英语成本控制论文开题报告

英语论文开题报告范文参考

下面是一篇由我为您整理的英语论文的开题报告范文，虽然不是特别好，但也反应了开题报告的格式和写法，有一定的.借鉴价值。

Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies

1 Introduction

The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).

DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.

2 Outline

Development and major concepts of DTS

In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.

Methodolgy

I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.

DTS in contrast to other theories

A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.

Case study

In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.

Conclusion

Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.

(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)

附录1- 引文范例

“It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wilss, 1982: 217)

“噢，这就是恐水病吧?你们贵族圈子怎么流行起这种病来啦?真够呛的!费芬斯小姐，您喝点茶大概没关系吧!”’(张南峰，1990：59-60)

附录2- 参考文献范例

Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation – Problems and Methods. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen,1982.

Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall, 1988.

Delabastita, Dirk. Translating Puns: A false Opposition in Translation Studies. Target, 1991(3:2):137-152.

成本控制开题报告范文

成本控制，是企业根据一定时期预先建立的成本管理目标，由成本控制主体在其职权范围内，在生产耗费发生以前和成本控制过程中，以下是“成本控制开题报告范文”希望能够帮助的到您！

一、选题的理论意义与实际意义

面对日益激烈的竞争环境，中小企业进行成本控制已日益紧迫。一个企业利润是由销售额和成本所决定的，那么企业成本的控制和管理势必最关键。中小企业在我国现行经济体制下发展速度迅猛，是促进社会稳定和经济增长的重要力量，在很大程度上为我国的经济发展和资源优化配置做出了重要贡献。但由于中小企业经营规模小，资金力量薄弱，内部控制程度较差，生产效率较低，使得在社会主义市场经济中处于较弱的竞争地位。尤其是在目前严峻的经济形势下，大多中小企业面临着生存危机。因此，在外部经济形势相同的情况下，中小企业如何在市场经济中争得一席之地是非常重要。所以，中小企业应引进先进的成本控制理念、采用科学的成本控制方法、完善成本控制体系。在中小企业创业发展历程中，存在着很多问题。目前存在的最主要问题是多数中小企业经营者无暇或者无意识顾及企业的成本控制建设。而在企业管理中，成本控制是现代中小企业发展的关键环节。因此从理论和实践上探索中小企业成本控制的建设方案，可以帮助中小企业降低产品成本，实现企业利润最大化目标；提高中小企业的经济效益和社会效益。所以探索中小企业成本控制方案对于实现整个社会效率的提高具有实际意义。

本文首先从成本控制的意义入手，描述了当前中小企业对成本控制中存在的问题及表现，并简要分析了出现这些问题的原因。并针对问题提出相应的指导建议，从而帮助中小企业在成本控制问题上借鉴改进，促进中小企业更加健康快速的发展。

二、论文综述（综述国内外有关选题的研究动态）

成本控制最早于20世纪80年代由英国学者肯尼斯·西蒙兹提出，后来，美国哈佛商学院的迈克尔？波特教授在《竞争优势》和《竞争战略》两本书中提出了运用价值链（纵向价值链、横向价值链、内部价值链）进行成本控制分析的一般方法。具有影响力的是以查尔斯·T·霍恩格伦为代表的五目标论和以卡普兰为代表的多阶段论。凯瑟琳娜。斯腾詹和乔。斯腾詹在《成本管理精要》一书中提出了从决策有用性出发的1O目标论。他们认为，有助于决策的成本管理系统必须满足：

（1）列示过去、现在和将来的支出；

（2）反映组织的成本结构和形态以支持成本管理系统的改进；

（3）支持切实可行的战略计划并明确管理目标；

（4）引导个人和团队行为，努力实现组织目标；

（5）为完成组织近期目标和战略规划监控资源耗费；

（6）预警财务状况恶化；

（7）资源消耗的适用性；

（8）明确个人和团队对完成经营目标应负的责任；

（9）有助于分析客户、生产过程、产品和地区对赢利性的不同影响；

（1O）为不同的决策者、管理者提供全景式的组织成本结构信息。

20世纪40年代以后的成本管理理论大都是持有这样一种观点，认为成本管理是一种管理活动，应该具有管理的普遍职能，即预测，计划，控制，考核，分析和决策等。成本核算是成本管理的基础和前提，是为成本管理提供依据的基础工作。广义的成本管理观不再将成本核算作为成本管理的重心。

美国学者查尔斯。T.亨格瑞认为，成本管理是“经理人员的为满足顾客要求同时又持续降低和控制成本的行为。”因此，为降低成本而进行的成本控制活动是中小企业成本管理的重心。

我国《企业会计准则》中明确指出：成本指企业为生产产品、提供劳务而发生的各种耗费中的概念表明了生产成本的产生方式。而根据会计恒等式“利润=收入-支出”,及生产型企业生产成本占支出比重大的特点，可以推出生产成本对企业的巨大影 响。作为生产型企业，主要收入来源就是产品销售收入，而目前企业大多处在供大于求的买方市场，取得高销售收入实在不易，要取得经营利润，降低成本更为合理。因此，着重研究企业成本控制问题、方法的研究，才能使企业达到利润的最大化。

我的见解：

目前我国提供给中小企业的外部环境越来越宽松， 对中小企业扶持力度也在不断增强， 然而提高经济效益的根本途径是要积极开展成本管理活动。如今许多中小企业的成本管理现状却令人担忧， 管理者对成本管理的理解存在着诸多误区， 并由此导致中小企业经济运行质量不高， 难以做大、做强并全面地参与市场竞争。因此必须对其加以改进和完善。目前我国中小企业的管理者们逐步认识到了成本管理的重要性， 也加强了成本规划和成本控制， 但仍有很多企业的管理者存在这样的误解，多数中小企业认为成本管理就是降低成本，只重视产品的生产成本，而忽视了全员参与、全过程、全方位对成本进行控制，缺乏市场竞争意识，仍然按照成本习性划分成本的构成并核算产品成本，通过大幅度提高产量降低单位产品分担的固定成本。因此，在销售量不变的情况下，企业误认为简单地降低成本就意味着增加效益。这种失真的信息导致生产成本控制觉察出现误区，似乎产量越大，成本越低，利润越高，而不是从成本与效益的对比中寻找成本最小化。

企业是现代社会的细胞，是市场经济的主体，而占企业绝大多数的中小企业则是这一主体中最活跃、最富有活力的组成部分，在国民经济中占据了相当大的比重。而加强成本控制是提高企业经济效益、增强企业竞争能力的重要途径，也是提高中小企业可持续发展能力，提高国家整体经济水平的有效手段。因而，研究如何提高中小企业的成本控制能力，成为促进我国经济健康成长和实现中小企业跨越式发展的一个重要课题。

三、论文提纲

前言

在我国经济迅猛发展的今天，中小企业也在飞速的发展，并且在国民经济中占有重要的作用。中小企业为解决社会的就业问题作出了重要贡献，对人民的生活工作起到了很大的`作用，给国家减轻了负担的同时为国家的经济和稳定社会作出了巨大的作用。但是这样的中小企业在成本控制中一直存在着问题，表现在产品成本高，但是盈利少，资源消耗量大等等。中小企业成本控制存在着很多问题需要进一步完善，成本管理手模式落后已经不在适应现在的成本战略管理的需求，这些都严重制约着中小企业的发展。所以现在的中小企业想要在竞争激烈的市场上得到发展的机会必须不断完善企业的成本控制体系，引进先进的成本控制理念和科学合理的方法来降低产品的成本，分析成本控制存在的问题并找出对策等等一系列措施。

总之，中小企业进行成本控制是一项长久的综合治理工程，是全体员工共同努力的结果。

选题的意义

中小企业在我国现行经济体制下发展速度迅猛，是促进社会稳定和经济增长的重要力量，在很大程度上为我国的经济发展和资源优化配置做出了重要贡献。但由于中小企业经营规模小，资金力量薄弱，内部控制程度较差，生产效率较低，使得在社会主义市场经济中处于较弱的竞争地位。尤其是在目前严峻的经济形势下，大多中小企业面临着生存危机。因此，在外部经济形势相同的情况下，中小企业如何在市场经济中争得一席之地是非常重要。所以，中小企业应引进先进的成本控制理念、采用科学的成本控制方法、完善成本控制体系。在中小企业创业发展历程中，存在着很多问题。目前存在的最主要问题是多数中小企业经营者无暇或者无意识顾及企业的成本控制建设。而在企业管理中，成本控制是现代中小企业发展的关键环节。因此从理论和实践上探索中小企业成本控制的建设方案，可以帮助中小企业降低产品成本，实现企业利润最大化目标；提高中小企业的经济效益和社会效益。所以探索中小企业成本控制方案对于实现整个社会效率的提高具有实际意义。

论文开题报告基本要素

各部分撰写内容

论文标题应该简洁，且能让读者对论文所研究的主题一目了然。

摘要是对论文提纲的总结，通常不超过1或2页，摘要包含以下内容：

目录应该列出所有带有页码的标题和副标题， 副标题应缩进。

这部分应该从宏观的角度来解释研究背景，缩小研究问题的范围，适当列出相关的参考文献。

这一部分不只是你已经阅读过的相关文献的总结摘要，而是必须对其进行批判性评论，并能够将这些文献与你提出的研究联系起来。

这部分应该告诉读者你想在研究中发现什么。在这部分明确地陈述你的研究问题和假设。在大多数情况下，主要研究问题应该足够广泛，而次要研究问题和假设则更具体，每个问题都应该侧重于研究的某个方面。

开题报告，老师一般会给模板，还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告，你参考一下吧。课题名称An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异课题来源Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor一、课题背景及意义 （课题的立题依据及研究意义）Research Background:A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the common illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily Significance:As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not take into account the impact of cultural differences, we are difficult to understand the implicit meaning of color words. The significance of this thesis is to enable a better understanding of color words, in order to enhance communication skills, avoid conflict of cultures.二、课题研究现状及发展趋势 （课题研究领域的发展现状及可能的发展方向）Research Status:Study of color words has long attracted linguists’ attention. The bright lights of the objective world and for humankind as a whole are the same, but the national language or in different books of different ages or different geographical dialects often be found to have different understanding about color words. This concentrated and fully prove that language is the result of human cognition to understand and express the objective world, different groups of people in cognitive understanding and expression of the world, due to the different natural environment, social life, cultural traditions. Study of color words in different languages between the similarities and differences. The same object can look at how the differences in cognitive terms showing similarities and differences between how the social and cultural differences and further expansion of the semantic differences, which for the cognitive linguistics, comparative linguistics and culture, linguistics, and on second language teaching of applied linguistics has an important significance..Research Tendency:21st century’s color words study should stress the originality on research based on the achievements of the previous scholars, domestic or abroad. The study should keep track of the latest development of color words, making breakthrough, upgrading the research quality.三、研究内容及研究目标 （对研究的内容进行说明，并阐明要达到的目标）Research Contents:A. Cultural Connotations of Black and Reflections in Idioms1．Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Black Is Associated With the Solemn and the Black Is Associated With Black Is Associated With the Black People2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Black Is Associated With the Black Is Associated With the Evil and Black Is Associated With the Shame and Black Is Associated With AngerB. Cultural Connotations of White and Reflections in Idioms1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in White Is Associated With the Pure and White Is Associated With Integrity and Honesty2. Negative Connotations and Reflections in White Is Associated With Death and White Is Associated With Worthless and TimidC. Cultural Connotations of Red and Reflections in Idioms1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Red Is Associated With Honor and Love2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Red is Associated with the Red Is Associated With Revolution and Red Is Associated With Danger and LossD. Cultural Connotations of Yellow and Reflections in Idioms1．Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Yellow Is Associated With the Yellow Is Associated With the Joy and Missing2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Yellow Is Associated With the Vulgar and Yellow Is Associated With the Coward and DiseaseResearch Objectives:I write this thesis in order to make English learners have a better understanding of the cultural meaning of color words and enhance communication skills, avoid conflict in Western culture.四、预计的研究难点 （课题研究过程中可能遇到的理论难题或技术难点）With the changing society, people have a view of things may have diametrically opposite point of view, how is the color of the word has become more authoritative to be a problem; how to get people to attach importance to the implied meaning of color words which may lead to cultural conflict is also a problem. As the color words in real life, the widely used, it is difficult in a paper summarizing, so how to form the color words of the formation of an effective system is a difficult. Possible problems also contain: (1) Limited availability of helpful data, especially the books or articles written by the native scholars; (2) Difficulty in the presentation of insightful ideas and the attainment in originality due to lack of the knowledge related.五、创新点 （选题、观点、理论、材料、方法等创新点）The English language is developing constantly, keeping absorbing more color words. What is new in my thesis is that I try to focus my study on color words in modern English, making the research keep pace with the times, with the latest development in loanwords.六、进度计划 （根据研究内容及研究目标所预计的进度安排）1. — , 2008 Subject selecting & topic narrowing2. — , 2008 Data gathering3. — , 2009 Opening report & detailed outline4. — , 2009 Literature review5. — , 2009 First draft6. — , 2009 Second draft7. — , 2009 Final version8. — May 14th, 2009 Printing9. May 17th — May 25th, 2009 Thesis debate七、资料来源 （指能够支持“课题背景”、“课题研究现状及发展趋势”所论述内容的主要文献资料）[1] Baugh, . & Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language [M]. Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.[2] Eckersley, . Brighter English [M]. London: Longman, 1979.[3] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Mac Millan Education, 1985.[4] Hornby, . Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English [Z]. London: Oxford University, 1974.[5] Knowles, G. A Cultural History of the English Language [M]. .: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 1997.[6] Lott, B. A Course in English Language and Literature [M]. .: Edward Arnold, 1989.[7] Lyons, J. Language and Linguistics [M]. London: Longman, 1981.[8] Wales, K. Northern English: A Social and Cultural History [M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 2006.[9] Wu Weizen. History and Anthology of English Literature [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.[10] Yang Yanhua & Zhang Shufan. Modern English Lexicology [M]. Peking: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2007.[11] 陈永烨．“英汉颜色词所表现的中西文化差异” [J]．《辽宁工程技术大学学报》，2005，(7)．[12] 戴炜栋,何兆熊.《新编简明英语语言学教程》[A].上海：上海外语出版社,2002.[13] 邓炎昌，刘润清．《语言与文化》[M]．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1991．[14] 蒋栋元．“论颜色及颜色词的文化差异” [J]． 《四川外语学院学报》，2002，(3)．[15] 唐振华．“英汉颜色词的翻译” [J]．《中国科技翻译》，1997，(2).指导教师意见：（对课题的认可意见）指导教师年 月 日系（教研室）审查意见：系（教研室）主任：年 月 日