狐狸不会飞
Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。
妞妞帅哥两个
语言是交际工具、思维工具、认知工具， 文化 的载体、信息(知识、情报、资料)的载体。下文是我为大家整理的关于英语语言文化论文的 范文 ，欢迎大家阅读参考! 关于英语语言文化论文篇1 浅谈英语语言中姓氏的文化内涵 摘要：每个人都拥有自己的姓氏，它作为一种符号，构成了文化载体的一个重要部分。作为一种较为特殊的文化现象，英语姓氏有着极其复杂的构成和来源，其中可能埋藏着历史、经济、文化、地理等众多因素。对于接触语言、文化的研究者，探析英文姓氏来源的工作十分必要。本文尝试探索英语姓氏的演变历程，从而揭开现代英文姓氏与其本源的关系。这必将对英文教学以及加深学生了解 英语文化 具有重要意义。 关键词：英语姓氏 来源 文化 英语语言 自从有了文明，人类为了便于繁衍生息、交流沟通，就发明了姓氏。随着历史进程和社会的发展，姓名的构成和习用逐步形成。每人都有属于自己的姓氏，它作为一种符号，构成了文化载体的一个重要部分。作为一种较为特殊的文化现象，英语姓氏有着极其复杂的构成和来源，其中可能埋藏着历史、经济、文化、地理等诸多的因素。对于 学习英语 语言的人来说，探析英文中的姓氏来源，具有重要的意义。 古代英国在经历了多次外族入侵，才得以形成英语民族及其语言。这是以盎格鲁撒克逊人和凯尔特人为主的世界上众多民族共同努力的结果。 到了近代，英语民族的活动舞台随着大英帝国不断向海外的扩张而进一步扩展，也就更大范围地吸收了其他民族的血统和语言。其中，尤以美利坚民族和美国英语的形成最为典型。 这自然也就让英语姓名系统变的更加复杂化。尤其是在现、当代，英语民族血统进一步多元化，英语语言体系进一步扩大化，这当归功于大批涌入英语国家或地区的移民。尽管外来移民的姓名不断被英语同化，但多多少少都会保持原民族的某些特征。据英美 姓名学 家统计，如今英语姓名的语源就与三十多个大小语种相关。下面，我们着重来看英语姓名在其本土的演化发展过程。 在英伦三岛被诺曼底人入侵以前，即公元1006年的诺曼征服前，英国人没有姓，只有名。 英国封建主义的高峰是在公元9世纪到15世纪。在手工业和商业发展的基础上，商业关系与市场关系不断加强，英国人口也急剧增加。由于备选的个人名的数量远不能满足剧增的人口需要，所以越来越多的人只好选择了相同的名字作为个人名。这样当同名的人相遇或同居相处时，问题就产生了，通常会出现诸如呼此彼应、一呼几应之类的误会。所以，人们就在自己的名字上添个词来区别。于是，英语民族的先民们便开始在个人名后面添加个人附加名，作为区分同名人的手段，以增强人名的社会区分职能。 个人附加名大多是本人的出生地名、职业名称或着绰号等。例如，一个名叫 Mike 的人，如果他的职业是渔夫(the Fisherman)，人们就叫他 Mike the Fisherman(渔夫麦克)。如果一个人的名叫作 Hen-rye，而他出生于牛津(Cambridge)，人们就习惯性地称呼他为 Henry of Cambridge(牛津的亨利)。个人附加名并不世袭，因此还是在个人名的范畴内，而“正宗”的英语姓往往是由个人附加名发展而来的。例如，Mike the Fisherman 和 Henry of Cam-bridge 分别演化成 Mike Fisherman(麦克?费士曼)和 Henry Cambridge(亨利?剑桥)。 到了十七世纪，英国的封建制度逐步腐朽没落，而资产阶级却迅速发展。于是，社会经济不断发展，科技文化不断进步，英国人口也急剧上升，人们联系日益密切，而随之出现的同名现象给人们的交往带来了不少麻烦。以防混淆，人们便在附加名和姓之间再添加一个或多个词来进一步区别。后来加上可变的中间名(middle name)。例如： George McadamSmith，其中的“Macadam”即为可变的中间名。 那么姓又是何时在美国出现的呢? 一些学者的结论是美国的姓始自公元 1000 年。其实，在 1492年美洲新大陆被哥伦布“发现”之前，现在美国境内的原始居民，即土著印第安人没有姓，只有个人名。姓是随着 16 世纪欧洲白人的到来才开始出现的。16 至 17 世纪，英国移民及其后裔姓名的基本构成部分是名和姓，如法学家 James Iredell。从 18 世纪起，由于英籍移民的增加和社会联系的增多，美利坚人作为全美的主体民族也开始用中间名(Middle name )了。现 在 我 们 熟 悉 的 前 总 统 George ，他的名字就是这种情况。 英语姓氏经过了若干年的发展，以变得纷繁复杂，来源更是多种多样，但是有些来源却是相同的。一种是来自地名。世界各民族的姓都和地名有密切关系 ，英姓中也有类似情况，如由祖先居住的地名而沿用下来的“Arlington”、“Ford”、“Scott”等姓。还有的是起源于行业名。在中世纪后期，英国经济曾突发地繁荣，各种手工业如雨后春笋般兴起，于是人们就根据职业或者工种来决定自己的姓。现今较为常见的有“Archer”(弓箭手)、“Butcher”(屠夫 )、“Glover”(手套商)、“Harper”(竖琴师)、“Locker”(仓库保管员)、“Potter”(陶工)、“Smith”(金属工 )等等。这些姓在一定程度上折射出当时的社会环境及经济发展情况。另外，贵族等的头衔也是来源之一。 有些姓最初是一些贵族家庭用来称呼一家之长的，后来为了永保家族荣誉感，便将他们传给了后代，代代相传就渐渐成了姓。“Constable”(王室总管)、“Judge”(审判官)、“King”(国王)、“Mar-shall”(元帅 )等便是此类英姓中常见的。这正是封建社会烙下的印迹。动物也给英语姓氏的产生做出了贡献。 某些人出于对动植物的崇拜和赞颂，就把它们的名称拿来作自己的姓。常见的如“Bird”(鸟)、“Fish”(鱼)、“Lion”(狮子)、“Swan”(天鹅)、“Wolf”(狼 )等，以及 Wood”(森林)、“Apple”(苹果)、“Flower”(花 )、“Bush”(灌木丛 )、“Rose”(玫瑰花 )等。还有一些英文姓氏来源于颜色的名称： 英语中的“Brown”(棕色的)、“Pink”(粉红色的)、“Red”(红色的)、“Silver”(银白色的)、“White”(白色的)等就是如此。江河湖海等 通过以上简单的回顾分析，我们不难看出，英语的姓氏来源十分广博，其历史成因也非常复杂。正是由于各种多变因素的参与，才导致英文姓氏的演变这般有趣。由于姓氏与人类各种社会活动休戚相关，因此才具有非凡的意义。进一步地研究英语姓氏来源可以帮助我们加深对西方的认识，促进中西文化的交流。并且，对于引导学生更加深刻地理解英语文化也具有重要意义。 参考文献： [1] 关翠琼.英语姓氏的起源[J].写作，2006，(22). 关于英语语言文化论文篇2 浅论英语语言文化内涵的多元化英语教学 摘要：从跨文化交际视域和语言运用的层面上诠释文化在英语语言使用中所蕴涵的多样性、内在丰富性以及该语言与其所承载的文化间密不可分的联系是世界多元文化格局的要求。可为多元文化区域内如何学习吸纳异域语言，借鉴、融合异域文化进行跨文化交际提供一个语言与文化相结合的新的理论研究空间。 关键词：文化内涵;多元化;英语教学 一、语言与文化 语言与文化相辅相承，密不可分。语言是文化的特殊载体，文化是民族的灵魂和精神支柱，文化影响和制约着语言交际的过程和效果。语言作为交际工具，可以表达客体的概念意义;此外，作为文化的载体，还蕴涵着该语言的民族文化含义和文化心理。 二、英语与英语文化 人们在学习英语过程中，主要通过阅读了解对象国的社会风貌，文化风俗，而阅读材料多出自一两个母语国。于是有些人就认定“英语这种语言和某一两个使用英语的国家的文化是密不可分的。” 这是一种错觉，因为这种理论不能充分解释英语作为跨文化交际的媒介的作用。这些人所说的“语言既不是抽象的'人类语言'，也不是微观到个人的'言语'，而是指一个国家、一个地区、一个部族的语言。” 因此，似乎可得出这样的推论--英国文化即英语文化。但这种错觉是由于混淆文化离不开语言，与一定的文化离不开某一具体的语言之间的界限而产生的。所以切不可在语种与文化之间划等号。因为，今天的English culture(英语文化)一词包含甚广。 三、多元的英语文化 从社会语言学角度看今天的English culture(广义的英语文化)具有多元性，其内容可以涵指：①英国文化;②以英语为母语国家的文化，即狭义的英语文化，如美国文化，加拿大文化，新西兰文化，澳大利亚文化及加勒比海地区部分国家的文化;③以英语为传播媒介的非英语、非西方文化;④古希腊和古罗马文明的文化内容。 毋庸置疑，英语运载着英美文化。作为以英美为代表的母语国家的语言，英语承载主流社会的文化，同时也担当非主流的、非英语移民社团与主流社会的交际媒介。如果英语不具备跨文化运载能力，身居于纽约市约25万的华人是无法同美国主流社会交流的(当然他们的交流是通过那些懂英语的移民来进行的)。由此看来，英语是英美文化的载体，推而广之英语是西方文化的载体，同时英语也是外来的、非英美的、非西方文化的载体。另外，作为外语型国家(如中国)的国际交流语言工具，它反映的是该国的政府的政治立场和人民的文化生活(即在中国是中国文化的载体，在南非是南非文化的载体)。 四、英语与各国的文化之间的关系 作为国际交流语言的英语与各国的文化之间是怎样的关系呢?可以用变化着的对抗融合关系来概括。世界语言——英语正作为母语国家和第二语言型国家的内部语言而被使用，同时，还作为英语国家与非英语国家，非英语国家与非英语国家的交流工具而被广泛使用。 在使用中，英语本身固载着的西方人的逻辑和传统与该地的使用者的母语逻辑和民族传统规范不断产生“碰撞”，即所谓的英语与该国文化的对抗;而随着时间的推移与环境的适应，某些英语本身固载着的东西，甚至某些“碰撞”，竟然在该国文化环境下留存下来，即所谓的英语与该国文化的融合。在世界上的多元文化区域内，时时都在进行着学习吸纳异域语言，借鉴、融合异域文化进行跨文化交际活动。 五、英语语言文化内涵的多元化与英语教学 “作为世界语言，英语的文化内涵是多元的，既包括西方文化要素，也包括东方文化要素;既有__的元素，也有佛教和伊斯兰教的元素。” 由此可见，英语语言教学中要充分考虑英语语言文化的多元化对英语教学过程及效果的影响。因此， 教育 者应注意以下几方面的问题： 1.创设立体化教学环境，避免与当地文化对抗，真正实现语言和文化的协调。 英语语言文化教学要创设立体化教学环境，是指把语言文化教学的三维即学习者、学习者将来使用语言的目的环境及学习者当时的学习和生活环境有机地统一起来，构成立体的课堂结构。以中国的英语教学为例，“英语基本是中国人教，中国人学，在中国用”。在此环境中，“中国文化始终占支配地位，异域文化的输入只能起补充作用。” Smith 在1981年曾指出：“一种语言一旦成为国际性的，它就不可能恪守一种文化规约。” 也就是说为了用英语跟菲律宾人做生意，中国人并不需要学习欣赏英国的生活方式，也不需要发标准的英国音。近年由于英语文化教学意识的加强，教师在英语语言教学过程中一味的强调异域文化的某些规约，强调片面的语言和文化的协调。殊不知他们忽视了学习者当时的学习和生活环境，其结果是“语言似乎纯粹了，但协调被破坏了，因为犯了与当地文化对抗的错误。” 所以，切不可忘记英语运载着的中国文化。 2.正确理解学校课程的作用。 对于少数将要从事与异域文化密切相关的工作的人来说，了解对象国的文化是必要的。即使这样学校的课程也只能起到指导作用，正如我们在上面提到的教学中只顾遵循课本内容(英语的文化规约)，不能正确做到因时因地制宜(指的是不能按照言语事件发生的现实环境即学习者当时的学习和生活环境来决定材料的选择，来确定言语的适宜度)，那么教学中的某些行为将导致文化误导现象的产生。因此，要正确理解学校课程的作用，切不可片面夸大其作用。“要了解异国文化的全貌并能在实践中适应它，非得深入其地住上一段时间不可”。 3.补充教学力量，聘请母语使用者任教。 为了补充教学力量，我们请了很多母语使用者来教书。他们应该清楚的意识到英语是多元文化的载体。来中国任教的人应该接受过必要的训练，对在这一异域文化(中国文化)中“交流时可能遇到的文化歧异有必要的思想准备，这样他们便不会因为听到一个不顺耳的招呼而变得愤怒，不会因为对方的自谦自贬而大惑不解。” 师生必须认识到 “学生的文化环境是文化课的起点，对象国的文化环境是终点”。只有起点确定了，师生才能最终顺利达到终点。 切不可本末倒置，在学习之初教师便一味地将对象国的文化环境强加给学生(将终点作为了起点)。“从这个意义上讲，教师了解学生的文化环境要比让学生了解教师将把他们引进的文化环境更重要。” 而在现实的教学实践当中，外籍教师若对学生所在的文化环境一无所知，仅把对象国的文化规约呈现在课堂上，不顾冒着与该国文化产生对抗的风险，让学生模仿并接受，可想而知将会受到怎样的教学效果。 在世界范围内，不同民族、不同语言相互接触交流形成了一个多元文化格局。语言是文化的载体，而英语已成为多元文化的载体。面对跨文化交际的需要，英语语言文化教育成为高校英语教育中不可忽视的重要内容。明确英语是多元文化的载体这一事实，从跨文化交际视野中研究英语语言与其所承载的文化之间的关系。这无疑将对原有的英语语言文化教学理念和 方法 提出挑战。从而为多元文化区域如何学习吸纳异域语言，借鉴、融合异域文化进行跨文化交际提供一个语言与文化相结合的新理论研究空间。 参考文献 [1]颜治强.世界英语概论[M].外语教学与研究出版社，2002 [2]陈原.社会语言学[M].学林出版社，1983 [3]张正东.外语立体教学法的原理与模式[M].科学出版社，1999
小顽童阿淑
隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.
Crystallam88
中西方国家均拥有悠久的历史和传统，在各自的 文化 上有其独特的内涵。下文是我为大家整理的关于文化差异英语论文的 范文 ，欢迎大家阅读参考! 文化差异英语论文篇1 文化差异对 英语学习 的影响 一、引言 在英语学习过程中很多人努力学习语音、词汇和语法等语言方面，却忽略了文化因素在语言学习过程中的重要作用，致使许多人虽具备一定的语言能力但在英语交流中仍会遇到许多困难。缺乏对文化因素重要性的认识已严重影响了英语学习。 文化因素对语言的影响很早便引起了国内外学者的关注，如20世纪80年代我国着名学者胡文仲就认为：“语言是文化的一种表现形式，不了解英美文化，要学好英语是不可能的。”但在多年的英语教学中文化因素仍未受到足够的重视，因此，本文将从中西方的 传统文化 、习俗文化和价值体系三方面的差异来探讨文化差异对语言的影响。 二、文化差异对语言的影响 要想学好英语不仅需要掌握语音、语义和语法等语言本身的技能，还需要注重文化差异对语言学习的影响。语言和文化是不可分割、互相依存的整体，语言是文化的表现形式和载体，同时又受所属文化的制约。若不能充分了解西方文化就无法真正学好英语。 众多学者已充分研究了文化的内涵，如戴炜栋和张红玲认为，文化研究发展至今，一个最具概括性、广为接受的观点认为文化是一个群体的生活方式，它包括人自出生后所学到的一切，如语言、言行方式和内容、信仰，以及人们赖以生存的物质和精神基础。张婧则认为，不同的民族所处的地理环境和历史环境不同，因而对不同的事物和经历有着不同的编码分类;不同的民族因不同的宗教信仰，也导致了他们独特的笃信，崇尚和忌讳心态;不同的民族因其发展的特殊历史过程也产生了本民族自己的历史 典故 、 传说 轶事。本文主要关注中西方在传统文化、习俗文化和价值体系三方面的差异及其对语言的影响。 (一)传统文化上的差异 中西方国家均拥有悠久的历史和传统，在各自的文化上有其独特的内涵。由于受到不同的历史和传统的影响，中西方国家在各自漫长的历史长河中所沉淀形成的传统文化亦不尽相同，因此，我们在 学习英语 时除了要学好语言，更要关注语言所属的文化内涵。正如刘长江所言，文化教学应与语言教学同步融合。 由于历史和传统的差异，中西方人们对于同一事物的理解和感受也有区别。如“龙”在中西方的传统文化中的内涵便迥然不同。“龙”是中华民族的图腾，我们引以为豪的自称“龙的传人”。在中国传统文化中“龙”是吉祥、幸福的象征，人们多用“龙腾虎跃”或“龙凤呈祥”等词形容吉庆的气氛。 但西方文化往往把“龙(dragon)”视为邪恶势力的象征，寓意凶残。在西方传统文化中“dragon”指的是一种长有双翅且会吐火的怪兽，因此，它与凶暴直接联系在一起。 (二)习俗文化上的差异 中西方文化差异尤其典型地体现在习俗文化方面。不同国家的习俗文化反映在各自的社会生活和交际活动中，如称谓、礼仪、恭维、致谢等方面。若不能充分了解中西习俗文化上的差异则会严重影响彼此的交流。 如在称谓方面中西方的习俗文化便有着极大的差异。中国人由于受到宗法观念的根深蒂固的影响遵循讲礼节、尊长辈的习俗。俗话说：“子不言父名，徒不言师讳。” 因此，在中国，孩子倘若对长辈或教师直呼其名会被认为不懂礼貌，将会受到家长的责罚。而在西方的习俗文化中西方人称呼除父母外的其他人时大都直呼其名，以示友好和亲近。这一点在美国尤为普遍，甚至初次见面就用名字称呼。这一差异的原因在于中国人尊崇长幼有序、尊卑有别，而西方人则崇尚人人平等、追求自由。 (三)不同价值体系间的差异 价值观念被普遍认为是文化的核心所在，不同文化背景中人的价值观念必然会有所不同。而价值观念又对人们现实生活中的言语表达产生重要的影响，因此，语言也往往折射出一个民族的价值观念。中西方价值观念的差异也直接反映在语言表达上，尤其典型地体现在诸如，禁忌、隐私等方面。 如中国人的价值观念注重社会群体间的亲密友好关系，因此，将询问对方的年龄、收入、婚否等情况视为是对对方的关心，但这些问题在西方人眼中却是一种禁忌，在他们的价值观念中这些均为个人的隐私，因此，避而不谈。再如中国人碰到熟人打招呼常会问“你去哪儿”或“你吃饭了吗”等，以示对对方的关心和双方的亲密友好关系，但这在西方人眼中却大有窥探隐私之嫌。 三、结语 英语学习中语言与文化密切相关，如高宝虹所言，在语言学习中，文化充当着极其重要的角色，语言的使用要受该语言所属民族文化制约。因此，中西方文化的差异必然影响英语语言的学习。尽管已有学者对此进行了探讨，但对文化因素的忽视仍未得到有效的改善。张友平曾指出，外语教学不应当仅仅是语言教学，还应当包括文化教学。因此，我们学习英语不仅要学习语言本身，还要熟知语言的文化背景，只有这样才能真正地将英语学以致用，准确顺畅地将其应用于对外交流之中。 参考文献： [1]胡文仲.文化差异与外语教学[J].外语教学与研究，1982(8):45-51. [2]戴炜栋，张红玲.外语交际中的文化迁移及其对外语教改的启示[J].外语界，2000(2)：2-8. [3]张婧.文化知识在英语教学中的作用[J].教学与管理，2009(2):84-85. [4]刘长江.谈外语 教育 中目的语文化和本族语文化的兼容并举[J].外语界，2003(4):14-18. [5]高宝虹.交际化外语教学中的文化认知观[J].外语与外语教学，2003(8):33-38. [6]张友平.对语言教学与文化教学的再认识[J].外语界，2003(3):41-48. 文化差异英语论文篇2 浅析英汉文化差异对语言的影响 [摘要]语言文字是人类社会进行交际的重要 方法 ，同时也是文化的重要载体。各个民族的语言在受到民族自身社会文化影响的同时，又反映着各自民族本身的文化内涵。如果某一个民族的人们不了解另一个民族的文化因素和文化内涵，就很难进行顺利的交流。因此，我们得把语言知识和文化知识结合起来，交际才能顺利地进行。因此，文化差异对翻译的影响不容低估。 [关键词]文化差异 宗教信仰 历史典故 风俗 所谓翻译不仅是对语言进行的转换过程，同时也是对文化进行传递的过程。研究对外汉语教学的专家赵贤州先生说：“跨文化交际之所以成为可能，正是人类享有某些共通的文化信息;而跨文化交际之所以产生某些偏差，是因为双方不能共享另一些有差异的文化信息”。本文着重从生存环境，宗教信仰、历史典故和风俗三个方面论述英汉文化差异对翻译的影响。 一、生存环境的差异对翻译的影响 生存环境的差异对翻译的影响可以说是基础的，显而易见的，同时又是根深蒂固的。对习语的运用是英汉民族生存环境的差异，是语言运用中的一个非常重要的表现。习语的产生、运用和人们的劳动生活有着很密切的联系。例如，在汉民族的文化中，中国人们印象中的东风是很温暖的，只有西北风才是很寒冷的。而英国地处西半球，海洋性气候，西风则是 报告 春天消息的，看如下例子：How many winter days have I seen him，standing blue-nosed in the snow and east wind? (在很多冬日里我总看见他，鼻子冻得发红发紫，站在飞雪和东风里。)钱哥川在《翻译漫谈》一书中认为此句的east wind，译成汉语时应该是西风或北风，这正是地理环境与我们生存环境不同的原因造成的文化气氛的不同。又如，在中国人眼里，夏天总是和酷暑炎热联系在一起，“烈日炎炎似火烧”“骄阳似火”是常常被用来描述中国夏天的词语。而英国的夏季则是温暖明媚舒适的，是一年中最舒服最宜人的季节，就像我们中国的春天一样。显而易见，英汉两个不同的民族，由于地理环境上的不同，生存环境存在差异，观察客观事物、反映客观世界的方式和角度是不一样的。因此，翻译千万不能只照词典上的词义逐词逐句的翻译，否则不能达到有效顺利的沟通。 二、宗教信仰和历史典故对翻译的影响 英汉文化在宗教信仰与历史典故上也存在着很大的差异。这对翻译有很大的影响，我们要有深刻的认识。西方人大多信__，认为上帝(god)可创造一切，因而有“God helps those who help themselves”(上帝帮助自助的人) 的说法。而中国人信奉佛教、道教，多有“玉帝”“观音”“菩萨”“慈悲为怀”等词汇。在中国文化中，有各种各样的历史典故，如“盘古开天”“牛郎织女”“卧薪尝胆”等等。在西方的文化里，很多历史典故都来源于古希腊和罗马神话，还有圣经 故事 。请看下面例句：Being a teacher is being present at the creation，when the clay beings begin to breathe.基督__，上帝创造了人，而人又来自尘土。所以，英语中creation指“上帝”。而clay指“上帝创造的人”。理解了creation和clay这两个词的宗教内涵后，就可以把其译为：老师是创造的见证人，目睹着生命呼吸成长。可见英汉文化中不同的宗教信仰贯穿在其各自的语言表达交流之中。如果译者缺少对对象文化个性的深刻认识，就难以理解 句子 的文化内涵，这将对译文的准确性产生影响，从而达不到有效沟通。 三、风俗上的不同对翻译的影响 英汉民族在习俗上有很大的差异，这对翻译必然有一定的影响。中国人把“龙”当成是吉祥的神物，有着伟大的力量，所以龙在中国文化里是至尊无上的帝王的象征，因而有“望子成龙”的说法，但是在英美国家却把龙当作是喷烟吐火的凶残怪物。相反的，中国人把猫头鹰当做不吉祥的象征，而英语中却说as wise as an owl，把猫头鹰当做智慧的象征。类似的例子在英汉交流中，我们经常会发现，给人很新异的感觉，这就是风俗上的不同导致根深蒂固的文化差异，译者在翻译的过程中一定要深刻意识到这一点，考虑风俗对翻译的影响，能使英汉民族进行有效交流。 四、结语 不论是卓越的翻译家还是出色的译评专家，都应该是具有两种文化意识和精通两种语言的真真正正的文化人。交流促进理解，沟通有助于进步，翻译则是交流与沟通的桥梁，让我们真正做好翻译的工作，架起英汉沟通的桥梁，为英汉交流做出应有的贡献。 【参考文献】 [1]崔建京.中学英语教学中的英美文化渗透[J].大连教育学院学报,2003(6). [2]张培基.英汉翻译教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004. [3]包惠南.文化语境与翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2001. [4]彭保良.从文化差异的角度看英汉翻译中词义的确立[J].中国翻译,1998(1):25. [5]邓炎昌,刘润青.语言与文化――英汉语言文化对比[M].外语教学与研究出版社,1989:159.
英语专业论文专题研究有以下： 一、语言学（语言学一般理论的研究）。 二、英美文学（英美文学的文化研究、作品分析等）。 三、翻译学（翻译理论与实践探讨、译本研究以
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