木本色计
1 Department of Community Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China,2 Department of Health, Student Health Service, 4/F Lam Tin Polyclinic, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China,3 Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6HE Introduction Passive smoking can cause death from lung cancer and coronary heart disease, but there is little evidence for associations with other causes of death in never smokers. A recent study showed increased all cause mortality with exposure to secondhand smoke at home but did not examine associations with specific causes of death and dose-response We have published estimates of the mortality attributable to active smoking in Hong Kong2 and now present the related findings on passive smoking at home. Participants, methods, and results Details of the sample selection and data collection have been Each person who reported a death in 1998 at four death registries was given a questionnaire which asked about the lifestyle 10 years earlier of the decedent and of a living person about the same age who was well known to the informant. Passive smoking was identified in the interview with the question, "Ten years ago, in about 1988, excluding the decedent/control, how many persons who lived with the decedent/control smoked" Decedents or controls who lived with one or more smokers were classed as exposed. Cause of death was obtained from the death certificate. We selected never smoking decedents and controls aged 60 years or over because there were few younger controls. To avoid selection bias, we included only cases and controls who had a living spouse at the time of reporting. We used logistic regression to derive odds ratios adjusted for age and education, and for sex when men and women were combined. What is known on this topic There is strong evidence that passive smoking is causally associated with death from lung cancer, coronary heart disease, and all causes, and also with acute stroke What this study adds The dose-response relation between passive smoking and mortality from stroke and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as from lung cancer, ischaemic heart disease, and all causes of death, strengthens the causal link We identified 4838 never smoking cases (55% male) and 763 never smoking controls (55% male). All controls were used in the analysis for each specific cause of death. We found significant dose dependent associations between passive smoking and mortality from lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, ischaemic heart disease, and from all cancers, all respiratory and circulatory diseases, and all causes (table). The association between mortality and passive smoking did not differ between males and females. Deaths due to injury or poisoning were not associated with passive smoking. Number of subjects who were or were not exposed to secondhand smoke at home and odds ratios (adjusted for age and education, and for sex when men and women were combined) for mortality in people aged 60 or over, Hong Kong. Values are odds ratio (95% confidence interval) unless indicated otherwise Comment Dose dependent associations between passive smoking and causes of death are consistent with previous findings for lung cancer and coronary heart disease and extend the evidence on stroke. Previous studies have shown associations between passive smoking and first acute strokes,3 4 and we have now shown a dose-response relation with mortality from stroke. Previous studies focused on ischaemic strokes but Chinese populations have a greater incidence of haemorrhagic stroke than do white populations,5 implying that many of the strokes in our study may have been non-ischaemic. Passive smoking probably affects all stroke subtypes, as does active smoking. Our finding of a 34% increase in all cause mortality is consistent with but higher than that (15%) in the New Zealand Exposure to secondhand smoke at home is higher in Hong Kong than in New Zealand due to crowded living conditions. Before the 1990s, awareness of the danger of passive smoking was lower and smokers smoked freely at home. We focused on passive smoking at home because the proxy reporter could most reliably supply these data, and we adjusted for education, which was also reliably recorded2 and is a good proxy for social class in Hong Kong. As data on cases and controls were derived from the same proxy, reporting bias should be If our results are not due to residual confounding, they provide further evidence that the dose-response associations between passive smoking and stroke and all cause mortality are likely to be causal. See Editorial by Kawachi This article was posted on on 27 January 2005: We thank W L Cheung for help with analysis; the Immigration Department of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for data and assistance; and, in particular, the relatives who provided information. Contributors: THL, SYH, AJH, KHM, and RP designed and carried out the study on which this analysis was based; SMcG, MS, LMH, and GNT planned and carried out this analysis; and all authors contributed to writing the paper. SMcG and THL are guarantors. Funding: Hong Kong Health Services Research Committee (#631012) and Hong Kong Council on Smoking and Health. Competing interests: THL is vice chairman and AJH a former chairman of the Hong Kong Council on Smoking and Health. Ethical approval: Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong. References Hill SE, Blakely TA, Kawachi I, Woodward A. Mortality among never smokers living with smokers: two cohort studies, 1981-4 and 1996-9. BMJ 2004;328: 988-9. Lam TH, Ho SY, Hedley AJ, Mak KH, Peto R. Mortality and smoking in Hong Kong: case-control study of all adult deaths in 1998. BMJ 2001;323: 361-2. Bonita R, Duncan J, Truelson T, Jackson RT, Beaglehole R. Passive smoking as well as active smoking increases the risk of acute stroke. Tobacco Control 1999;8: 156-60. Iribarren C, Darbinian J, Klatsky AL, Friedman GD. Cohort study of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and risk of first ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack. Neuroepidemiology 2004;23: 38-44. Kay R, Woo J, Kreel L, Wong HY, Teoh R, Nicholls MG. Stroke subtypes among Chinese living in Hong Kong: the Shatin stroke registry. Neurology 1992;42: 985-7.
茵为有你
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我是五叶神
对人多奉献一点爱心，一份理解，建立和睦相处、相互尊重、互相关心的新型人际关系。因此，必然有利于社会风气的净化。范增平先生在《茶艺文化再出发》一文中曾将茶文化的社会功能具体归纳为下列几个方面：探讨茶艺知识，以善化人心。体验茶艺生活，以净化社会。研究茶艺美学，以美化生活。发扬茶艺精神，以文化世界。范增平先生是以另一视角，从四个层面来论述茶文化的社会功能。他这里所说的“茶艺文化”，实际上就是茶道精神，也就是茶文化的社会功能，与我们上面所述
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常州工程学院毕 业 设 计（论文）、题 目 板厚为6mm的0Cr18Ni9钢板采用焊条电弧焊 的焊接工艺评定（拉伸） 专 业 焊接技术及自动化 班级学号 姓 名 指导教师 2008 年 6 月 5 日摘要钢是我们现代社会中不可缺少的一种材料，它可以看作一个国家工业化水平的标志。钢的产量越高就代表这个国家的工业化水平越高。不锈钢是钢中非常重要的一种，由于不锈钢具有特殊的使用性能和力学性能，在现在的各行各业中已经被越来越多的使用。在不锈钢中奥氏体不锈钢又是其中非常重要的一种，在发达国家每年消耗的不锈钢中有70％的是不锈钢，在我过也达到了65％左右。因此开发和使用好奥氏体不锈钢对我过的工业话来说已经越来越重要了。0cr18ni9就是奥氏体不锈钢，我做的这个课题就是探讨0cr18ni9在低温贮罐制造中的性能。低温贮罐是用来储存液N液Ar液态的CO2等低温液体的容器，液态介质的特殊性能就决定了制造材料需要特殊性能，而奥氏体不锈钢0cr18ni9就具有这样的性能。低温贮罐在现在的生活、生产中使用已经越来越广泛，因此对0cr18ni9的探讨就显得越来越重要。在这篇论文中我会着重为大家阐述0cr18ni9在低温压力容器制造中的焊接性能，力学性能，使用性能和焊接工艺。在这篇论文中我会通过一个焊接性试验来探讨0gr18ni9在低温压力容器中的各项性能。我的这个试验就是规格为6×150×300mm的两块0cr18ni9扳水平对接焊接方法就是手工电弧焊。针对这个试验做出完整的焊接工艺评定，并且根据评定要求对式样做相应的无损检验和力学性能的检验，从而来判定0cr18ni9的各项性能。关键词: 焊接性能 力学性能 使用性能 焊接工艺AbstractSteel our modern society is indispensable to a material, it can be seen as a sign of the level of industrialized countries. The higher the output of steel on behalf of this country the higher the level of industrialization. Stainless steel is a very important one, because of the use of stainless steel with special performance and mechanical properties, in all walks of life in the present have been increasingly used. Austenitic stainless steel in the stainless steel is a very important one, in the developed world consumption of stainless steel annually in 70% of the stainless steel is, I have also reached about 65 percent. Thus the development and use of austenitic stainless steel good to me over the words of the industry has become increasingly is austenitic stainless steel, I do on this subject is 0 cr18ni9 in low-temperature storage tank manufacturer in the performance. Cryogenic storage tank is used to store liquid N Ar of liquid CO2 and other low-temperature liquid containers, liquid medium decision on the special properties of the material needs of a special performance, and austenitic stainless steel 0 cr18ni9 on with this performance. Cryogenic storage tank in the present life, has been used in the production of more extensive, therefore 0 cr18ni9 of it is beco Steel our modern society is indispensable to a material, it can be seen as a sign of the level of industrialized countries. The higher the output of steel on behalf of this country the higher the level of industrialization. Stainless steel is a very important one, because of the use of stainless steel with special performance and mechanical properties, in all walks of life in the present have been increasingly used. Austenitic stainless steel in the stainless steel is a very important one, in the developed world consumption of stainless steel annually in 70% of the stainless steel is, I have also reached about 65 percent. Thus the development and use of austenitic stainless steel good to me over the words of the industry has become increasingly is austenitic stainless steel, I do on this subject is 0 cr18ni9 in low-temperature storage tank manufacturer in the performance. Cryogenic storage tank is used to store liquid N Ar of liquid CO2 and other low-temperature liquid containers, liquid medium decision on the special properties of the material needs of a special performance, and austenitic stainless steel 0 cr18ni9 on with this performance. Cryogenic storage tank in the present life, has been used in the production of more extensive, therefore 0 cr18ni9 of it is becoming increasingly important. In this paper I will focus on as we set out in the cold 0 cr18ni9 pressure vessel manufacture of welding performance, mechanical properties, the use of performance and welding this paper I will pass a welding test to explore 0 gr18ni9 in low-temperature pressure vessel in the performance. This is my test specifications for the 6 × 150 × 300mm 2 0 cr18ni9 pull the butt welding method is the level of manual arc welding. For the pilot to complete the welding technology assessment and assessed in accordance with the requirements of the design accordingly mechanical properties of non-destructive testing and inspection, to determine 0 cr18ni9 the increasingly important. In this paper I will focus on as we set out in the cold 0 cr18ni9 pressure vessel manufacture of welding performance, mechanical properties, the use of performance and welding this paper I will pass a welding test to explore 0 gr18ni9 in low-temperature pressure vessel in the performance. This is my test specifications for the 6 × 150 × 300mm 2 0 cr18ni9 pull the butt welding method is the level of manual arc welding. For the pilot to complete the welding technology assessment and assessed in accordance with the requirements of the design accordingly mechanical properties of non-destructive testing and inspection, to determine 0 cr18ni9 the word:Welding performance Mechanics performance Welding craft Operational performance目 录1 绪论 ………………………………………………………………………2 课题的背景 ………………………………………………………………3 材料介绍 …………………………………………………………………4 0Cr18Ni9的焊接 ……………………………………………………………… 0Cr18Ni9焊接性分析 …………………………………………………… 0Cr18Ni9的焊接工艺 ……………………………………………………… 0Cr18Ni9的焊接工艺思路分析 ………………………………………… 0Cr18Ni9的焊接工艺应用 ……………………………………………5 结论 ……………………………………………………………………6 参考文献 ………………………………………………………………7 致谢 ……………………………………………………………………绪论机械工业是为所有的工业，农业，国防以及交通运输业提供机器和装备的工业。在实现我国四个现代化的过程中，必须贯彻党的总路线精神，不断解决自行设和制造效能高、寿命长、重量轻、体积小、容量大、成本低的机器和设备的问题。为了完成这一光荣而艰巨的任务，使机械设计与制造能力在短时间内超世界水平，除了必须解决设计与制造和使用的科学。而机械制造中的材料问题，一部分是属于金属材料本身的成分与质量问题，另一部分是属于材料的选用是否适当，在加工处理的工艺上是否发挥了材料的最大潜力的问题。因此，在提高金属材料的产量和质量的同时，还要提高和发挥材料的各种性能，充分挖掘潜力，做到既合实用又节省，只有这样才能达到多，快，好，省建设社会主义的目的。我国解放前合金钢的科学和生产几乎完全是空白点。解放后，我国机械工业的发展速度是世界上前所罕见的。在近20~30年间，不锈钢的出现和大量的使用，推动了不锈钢工业的进程。不锈钢由于具有优良的耐蚀性、耐磨性、强韧性和良好的可加工性，外观的精美性，以及无毒无害性，广泛地应用与宇航、海洋、军工、化工、能源等方面，以及日用家具、建筑装潢、交通车辆的装饰上。合金元素多、组织结构复杂且多变给不锈钢及耐蚀耐热合金焊接带来很大的困难。焊接接头的性能好坏，直接关系着设备使用的安全性。国内外对不锈钢及耐蚀耐热合金的焊接做了大量的研究工作，其焊接性、焊接材料及焊接工艺的研究几乎与母材的研究同步，促进了不锈钢及耐蚀耐热合金的发展。有关这方面的研究成果和文献资料虽然很多，但较为系统的还是寥寥无几，在实际工作中，一部分有关的焊接技术人员和焊工，对不锈钢及耐蚀耐热合金的焊接知识了解不多，有的甚至直接照搬低合金钢的工艺和方法。虽然我国在这几年在不锈钢上的努力有目共睹，但与世界先进国家相比，差距还是很大的。为了尽快弥补这一差距，需要我们现代化的科技人才而我们也需要付出更多。随着社会主义革命和现代化建设事业的迅猛发展以及人们对高品质的生活的要求，不锈钢极其相关的技术科学将得到不断地发展和完善。在世界上45 ％的钢的连接是用焊接方法来完成的，手工电弧焊又是我们生活生而中不可缺少的一部分，目前我用的越来越多的钢就奥氏体不锈钢，所以对于奥氏体不锈钢的焊接的研究已经越来越迫在眉睫。我做这篇论文就是从手工电弧焊方面来研究奥氏体不锈钢的焊接。主要从材料的力学性能化学成分，和通过焊接性的分析来讨论奥氏体不锈钢的焊接性能。最能直观表现奥氏体不锈钢焊接性能的就是焊接工艺知道书，我们通过焊接工艺指导书的编制来反应奥氏体不锈钢的焊接性能。课题背景由于奥氏体不锈钢的特殊的焊接性能，在现代社会中越来越多的地方使用到这种钢，现在奥氏体不锈钢也是我们发展研究的一个方向。未来的时间里对奥氏体不锈钢的开发研究也越来越引起专家们的注意，我们对奥氏体不锈钢焊接的了解也应该越来越重视。焊接奥氏体不锈钢的方法有很多，国内在中厚板奥氏体不锈钢的焊接中，主要采用埋弧焊（SAW）。手工电弧焊由于其操作灵活、方便，设备投资少，因而被广泛用于奥氏体不锈钢结构的生产中这也是一种典型的、传统焊接方法。在手工电弧焊中起关键作用的不锈钢焊条经过我国焊接工作者多年努力，已取得了如下进展：⑴ 品种 基本上覆盖了各种常规不锈钢钢种，如308、316、309、347、317等等，通常包括酸性、碱性两个渣系。对于超低C不锈钢焊条，如308L、316L、309L国内也能生产，所以从品种上基本可满足工业部门的使用。⑵ 质量 对于常规不锈钢焊条而言，从不锈钢焊条的发红、电弧稳定性、飞溅大小、焊缝成型、颜色、波纹细腻程度、全位置焊接适应性、焊工施焊的舒适性、焊接力学性能、抗腐蚀性等方面，国产不锈钢焊条质量参差不齐。但基本可以满足国内用户的要求。对于一些特殊品种如310MoL、347L、309L仍有许多工厂愿意使用进口焊材。这也表明我国整体不锈钢焊条的工艺质量与国外还有差距，在一些特殊品种上差距较大。不锈钢埋弧焊大多使用在不锈钢筒体的环缝和纵缝。通常是开X型坡口，先焊内焊缝，然后反面砂轮打磨（甚至气刨）。随后焊正面，现行工艺是标准中要求和认可的。存在问题有：① 对母材损伤较大，对腐蚀性能不利、影响美观。② 埋弧不锈钢焊丝品种少，质量较差，配用的260和431、350焊剂，往往使焊后缝残留有横向熔渣。焊工需要用砂轮打磨。③ 因而不锈钢埋弧焊接效率低、成本高、质量粗糙。（3）、CO2不锈钢药芯焊丝电弧焊采用CO2气保护不锈钢药芯焊丝焊接不锈钢是近二三十年的事。该方法使用常规CO2焊机或MIG焊机，采用100%CO2或80%Ar+20%O2作为保护气体，和普通结构钢实心焊丝焊接相似，即可得到美观的焊缝。在3种方法中，CO2保护不锈钢药芯焊丝有取代前两种焊接方法的趋势。这三种焊接方法的对比，见表1。不锈钢手工电弧焊、MIG实心焊丝和CO2气保护不锈钢药芯焊丝电弧焊的对比对比项目 不锈钢手工电弧焊 MIG实心焊丝 CO2不锈钢药芯焊丝效率 低 高 高成本 高 较高 低操作工艺性 好 较高 好焊缝美观 好 较高 好焊缝性能 好 好 好全位置适应性 好 一般 好焊丝品种 多 少 多对焊工技术要求 较多 高 一般从上面的数据分析手工电弧焊接将会渐渐被CO2气体保护焊接所替代，但是目前这个阶段手工电弧焊接应用还是很普遍的！奥氏体不锈钢已具备建筑、化工设备材料所要求的许多理想性能，它在金属中可以说是独一无二的，而其发展仍在继续。为使不锈钢在传统的应用中性能更好，一直在改进现有的类型，而且，为了满足高级建筑应用的严格要求，正在开发新的不锈钢。由于生产效率不断提高，质量不断改进，不锈钢已成为建筑师们选择的最具有成本效益的材料之一。上面的分析可以看出目前不锈钢的焊接性是很好的，使用也是越来越广泛的。对于这种不锈钢的焊接技术也越来越成熟起来，但在目前这个阶段我们应用最广泛的还是手工电弧焊。在这样的背景下我选择做这样的课题，既有利于了解目前0Cr18Ni9焊接，又有利于了解0Cr18Ni9焊接的发展方向。OCr18Ni的焊接性分析 对于什么是焊接性，GB/T3375-94《焊接术语》中注明：“材料在限定的施工条件下，焊接成按规定设计要求的构件，并满足预定服役要求的能力”。它包括两方面的内容：其一是焊成的构件符合设计要求；其二是满足预定的使用条件，能够安全运行。 根据讨论问题的着眼点不同，焊接性可分为：（1） 工艺焊接性（2） 使用焊接性影响焊接性的因素主要有以下几点：（1） 材料因素（2） 焊接方法（3） 构件类型（4） 使用要求 金属的焊接性与材料成分、焊接方法、构件类型、使用要求都有密切的关系，所以不应脱离这些因素而单纯的从材料本身的性能来评价焊接性。从上述分析可以看出，很难找出一项技术指标可以概括焊接性，只有通过综合多方面的因素才能分析焊接性问题。 分析金属的焊接性我们在不要求做非常准确的情况下我们可以根据碳当量、材料的化学性能、材料的物理性能来判断，如果要求需要很准确的话我们可以通过焊接性试验来判定。0cr18ni9的焊接性能我们就从这方面来判定：1、0Cr18Ni9的焊接要求 1）0Cr18Ni9属于奥氏体不锈钢，其组织为奥氏体（A)加3-5 ％铁素体（F ）。它具有良好的塑性和高温、低温性能。它在焊接热循环的作用下，主要显示出以下基本要求： ① 焊接过程中采用小的线能量输入，减小热影响区范围，加快焊缝及热影响区的冷却速度对不锈钢的焊接是有益的。 ② 用0Cr18Ni9焊接时导热系数小，存在过热区，也容易造成热影响区的晶粒长大。焊缝高温停留时间过长，在高温状态下Cr和C形成化合物，在高温区就形成了贫铬层，也会导致焊缝的枝晶倾向加剧。因此要求尽量选择线能觉输入较小的焊接方法。 ③ 由于导热系数小而线膨胀系数大，自由焊态下焊接易产生较大的变形，选用能量集中，热影响区窄的焊接方法能在一定程度上减少焊接变形。 2）0cr18ni9的含碳量很小，在加上它属于高合金钢碳当量法对它焊接性能的估算是不怎么准确的。因此我们不用碳当量对它的焊接性进行分析。 3） 0cr18ni9属于奥氏体不锈钢，这类钢有具有交高的变形能力并不可淬硬，而且它的含碳量又很底，所以总的来说焊接性还是不错的。但是由于热导率低，热膨胀系数大，局部加热时温度分布不均匀，收缩量大等都将使接头在焊接过程中产生交大的内应力。在焊接的时候应该注意这方面的问题，焊接时尽量避免或减少这种受热不均显现的发生，焊接的速度也应该适当的快点。 上面我们已经从它的化学成分和物理性能对0cr18ni9的焊接性能进行了分析，但是根据这些判断出的焊接性是不够准确的，我们需要准确的判断它的焊接性我们就必须通过焊接性试验来完成。焊接性的试验是很多的，我在这里就用斜Y型坡口焊接裂纹试验方法。板材的规格是6×150×200mm焊接方法是手工电弧焊焊材型号A132，规格¢坡口形式是斜Y型焊接参数是电流：90-120A，电压20-24V，速度15-20cm/min斜Y型坡口裂纹试验图如下：焊完的试件需要经过48H时效后再作裂纹的检测和解剖。裂纹可以分为表面裂纹、跟部裂纹、断面裂纹三种形式。首先用放大镜目测或莹光粉检查焊缝表面裂纹，然后用机械方法切开六个等长度横向试片，检查五个片面上的裂纹情况。一般用裂纹率作为评定标准。根部裂纹率=∑LR/L×100％表面裂纹率=∑Lf/L×100％端面裂纹率=∑h/5H×100％试验焊缝的总长度是80mm而我们焊接裂纹的总长度通过试验测得为试件的裂纹率小于20％因此在实际生产中如果按要求来做的话是不会产生裂纹的，此种钢的焊接性能还是可以的。综上所述0cr18ni9钢是具有良好的焊接性能的，在生产中按标准来做的话是应该可以生产出合格的产品，它的使用性能还是可以的。0Cr18Ni9的焊接工艺表Ⅰ-1焊接工艺评定指导书（任务书）编 制 指导书编号 HJ0511-29审 核 评定理由 批 准 完成日期 评 定 标 准 JB4708-2000 验收机关 母 材 厚度 , mm 尺寸,mm 接头形式简图0Cr18Ni9 6mm 6*150*300 0Cr18Ni9 6mm 6*150*300 焊 接 位 置 1G 焊接方向 右焊法 保 护 气 体 / 层间温度 / 预 热 / 机械化程度 手工焊 焊后热处理 / 后 热 处 理 / 衬垫材料/规格 / 清 根 方 法 / 层道 焊接方法 焊材型号/牌号 焊材规格 电流种类及极性 电流(A) 电压(V) 焊接速度(cm/min) 热输入（kJ/cm） 钨极直径 喷嘴直径1 SMAW A102 反接 90-110 15~18 / /2 SMAW A102 反接 100-120 20~22 18~20 / /检验项目、评定指标及试样数量检 验 项 目 检验标准 评定指标 检验项目 检验标准 评定指标 试样数量外观检查 GB150 JB4708 拉伸试验 GB/T228 JB4708 2无损检测 射线(RT) JB4730 JB4708 弯曲试验 面弯 GB/T232 JB4708 2 超声(UT) / / 背弯 JB4708 2 渗透(PT) / / 侧弯 / / 磁粉(MT) / / 冲击试验 焊缝 GB/T229 JB4708 /焊缝化学成分 / / 热影响区 JB4708 /金相 宏观 / / 腐蚀试验 / / / 微观 / / 硬度检验 / / /焊接工艺评定指导书编号：HJ0511-29名称：板厚为6mm的0Cr18Ni9钢板手工电弧焊的焊接工艺评定（拉伸） 编制： 审核： 批准： 表Ⅰ-2焊 接 工 艺 评 定 指 导 书单位名称 常州博朗低温有限公司 焊接工艺指导书编号 HJ0511-29 日期 焊接工艺评定报告编号 HJ0511-29-1 焊接方法 焊条电弧焊 机械化程度（手工、半自动、自动） 手动 焊接接头：坡口形式 带钝边的V型 衬垫（材料及规格） / 其它 / 简图：（接头形式、坡口形式与尺寸焊条、焊道布置及顺序）母材：类别号 VII 组别号 VII-1 与类别号 VII 组别号VII-1 相焊及标准号 / 钢 号 / 与标准号 / 钢 号 / 相焊厚度范围： 母材：对接焊缝 角焊缝 不限 管子直径、壁厚范围：对接焊缝 角焊缝 不限 焊缝金属厚度范围： 对接焊缝 《12 角焊缝 不限 其它： 焊接材料：焊材类别 焊条 焊材标准 GB/T983 填充金属尺寸 焊材型号 E307-16 焊材牌号 A132 其 他 / 耐蚀堆焊金属化学成分（%）C Si Mn P S Cr Ni Mo V Ti Nb
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外贸邮件应该怎么写才能够吸引到客户的注意和回复呢?下面是我为你整理的有关外贸邮件的 范文 ，希望对你有用!
有关外贸邮件的范文格式
一、使用统一的信纸(邮件背景),好有公司的商标，主要产品的图片类别等等。外贸管理软件中可以自动设置、修改，再进行使用。
二、格式正确，统一，邮件主题合理，拼写无误。所有发给客户的邮件应该采用统一的格式。外贸管理软件可以帮助设置相应的格式与主题。
(1)邮件主题最好有公司名字等，比如公司名字是E_PORT，行业是PLASTIC，这封邮件的内容是给一款产品报价，那么主题可以写E_port Plastic/quotation of item A. 这样有一个好处，可以方便客户以及你自己以后查找给客户的信息，对于来往邮件很多的客户，开始的时候我往往要花很多时间去查找以前的报价以及 其它 资料，但是现在通过主题就很方便知道邮件大概内容是什么，节省很多时间。
(2)邮件正文两端对齐：对于段落很多的邮件，正文两端对齐会显得很整洁。
(3)第一封邮件最好写上Mr.或者Ms.某某，职位写SALES MANAGER等，不管你是不是经理，写上没关系，你职位高客户会觉得把他当回事，有好处。
(4)落款有公司标识以及详细联系资料
三、版面整洁，在OE里面将撰写邮件的字体，字号(10-12号比较好)都设置好，不要一会大字一会小字;也不要花花绿绿的，特别是不要全篇都是大写字母，会增加阅读的难度，让人反感。除非是对一些需要特别提醒客户注意的地方，可以用大写，加粗，特殊颜色等突出显示。
四、拼写无误，在每封邮件发出之前都应该利用拼写检查工具检查是否全部拼写无误。
五、表述准确，能够准确表达我方的观点，不要使客户产生任何的歧义，尽量避免有歧义的单词或者 短语 ，尽量避免使用 俚语 等。
六、详细，能够提供给客户非常详细的资料，回答他的问题，并将他没有问到的问题提出来。有时候你提出的问题会让客户觉得你很细心，很可靠而且非常专业。当然，详细并不是说一股脑的将所有东西都托盘而出，应该学会在适当的时候谈适当的事情。
七、有条理，能够让客户清楚地明白邮件内容，谈完一件事再谈另外一件，混在一起会让人头晕。很多时候，用1，2，3，4等标出来你要说的东西会非常有用，客户很清楚就知道你要说或者问什么。
八、方式多样，比如配合作图说明，照片说明等，往往很多事情用语言很难说清楚，但是如果给一张图纸，或者一幅
照片，那就一目了然了。比如你说你如何玉树临风，说再多什么用，来张PP不就明白了?
九、及时，做到当天邮件当天答复，在收到邮件后应该马上整理出自己不能解决的技术问题，及时提供给技术部门或者供应商，要求他们在什么时候给予详细答复。养成一个好习惯，在早上收到邮件后，整理出哪些需要询问技术人员或者供应商的，将问题给他们后，再来回复能够回复的邮件。如果不能当天答复，给客户一个说明，为什么答复不了，并承诺一个明确的时间。
十、适时跟踪，一般客户都是同时询问很多的供应商，所以要适时提醒他你把他放在心里，并让他知道你在等待。比如公司有了什么技术改进或者新的产品开发，可以发送给很多客户，或许机会就在那里。外贸管理软件会隔一阶段以系统通知的方式提醒业务员，某个客户有多久没有跟踪联系了。
十一、学会维护和客户的关系，这个是最难的一点，同时也是最重要的，需要自己体会。坦诚对人，不要欺，基本的一点。适当的恭维也很有用。
有关外贸邮件的范文1
交易的第一步
1. 向顾客推销商品
Dear Sir:
May 1, 2001 Inquiries regarding our new product, the Deer Mountain Bike, have been coming in from all parts of the world. Reports from users confirm what we knew before it was put on the market - that it is the best mountain bike available. Enclosed is our brochure.
Yours faithfully
2. 提出询价
Dear Sir:
, 2001 We received your promotional letter and brochure today. We believe that your would do well here in the . Kindly send us further details of your prices and terms of sale. We ask you to make every effort to quote at competitive prices in order to secure our business. We look forward to hearing from you soon..
Truly
3. 迅速提供报价
Dear Sir:
June 4, 2001 Thank you for your inquiry of June the 1st concerning the Deer Mountain Bike. It gives us great pleasure to send along the technical information on the model together with the catalog and price list. After studying the prices and terms of trade, you will understand why we are working to capacity to meet the demand. We look forward to the opportunity of being of service of you.
有关外贸邮件的范文2
交易的契机
4. 如何讨价还价
Dear Sir:
June 8, 2001 We have received your price lists and have studied it carefully. However, the price level in your quotation is too high for this market, If you are prepared to grant us a discount of 10% for a quantity of 200, we would agree to your offer. You should note that some price cut will justify itself by an increase in business. We hope to hear from you soon.
Yours truly
5-1 同意进口商的还价
Dear Sirs:
June 12, 2001 Thank you for your letter of June the 8th. We have accepted your offer on the terms suggested. Enclosed our will find a special price list that we believe will meet your ideas of prices. You should note that the recent advances in raw materials have affected the cost of this product unfavorably. However, for your order we have kept our prices down.
Sincerely
5-2 拒绝进口商的还价
Dear Sirs:
June 12, 2001 Thank you for your letter of June the 8th. We regret that we cannotmeet your terms. We must point out that the falling market here leaves us little or no margin of profit. We must ask you for a keener price in respect to future orders. At present the best discount offered for a quantity of 200 is 5%. Our current situation leaves us little room to bargain. We hope you will reconsider the offer.
Truly
6. 正式提出订单
Dear Sir:
June 15, 2001 We have discussed your offer of 5% and accept it on the terms quoted. We are prepared to give your product a trial, provided you can guarantee delivery on or before the 20th of September. The enclosed order is given strictly on this condition. We reserve the right of refusal of delivery and/or cancellation of the order after this date.
Truly
7. 确认订单
Dear Sir: June 20, 2001 Thank you very much for your order of June 15 for 200 Deer Mountain Bikes. We will make every possible effort to speed up delivery. We will advise you of the date of dispatch. We are at your service at all times.
Sincerely
8. 请求开立信用证
Gentlemen:
June 18, 2001 Thank you for your order No. 599. In order to e_ecute it, please open an irrevocable L/C for the amount of US$ 50,000 in our favor. This account shall be available until Sep. 20. Upon arrival of the L/C we will pack and ship the order as requested.
Sincerely
9. 通知已开立信用证
Dear Sir:
June 24, 2001 Thank you for your letter of June 18 enclosing details of your terms. According to your request for opening an irrevocable L/C, we have instructed the Beijing City Commercial Bank to open a credit for US$ 50,000 in your favor, valid until Sep. 20. Please advise us by fa_ when the order has been e_ecuted.
Sincerely
10. 请求信用证延期
Dear Sir：
Sep. 1, 2001 We are sorry to report that in spite of our effort, we are unable to guarantee shipment by the agreed date due to a strike at our factory. We are afraid that your L/C will be e_pire before shipment. Therefore, please e_plain our situation to your customers and secure their consent to e_tend the L/C to .
Sincerely
11. 同意更改信用证
Gentlemen:
Sept. 5, 2001 We received your letter today and have informed our customers of your situation. As requested, we have instructed the Beijing City Commercial Bank to e_tend the L/C up to and including September 30. Please keep us abreast of any new development.
Sincerely
交易的进行
12. 抱怨发货迟延
Dear Sirs:
Sept. 25, 2001 Concerning our order No. 599 for 200 mountain bikes, so far you have shipped only 50 bikes against the shipment. We are notifying you that we reserve our right to claim on you for the shortage, if it is confirmed. We have given our customers a definite assurance that we would supply the goods by the end of September. We hope you will look into this urgent matter.
Yours faithfully
12a. 处理客户的抱怨
Gentlemen:
Sept. 30, 2001 In response to your letter of , we regret your complaint very much. Today we received information from Hong Kong that the remaining 150 bikes were on a ship that developed engine trouble and had to put into port for repairs. The trouble was not serious, and the vessel is now on her way. She would arrive at your place tomorrow or the ne_t day.
Truly
14-1 取消订货
Dear Sirs:
Oct. 2, 2001 We are sorry that causes completely beyond your control have made it impossible for you to keep the shipment date of Sept. 30. Since you have failed to uphold your end of the agreement, we find it necessary to cancel our order. Unfortunately, our buyers cannot wait indefinitely for the units. We are sorry that it is necessary to take such a drastic step.
Sincerely
14-2 谅解迟运原因
Gentlemen:
Oct. 2, 2001 We have received of your notice of delay of shipment due to mechanical troubles on the ship. We are pleased that the order is now on its way. Thank you for the notice. We are eagerly awaiting the ship's arrival.
Yours faithfully
有关外贸邮件的范文3
交易的尾声
15. 货物损坏 报告
Dear Sirs:
Oct. 4, 2001 Upon arrival of your shipment, the ship's agents noticed that case No. 5 was damaged and notified us. The number of articles in the case is correct according to the invoice, but the following articles are broken: (List of articles) As you will see in our survey report and of the ship's agents', that these units are damaged and quite unsaleable. Please send us replacements for the broken articles; we await your reply in due course.
Sincerely
16-1. 拒绝承担损坏责任
Dear Sirs:
Oct. 8, 2001 Thank you for informing us of the damaged shipment. Since the units were packed with the best of care, we can only assume that the cases were handled roughly. We therefore urge you to lodge your claim with the insurance company.
Sincerely
16-2. 承担赔偿责任
Gentlemen:
Oct. 8, 2001 As soon as we got your letter we got in touch with the packers and asked them to look into the matter. It appears that the fault lies with the packaging materials used. We have since corrected the mistake. We apologize for the oversight, and are sending a new delivery immediately.
Sincerely
17. 催要逾期货款
Dear Sirs:
Nov. 30, 2001 It has come to our attention that your payment is one month overdue. The units ordered were delivered to you on September 26 and were invoiced on September 30. Payment is due on October30. We look forward to seeing your remittance within a week.
Sincerely
18. 付清逾期货款
Dear Sirs:
Oct. 3, 2001 We have looked into the cause of the delay in payment and have found that our accounting department made an oversight in making your remittance. We are sorry for the inconvenience. The sum of US$ 20,000 has been sent to you by Telegraphic Transfer and should reach you sometime tomorrow.
Sincerely
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林佳（林巧洳）
means of mum`s loveTime is running out for my friend. While we are sitting at lunch she casually mentions she and her husband are thinking of starting a family. "We're taking a survey,"she says, half-joking. "Do you think I should have a baby?" "It will change your life," I say, carefully keeping my tone neutral. "I know,"she says, "no more sleeping in on weekends, no more spontaneous holidays..." But that's not what I mean at all. I look at my friend, trying to decide what to tell her. I want her to know what she will never learn in childbirth classes. I want to tell her that the physical wounds of child bearing will heal, but becoming a mother will leave her with an emotional wound so raw that she will be vulnerable forever. I consider warning her that she will never again read a newspaper without thinking: "What if that had been MY child?" That every plane crash, every house fire will haunt her. That when she sees pictures of starving children, she will wonder if anything could be worse than watching your child die. I look at her carefully manicured nails and stylish suit and think that no matter how sophisticated she is, becoming a mother will reduce her to the primitive level of a bear protecting her cub. I feel I should warn her that no matter how many years she has invested in her career, she will be professionally derailed by motherhood. She might arrange for child care, but one day she will be going into an important business meeting, and she will think her baby's sweet smell. She will have to use every ounce of discipline to keep from running home, just to make sure her child is all want my friend to know that every decision will no longer be routine. That a five-year-old boy's desire to go to the men's room rather than the women's at a restaurant will become a major dilemma. The issues of independence and gender identity will be weighed against the prospect that a child molester may be lurking in the lavatory. However decisive she may be at the office, she will second-guess herself constantly as a mother. Looking at my attractive friend, I want to assure her that eventually she will shed the added weight of pregnancy, but she will never feel the same about herself. That her own life, now so important, will be of less value to her once she has a child. She would give it up in a moment to save her offspring, but will also begin to hope for more years—not to accomplish her own dreams—but to watch her children accomplish theirs. I want to describe to my friend the exhilaration of seeing your child learn to hit a ball. I want to capture for her the belly laugh of a baby who is touching the soft fur of a dog for the first time. I want her to taste the joy that is so real it friend's look makes me realize that tears have formed in my eyes. "You'll never regret it," I say finally. Then, squeezing my friend's hand, I offer a prayer for her and me and all of the mere mortal women who stumble their way into this holiest of callings.时光任苒，朋友已经老大不小了。我们坐在一起吃饭的时候，她漫不经心地提到她和她的丈夫正考虑要小孩。“我们正在做一项调查，”她半开玩笑地说。“你觉得我应该要个小孩吗？”“他将改变你的生活。”我小心翼翼地说道，尽量使语气保持客观。“这我知道。”她答道，“周末睡不成懒觉，再也不能随心所欲休假了……”但我说的绝非这些。我注视着朋友，试图整理一下自己的思绪。我想让她知道她永远不可能在分娩课上学到的东西。我想让她知道：分娩的有形伤疤可以愈合，但是做母亲的情感伤痕却永远如新，她会因此变得十分脆弱。我想告诫她：做了母亲后，每当她看报纸时就会情不自禁地联想：“如果那件事情发生在我的孩子身上将会怎样啊！”每一次飞机失事、每一场住宅火灾都会让她提心吊胆。看到那些忍饥挨饿的孩子们的照片时，她会思索：世界上还有什么比眼睁睁地看着自己的孩子饿死更惨的事情呢？我打量着她精修细剪的指甲和时尚前卫的衣服，心里想到：不管她打扮多么考究，做了母亲后，她会变得像护崽的母熊那样原始而不修边幅。我觉得自己应该提醒她，不管她在工作上投入了多少年，一旦做了母亲，工作就会脱离常规。她自然可以安排他人照顾孩子，但说不定哪天她要去参加一个非常重要的商务会议，却忍不住想起宝宝身上散发的甜甜乳香。她不得不拼命克制自己，才不致于为了看看孩子是否安然无羔而中途回家。我想告诉朋友，有了孩子后，她将再也不能按照惯例做出决定。在餐馆，5岁的儿子想进男厕而不愿进女厕将成为摆在她眼前的一大难题：她将在两个选择之间权衡一番：尊重孩子的独立和性别意识，还是让他进男厕所冒险被潜在的儿童性骚扰者侵害？任凭她在办公室多么果断，作为母亲，她仍经常事后后悔自己当时的决定。注视着我的这位漂亮的朋友，我想让她明确地知道，她最终会恢复到怀孕前的体重，但是她对自己的感觉已然不同。她现在视为如此重要的生命将随着孩子的诞生而变得不那么宝贵。为了救自己的孩子，她时刻愿意献出自己的生命。但她也开始希望多活一些年头，不是为了实现自己的梦想，而是为了看着孩子们美梦成真。我想向朋友形容自己看到孩子学会击球时的喜悦之情。我想让她留意宝宝第一次触摸狗的绒毛时的捧腹大笑。我想让她品尝快乐，尽管这快乐真实得令人心痛。朋友的表情让我意识到自己已经是热泪盈眶。“你永远不会后悔，”我最后说。然后紧紧地握住朋友的手，为她、为自己、也为每一位艰难跋涉、准备响应母亲职业神圣的召唤的平凡女性献上自己的祈祷A Box Full Of Kisses Once upon a time, a man punished his 5-year-old daughter for using up the family's only roll of expensive gold wrapping paper. Money was tight, and he became even more upset when on Christmas Eve, he saw that the child had pasted the gold paper so as to decorate a shoebox to put under the Christmas tree. Nevertheless, the next morning the little girl, filled with excitement, brought the gift box to her father and said, "This is for you, Daddy!" As he opened the box, the father was embarrassed by his earlier overreaction. But when he opened it, he found it was empty and again his anger flared. "Don't you know, young lady,” he said harshly, “when you give someone a present there's supposed to be something inside the package!" The little girl looked up at him with tears rolling from her eyes and said: "Daddy, it's not empty. I blew kisses into it until it was all full." The father was crushed. He fell on his knees and put his arms around his precious little girl. He begged her to forgive him for his unnecessary anger. An accident took the life of the child only a short time later. It is told that the father kept that little gold box by his bed for all the years of his life. Whenever he was discouraged or faced difficult problems he would open the box, take out an imaginary kiss, and remember the love of this beautiful child who had put it there. In a very real sense, each of us as human beings have been given an invisible golden box filled with unconditional love and kisses from our children, family, friends and God. There is no more precious possession anyone could hold.从前,一位父亲惩罚了自己5岁的女儿,因为她用光了家里仅有的一卷昂贵的金色包装纸。家中余钱无多，在圣诞前夜来临时，父亲变得更加心烦意乱，他看到了圣诞树下的一个鞋盒，女儿原来把金纸贴在了这个鞋盒上做装饰。然而，圣诞日的早上，小女孩满是兴奋得把这个圣诞礼盒呈到了父亲面前，说到：“爸爸，这个送给你！”当父亲打开礼盒时，他为自己先前的过度反应而局促不安着。但是当他打开盒子后，发现里面是空的，他的怒火再次爆发了。“你不知道吗，小丫头，”他严厉地说，“当你送人礼物时，盒子里面应该是有东西的！”小女孩抬头看着气头上的父亲，泪水在她的眼眶中打圈：“爸爸，它不是空的。这里面装满了我的吻。”男人顿时被击垮了。他跪下双膝，双手环抱着自己珍爱的小女孩，祈求她的原谅。之后不久，一场事故夺走了小女孩的生命。据说，父亲便将那个小金盒子放在床头，一直陪伴着他的余生。无论何时他感到气馁或者遇到难办的事情，他就会打开礼盒，取出一个假想的吻，记起漂亮女儿给予了自己特殊的爱。从一个非常真实的意义上说，我们每个人都被赠与过一个无形的金色礼盒，那里面装满了来自子女，家人，朋友及上帝无条件的爱与吻。人们所能拥有的最珍贵的礼物莫过于此了。Love and Time Once upon a time, there was an island where all the feelings lived: Happiness, Sadness, Knowledge, and all of the others, including Love. One day it was announced to the feelings that the island would sink, so all constructed boats and left. Except for was the only one who stayed. Love wanted to hold out until the last possible the island had almost sunk, Love decided to ask for was passing by Love in a grand boat. Love said,"Richness, can you take me with you?"Richness answered, "No, I can't. There is a lot of gold and silver in my boat. There is no place here for you."Love decided to ask Vanity who was also passing by in a beautiful vessel. "Vanity, please help me!""I can't help you, Love. You are all wet and might damage my boat," Vanity was close by so Love asked, "Sadness, let me go with you.""Oh . . . Love, I am so sad that I need to be by myself!"Happiness passed by Love, too, but she was so happy that she did not even hear when Love called her. Suddenly, there was a voice, "Come, Love, I will take you." It was an elder. So blessed and overjoyed, Love even forgot to ask the elder where they were going. When they arrived at dry land, the elder went her own way. Realizing how much was owed the elder, Love asked Knowledge, another elder, "Who Helped me?""It was Time," Knowledge answered."Time?" asked Love. "But why did Time help me?"Knowledge smiled with deep wisdom and answered, "Because only Time is capable of understanding how valuable Love is."从前有一个岛，所有的情感都住在那里：幸福、悲伤、知识和所有其它的，爱也不例外。一天，所有的情感听说小岛即将沉没，因此建造小船，纷纷离开，除了爱。爱是唯一留下来的，因为它希望能坚持到最后一刻。小岛即将沉没了，爱决定请求帮助。富有驾着一艘大船从爱身边经过，爱说，“富有，你能带上我么？”富有回答说：“不行，我的船上载满金银财宝，没有你的地方。”虚荣坐在漂亮的小船中从爱身边驶过，爱问：“虚荣，你能帮助我么？”虚荣说：“不行，你全身湿透，会弄脏我的船。”悲伤的船靠近了，爱问：“悲伤，请带我走吧。”“哦... 爱，我太难过了，想一个人呆着。”幸福经过爱的身边，它太开心了，根本没听见爱在呼唤。突然，一个声音喊道：“来，爱，我带你走。” 声音来自“年老”。爱太高兴了，甚至忘了问他们即将去何方。当他们来到岸上，年老自己离开了。爱突然意识到“年老”给了它多大的帮助。于是，爱问另一位老者--知识：“谁帮助了我？”知识说：“是时间。”“时间？”爱问：“但是时间为什么帮助我？”知识睿智地微笑道：“因为只有时间了解爱的价值。”The paradox of our time in history is that we have taller buildings, but shorter tempers; wider freeways, but narrower viewpoints; we spend more, but have less; we buy more but enjoy less. 我们这个时代在历史上的说法就是我们拥有更高的建筑，但是有更暴的脾气；我们拥有更宽阔的高速公路，却有更狭隘的观点；我们花费得更多，拥有得却更少；我们购买得更多却享受得更少。 We have bigger houses and smaller families; more conveniences, but less time; we have more degrees, but less sense; more knowledge, but less judgment; more experts, but more problems; more medicine, but less wellness. 我们的房子越来越大，家庭却越来越小；便利越来越多，时间却越来越少；学位越来越多，感觉却越来越少；知识越来越多，观点却越来越少；专家越来越多，问题也越来越多；药物越来越多，健康却越来越少。 We drink too much, spend too recklessly, laugh too little, drive too fast, get too angry too quickly, stay up too late, get up too tired, read too little, watch TV too much, and pray too seldom. 我们喝得太多，花钱大手大脚，笑得太少，开车太快，易怒，熬夜，赖床，书读得越来越少，电视看得越来越多，却很少向上帝祈祷。 We talk too much, love too seldom, and hate too often. We’ve learned how to make a living, but not a life; we’ve added years to life, not life to years. 我们常常夸夸其谈，却很少付出爱心，且常常心中充满了仇恨。我们学会了如何谋生，而不知如何生活。我们延长了生命的期限，而不是生活的期限。 We’ve been all the way to the moon and back, but have trouble crossing the street to meet the new neighbor. We’ve conquered outer space, but not inner space; we’ve done larger things, but not better things. 我们登上了月球，并成功返回，却不能穿过街道去拜访新邻居。我们已经征服了太空，却征服不了自己的内心；我们的事业越做越大，但质量却没有提高。 We’ve cleaned up the air, but polluted the soul; we’ve split the atom, but not our prejudice. We write more, but learn less; we plan more, but accomplish less. 我们清洁了空气，却污染了灵魂；我们分离了原子，却无法驱除我们的偏见；我们写得更多，学到的却更少；我们的计划更多，完成的却更少。 We’ve learned to rush, but not to wait; we have higher incomes, but, lower morals. 我们学会了奔跑，却忘记了如何等待；我们的收入越来越高，道德水平却越来越低。 We build more computers to hold more information to produce more copies than ever, but have less communication; we’ve become long on quantity, but short on quality. 我们制造了更多的计算机来存储更多的信息，制造了最多的副本，却减少了交流；我们开始渴望数量，但忽视了质量。 These are the days of two incomes, but more divorce; of fancier houses, but more broken homes. 这个时代有双收入，但也有了更高的离婚率；有更华丽的房屋，却有更多破碎的家庭。 These are the days of quick trips, disposable diapers, throw away morality, one night stands, overweight bodies, and pills that do everything from cheer, to quiet, to kill. Where are we heading...? 这个时代有了快速旅游，免洗尿布，却抛弃了道德、一夜情、超重的身体，以及可以从快乐中走向静止和自杀的药物。我们将走向何方……？ If we die tomorrow, the company that we are working for could easily replace us in a matter of days. But the family we left behind will feel the loss for the rest of their lives. 如果我们明天就死掉，我们为之工作的公司可能会在一天内很轻易地找人代替我们的位置。但是当我们离开家人后，他们的余生将会在失落中度过。 And come to think of it, we pour ourselves more into work than to our family an unwise investment indeed. 考虑一下吧，我们将自己的时间更多地投入到工作中，而放弃与家人在一起的时光，实在并非明智之举。 So what is the morale of the story?那么这则故事的主旨是什么呢?Don’t work too hard... and you know what’s the full word of family? 不要工作得太辛苦，你知道家的全称吗？
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