸宫调；歌舞性质的艺术：大曲；扮演性质的艺术；傀儡 戏、参军戏等，这三种性质的艺术样式相互吸收，才形成了戏曲的雏形阶段——宋杂剧 、金院本。这些都是多种民间(或已经走向民间)的娱乐样式的杂合。北宋末南宋初，宋 杂剧的一支演变为南戏，中国戏曲才发展成熟。[2]从中西戏剧形成可以看出，西方戏剧产生于祭祀，是宗教仪式的一个组成部分，始终 带有宗教色彩。宗教仪式是庄严肃穆的，参加宗教仪式的人们怀着崇敬的心情赞颂神的 伟大，在观看表现神的伟绩的戏剧时，同样怀着崇敬的心情。这时，戏剧演出处在一种 精神上的高位置，观众处在一种精神上的低位置，观众的心态视角是仰视的。后来的戏 剧虽然脱离了祭祀的宗教气氛，但这种仰视的心态视角却带着祭祀仪式的痕迹保留了下 来。中国戏曲的形成过程是多种娱乐样式的综合。宗教祭祀仪式对它的形成影响并不大， 相对于西方戏剧的形成渊源来说，它本质上是一种娱乐手段，而且，它对多种娱乐手段 综合的过程同时也是娱乐性加强的过程。人们去瓦肆看戏就是为了娱乐，自然在心理上 处在高位置，去俯视处在低位置的戏曲。以后，戏曲走向富贵人家宴请宾朋的堂会，走 向农村集市庙会的庙台，走向农村庆丰收的草台，它的观众都是怀着喜洋洋的轻松心情 去俯视它。后来的戏曲中也有具有宗教意味的神仙道化剧，但它完全没有西方戏剧初期 的庄严神圣的宗教氛围。这种形成渊源上的差异，影响了中西戏剧从业人员的社会地位的差异，影响了戏剧在 正统文艺中地位的差异，这些都加强了观众的心态视角的差异。古希腊戏剧演员和剧作家的社会地位很高，他们被看作宗教仆人，受人尊敬，古希腊 联邦会议规定，他们的生命财产不受侵犯，无论战时平时，他们能去各地，甚至敌国演 出。[3]欧洲文艺复兴以后，戏剧家的社会地位仍很高，法国戏剧家高乃依、布瓦洛等 都是最高学术机构——法兰西学院院士，这种现象不只在法国，在欧洲都是普遍的。陈 独秀在《论戏曲》中谈到西方戏剧家在民族战争中用戏剧使国民振奋，民族复兴的壮举 ，并说“戏园者，实天下之大学堂也；优伶者，实普天下之大学教师也。”这虽然是他 根据西方的情况对中国戏剧提出的希望，但从侧面反映出了西方人对戏剧的重要性的认 识以及戏剧演员社会地位的评估。试想，“学生们”观看“大学教师”的演出，自然是 仰视的心态。俯视与仲视——谈中西戏剧观众心态视角差异详细内容 来自: 免费论文网戏剧艺术在西方的文艺样式体系中始终占有重要地位，古希腊的文艺理论代表作—— 《诗学》就是戏剧理论，古罗马时的《诗艺》有三分之一是戏剧理论，黑格尔认为：“ 戏剧无论在内容上还是在形式上都要形成最完美的整体，所以应该看作诗乃至一般艺术 的最高层。”[4]这种认识强化了戏剧观众的仰视视角。中国戏曲演员古时的社会地位与古希腊的演员相比真是天壤之别。他们被社会鄙视， 被称为“倡优”、“戏子”。先秦时，戏曲艺人的远祖——优，只不过是逗王侯开心的 玩物，倡优的身份是奴隶，没有人身自由。“进入封建社会后，——他们大体分为两类 ：一类是隶官倡优(隶籍于宫廷和官府)，一类是私家倡优，前者为官伎，后者为家伎， 性质分别为官奴和家奴”，[5]他们“或战争俘虏沦为奴，或属有罪之家罚为奴，或为 穷人家子弟卖为奴。他们必须自相婚配，故其奴隶身份也世代相传”。[6]至清朝前期 ，乐户、官伎等贱民制度被废除，但仍有“一妓二丐三戏子”之说。戏曲作家也只是在 元朝废除科举时才专职从事戏剧创作，而正统文人把创作戏曲只是当作业余兴趣而已， 抱着一种“玩”的心态，他们出文集时决不把戏曲收入。戏曲艺术始终被拒斥于正统文 艺的大门之外。古时观众看“戏子”的演出，自然是俯视的心态。观众心态视角与戏剧的悲喜色彩的选择倾向有着密切的联系。观众心态视角的差异使 得戏剧的悲喜色彩倾向不同。反过来，戏剧悲喜色彩的不同又加强了心态视角的差异。在西方“悲剧历来被认为是戏剧中的冠冕。”[7]但丁认为喜剧是“从逆境与恐怖开始 ，但以幸福、欢乐与充满魅力的情调结束。”所以，“他的表现风格是卑下的。”[8] 丹尼诺认为“喜剧作家拈来素材都是人们熟悉的家庭琐事，虽不能说是低级的甚至邪恶 的，但悲剧诗人处理的都是高贵帝王的死亡和庞大帝国的毁灭。”[9]这些话的潜台词 就是强调悲剧高于喜剧。西方人推崇悲剧的重要原因是悲剧庄严肃穆的气氛，与作为戏 剧源渊的宗教祭祀的庄严气氛最接近，都是用仰视的心态视角。中国戏曲观众喜欢看喜剧。戏谚有“无丑不成戏”之说。清代流行剧集《缀白裘》中 大半是喜剧。这与戏曲形成时的娱乐滑稽传统有着直接的联系，其中反映出的俯视心态 也是一脉相承的。中国古典戏曲的演出场合多为农村的年节庙会，城市中的戏园茶园， 富贵人家宴请宾朋的堂会等喜庆场合。观众都想来得到娱乐，所以不适合演悲哀死伤等 不愉快不吉利的事。这影响到了剧作家的创作。李渔有诗：“唯我填词不卖愁，一夫不 笑是我忧。举世尽成弥勒佛，度人秃笔始堪投。”即使悲剧(苦戏)中也有许多喜剧成分 ，也采用喜剧化的手法，如大团圆结局，丑角插科打诨，甚至“苦戏笑唱”。[10]许多 剧种都流传这样一出折子戏《傻女婿拜年》，写一农家姑娘被迫嫁给财主的傻儿子。这 本是一出悲剧，但却选取了一个喜剧场景：两口子回门给丈人拜年，傻子丑态百出闹出 许多笑话。这种“苦戏笑唱”，一来适合了演出时的喜庆气氛；二来把苦事当做笑话讲 ，这本身就加强了观众俯视心态的意味。难怪有人认为中国戏曲没有真正的悲剧。同样是看悲剧，中西戏剧观众的心态视角也不相同。中国戏曲悲剧冲突带有鲜明的伦 理批判倾向。冲突的基础是两种截然相反的伦理道德，如秦香莲与陈世美，敫桂英与王 魁之间的冲突都是如此。西方悲剧不管是命运悲剧、性格悲剧、社会悲剧，都是人对于 其强大的对立面，即命运、社会、性格所做的奋力挣扎反抗。如俄狄浦斯之于命运，哈 姆雷特之于性格，斯多芒克之于社会，但他们最后都以毁灭告终。中国戏曲悲剧中的主 人公往往是弱小善良的老百姓，尤其是有不幸遭遇和无辜受冤的女性。而西方悲剧的主 人公多是高贵、威严、有强大力量的帝王将相、贵族富人、神人英雄等。由此可见，中 国戏曲的悲剧是把观众推在高高的道德伦理的评判席上，让观众俯视这些可怜的无辜的 弱者，进而对这故事、人物做出道德评判。而西方悲剧的观众仰视着台上那些比自己更 有力量的主人公在命运、性格、社会面前做拼死抗争，却仍逃不脱失败的结果，进而产 生了“恐惧和怜悯”，从而使观众感情得到“净化”。中西戏剧各自经过了漫长的发展过程，形成了各自的特点，只有认清它们的相同和差 异，并互相借鉴，才有助于它们更好的发展。【参考文献】[1][5][6]路应昆《中国戏曲与社会诸色》[M].长春：吉林教育出版社；P13 ；P15[2]俞为民《中国古代戏曲简史》[M].南京：江苏教育出版社[3]罗念生《古希腊戏剧·后记》[M].北京：作家出版社1992[4][德]黑格尔著朱光潜译《美学》第三卷下册.[M].北京：商务印书馆[7][10]蓝凡《中西戏剧比较论稿》[M].北京：学林出版社；P558[8][9][英]尼科尔著 徐士瑚译《西欧戏剧理论》[M].北京：中国戏剧出版社 00

浅议中国戏剧和西方戏剧的异同一、艺术观念的异同：西方人将戏剧分为“音乐的”和“非音乐”的两大类。非音乐剧包括有不以音乐作为表现手段的，如：话剧，哑剧等。音乐戏剧包括有：大歌剧，歌剧，舞剧，轻歌剧（即歌舞剧）等。它是一切以声乐演唱和器乐演奏作为主要表现手段的戏剧表演形式的总称。大歌剧中，没有说白或念白的台词，只有歌唱；歌剧中有一定量的说白，以歌唱为主；舞剧没有文学语言的表现，只有身段表演与音乐的描述；轻歌剧是载歌载舞加语言对白的戏剧。不过，在历史中，真正代表西方音乐戏剧艺术特征的还是歌剧和舞剧。西方歌剧，“这是一种歌乐与器乐为主体，再加上舞蹈布景灯光科白而成之综合艺术”（见《音乐辞典》王沛纶编，乐语编363页Opera[意]歌剧条）。它起于十六世纪意大利佛罗伦斯为恢复古希腊文艺的知识阶层，希腊悲剧中的合唱极受重视。到了十七世纪的1637年，因专门的歌剧院出现，歌剧音乐得到较大的发展。十七世纪后叶，意大利拿波里歌剧音乐有了进一步的完善：扩大为三段体曲式，加强了朗诵调的伴奏，确立意大利式歌剧的“序曲”形式，完善乐队的组织（古典交响曲乐队），提倡喜歌剧等。拿波里歌剧受到法国重视，促成1669年巴黎皇家剧院的成立，不仅确立了“序曲”形式，而且确立了插入“芭蕾舞”作为歌剧的重要表现形式。到了十八世纪，歌剧于1774年又出现一次巨大的改革：葛路克铲除“美歌主义”积习，内容刍于厚重；莫扎特改革喜歌剧成功。真正确立了西方歌剧的地位和影响。现行的歌剧,共构成部分包含有序曲、间奏曲，合唱，唱重唱，独唱；主要角色的独唱，又分朗诵调，抒情调二种，前者是犹如朗诵，伴奏极为简单，后者倾诉情怀，具有强烈的表现能力。是世界人类文化的宝贵财富。中国戏曲，是在唐代歌舞，宋代百戏以及元代曲子基础上产生的一种集文学、音乐、表演为一身的综合性艺术品种。它是从文学中的诗、词、曲的发展基础上发生的必然产物。所以从开始，中国戏曲就与音乐的发展轨迹保持了一致。中国的戏曲是从元、明时期的元曲、南北曲基础上形成的。先是南北曲，接下来是昆山腔的昆曲，接着，便产生了与各地方音乐结合形成的曲牌音乐与板腔体系的音乐为内核的曲牌音乐戏曲和板腔体系戏曲及歌舞性戏曲三大体系的戏曲艺术。中国曲牌系列戏曲包括有现为人知的昆曲，川剧，弋阳腔戏曲等；板腔体系戏曲包括了两类，一类为皮簧类戏曲，如汉剧，京剧中的正反"二黄"、正反“西皮”；一类包括了梆子类戏曲，如全国的各种梆子戏。歌舞性戏曲，包括如越剧、黄梅戏、花灯戏等，以民间小曲为主的音乐构成的戏曲。中国戏曲在与地方音乐艺术结合中，从单一的曲牌类戏曲向板腔体戏曲及民间歌舞戏曲发展变化的过程中，构建了中国戏曲的艺术。体现了它与文学艺术的发展紧密相关的重要特征。从昆戏，到以皮簧与梆子结合发展起来的中国京剧，到大大小小的地方戏曲，都体现了它们具有、载歌载舞的音乐与表演密切结合的共同特征。所以，中国戏曲是文学，音乐，表演，及与舞台各种艺术结合的综合性艺术。由于上述状况，从西方角度看，中国戏曲与西方歌剧是同样的综合性舞台艺术。所以，西方人才有称北京的京剧为“北京歌剧”，称川剧为“四川歌剧”，，，的等等。在他们眼里，这些“中国歌剧”只是因为内容不同，表演地区不同，音乐不同，而有这些差异，但不失它们均属“歌剧”的本质，以为，这只是音乐家和导演可以“自由选择”，尤如他们的不同歌剧一样。他们不了解，中国各戏曲艺术，都有各自一套在音乐和语言方面的特点和规律，相互间“不可逾越”。他们不了解中国戏曲的此种情况，因而，不可能真正识别中国戏曲的各种戏剧。上面的比较，可看出西方歌剧，只注重参与歌剧表演的艺术形式；而中国戏曲，却是不仅看重参与艺术表演的形式，而且，还注重表演的地方性和各地方的特殊性。同时也应该看到，中国戏曲确实具有西方世界以为的“歌剧”式特征：是集文学、音乐、舞蹈、对白、表演、服装、灯光等于一身的综合性艺术。从这个意义来讲，他们称京剧为“北京歌剧”，称川剧为“四川歌剧”，越剧为“浙江歌剧”并不都错。只是因为在他们的观念中，没有中国戏曲的基本概念而导致出的一种不同语境中的“对话”失误。二、表演方法的异同从大的、主要方面来讲，相同之处为：剧中人物主要是靠角色歌唱来表达戏剧的发生、发展及其变化。也都有烘托戏剧发展的伴奏音乐，音乐是戏剧描写人物内心的重要手段。不过相对的讲，西方歌剧中主要是靠管弦乐的演奏来完成，而中国戏曲却主要是靠打击乐和打击乐与管弦乐的套打来完成（当代已突出了管弦乐在戏曲中的地位）。这些均可视为戏剧音乐风格的具体把握来看待。所以也可以视为与西方歌剧相同的特点之一，即一定意义上讲，中国戏曲也是一种“歌剧”，一种音乐戏剧。然而，在具体表演方法上西方歌剧与中国戏曲却相差很远。西方歌剧的表演，以自然生活为依据，除舞台方位由导演设计外，演员都根据自己的生活经历创造和设计自己的动作，并以与生活更为接近为其衡量标准，他们只要唱出了人物感情，就算完成了对角色的塑造。因此，角色演员对于其他表演的艺术手段需求不多，即使有，运用也较少。至于戏剧中需要的其他表现方法，则交由其他的演员来帮助完成。所以，在东方人的眼中，西方歌剧是“话剧加唱的戏剧”。中国戏曲却不是这样。在中国360多个戏曲中，无论它们是在哪一地区，无论它们是什么剧种，在表演上都讲究“行当”、“角色”。即中国戏曲中都有“生、旦、净、末、丑”的行当。每一行当都有自己的“唱、念、做、打”的不同规范性表演动作，不可混淆。因此，中国戏曲的演员，一生中的主要精力，都放到了完成这些行当的“基本功”要求之上：“夏练三伏，冬练数九”就成了中国戏曲演员提升自己的共同口号。这种训练包含了要练发声、练唱腔，练讲口对白，练各种武功（包括表演时须用的手上、脚下功夫），练形体，练台步，练亮相，等等。所以在中国培养一个戏曲演员比培养一个单纯的歌唱家、舞蹈家，话剧、影视表演艺术家等还要更难，其原因就在于此。在西方歌剧里，虽有多种舞台艺术的参与，然而对剧中角色而言，他比较单纯的任务是完成好他自己角色的演、唱和一定的形体，便能演好和刻画好所表现的人物。但是，在中国戏曲艺术中，演员要完成刻画剧中人物的艺术形象，他须将声乐的演唱，形体的台步、身段、舞蹈、表演等多种方法集于一身，才有可能胜任、完成。他体现了在表演的方法上中国戏曲远比西方歌剧的表演方法丰富、也更加艰难！三、表演理论的异同 在西方世界里，对于表演艺术的规律的研究，已形成了若干成熟的理论，这就是著名的“斯坦尼斯拉夫斯基表演体系”与“布莱希特表演体系”的两大理论派别的研究。斯坦尼斯拉夫斯基表演体系称自己是现实主义的表演体系。它追求艺术在表现时，虽忠实于自己表现的对象，演员要象角色中的人物那样具有真实的生活感受，演出时，须进入角色的内心世界去感受戏剧的发生、发展，俗话说，就是演啥子，就是啥子！因此，演员必须体验角色，深入生活，深入角色内心世界。这就是该体系追求的最高境界。这是现实主义的表演理论。它提出了对演员修养的若干问题，对从事艺术工作的艺术家们的自我修养，具有一定的理论指导意义。至今，仍有它的积极作用。但，在这种追求完全真实的理论下，戏剧舞台上就出现了逼真的场景，道具的现象，诸如，坦克车，大吊车之类的重型实物都被搬上舞台，造成舞台的臃肿和观众对剧情注意力的转移等等一些破坏艺术目的和效果的事件发生。布莱希特表演体系的最大特点在他的“间离效果”理论的阐述上。他主张，演员表演的既是角色，又是本人自己。因此，他主张在表演中要跳出表演的舞台的限制，离间这个场景，站出来，从观众的角度来对待剧中所发生的事件和人物的反应。他的理论，开启了艺术舞台的新局面。使艺术表演的舞台，更能与观众交流对话。这理论剌激产生了后来许多派别的出现。但是此一理论的戏剧，往往容易产生噱头之类的副效果，引发“不严肃”、“不稳重”、“荒诞”的批评。不过，此理论确实在启发艺术家们开启智慧，寻求新的方法等方面起着积极的影响和作用。中国的戏剧，虽有较为深入的一些理论研究，然不系统，所以没有现存的、专门的表演体系的理论。只是当京剧大师梅兰芳先生国外演出时，受到西方两大表演体系的代表人物——斯坦尼斯拉夫斯基和布莱希特的亲睐。他们一致地推崇梅先生的表演，并表示从梅先生的表演中，看到了与西方艺术相区别的真正的东方——中国的艺术。至此，在有的评论家文章中出现了“代表东方”的“梅兰芳表演体系”及世界上存在有“三大表演体系”的说法。这个说法还不够严谨。不过，这一说法确实也道出了中国戏曲艺术在表演的规律、特征等方面，与西方戏剧表演理论的一些差别。斯坦尼和布莱希特为啥都从梅兰芳先生的表演中看出中国戏剧艺术较西方艺术的不同特点和他们没有的优势？这是因为，中国戏曲，在表现人民生活方面创造了适合舞台表演的“程式”方法。而这些方法，仅适用于中国戏曲的表演而绝不适合于西方的戏剧表演。这是因为以下的原因造成：1，中国戏曲是在唐代歌舞、百戏杂耍及曲艺表演基础上发展起来的一种载歌载舞的戏剧表演形式。这与西方戏剧是在话剧和宗教的影响下而产生的基础大相径庭。2 ，中国戏曲讲求虚实结合的表演方法，这与西方讲求以实为主的艺术方法完全相区别。这就导致了中国戏曲中对道具的使用讲求神似而不是“实是”。如《秋江》的艄翁，虽然手握桡片，然而，他所推动的却既没有船，又没有道具的单纯舞蹈表演。通过演员的表演，让观众似乎看见了真的船在艄翁的推动下：向前、向左、向右、向后，向上、向下的滑动起来。在服装上，那些当官的背上背的三面三角旗，代表他所统率的“三军”，作战时，犹如千军万马般浩浩荡荡那样。又如，一根马鞭，在演员手上系着，表演时，宛如牵头着一头高大的骏马，，。这些都充分体现出中国戏曲在表演方面具有多么丰富的想象力！而中国戏曲这套表演程式和方法，很难说是某一人创造、发明的。它是中华文明以来，逐渐在中国民众中不断积累而形成的一种集体的创造。同时，由于道具的轻便，中国戏曲的舞打既有舞蹈的性质，又具武术的表演，这使中国戏曲的舞蹈性达到一种极至。再加上，中国戏曲中突出的打击乐的程式语言的运用，舞台上的表演、舞蹈节奏变得如此统一又变幻多端，其“风、云、雷、雨、雪”都可从简单的少数几件乐器的演奏中淋漓尽致地表现出来，，。这些效果，都只有在中国戏曲艺术表演的虚实结合中才能体现出来。中国戏曲的虚实表演观与中华文化的东方哲学和艺术的观点相一致。这从戏剧的表演理论与哲学、绘画、诗歌的比较中都可找到其文化思想上相一致的根源。因此，说中国戏曲的表演理论有体系并不为过。只是，因为中国戏曲的表演理论来源较早、较深、较远，也较为复杂，所以，还须艺术理论家们在进一步的研究中，认真地总结出来吧了。中国的“歌剧”有三种来源。一是仿西方歌剧的形态，如国内最早创作演出的“秋子”一剧，其方法完全照搬西方歌剧；二是抗战时国内盛行的“放下你的鞭子”及延安地区创作的小歌剧“兄妹开荒”、“夫妻识字”、“白毛女”等一类从中国民歌发展而来的歌舞表演形式；三是如“小二黑结婚”等一批从中国地方戏曲变化出来的一类形式。中华人民共和国成立后的中国歌剧，综合了前面三类形式而具有中国民歌和中国戏曲风味的一种歌剧形态。改革开放以后，模仿西方歌剧创作表演方法的中国歌剧比较地多了起来。所以中国歌剧虽受西方歌剧影响，然而，也与西方歌剧有一定差别，是中国化的歌剧形态。前面，从三个方面对西方歌剧与中国戏曲作了较为肤浅的研究比较。现在，可以说，中国戏曲既有与西方歌剧相似的一些特征，但它又是在表演方法和表演理论方面与西方歌剧有着重大区别的东方艺术。因此，在世界文化艺术大花园中，“中国戏曲”确实是盛开着的有着多种色彩的、独具特色的一簇艺术奇葩！