西方文化研究方案论文

大学生认知西方文化论文

一、文化认知

(一)文化认知概念

在心理学的概念中，认知主要是指大脑用于思维、记忆、感知、认可、分类等活动的过程。人有两种功能和作用完全不同的组织功能，一种被认为是遗传心理功能，此功能决定人类与环境之间如何相互作用，怎样向环境学习，另一种是称之为“认知结构”或“认知图式”的组织功能。“认知结构”是人类向环境学习的产物，是遗传心理功能与环境之间相互作用的结果。因此，人类对语言的认知与人类的社会化过程是密不可分的，而文化的习得过程是人的社会化过程不可缺少的一部分，是个体对文化知识的学习、理解与运用，而且这一过程会随着年龄的增长而不断改变。语言成为人类交际的工具，成为文化的载体就是因为其是社会成员按照自己民族文化的模式加以运用的结果。母语语言的认知与母语文化的认知是同步进行的，从此种程度上说，一个人在习得语言的同时也习得了该语言所秉承的文化。对于大学英语来说，学生学习英语的最终目的是掌握地道的英语，并结合对以英语为母语的国家的文化认知，准确而得体地进行表达，达到有效交流的目的。因此，文化认知问题实际是跨文化交际能力的问题，学生在使用英语时，要想得体地与他人交流，就需要遵从他人所在的语言文化中存在的社会规范和道德准则，尊重他人的生活方式和价值观，比如不冒犯别人的隐私和忌讳等。考虑到中国的英语学习环境，培养学生的社会文化认知能力是培养学生的交际能力的一个重要方面。但是由于民族文化差异的存在，在对英美文化的认知过程中，中国的大学生如果就简单地套用汉语文化的固定模式，那在跨文化交际中，学生们便不能恰当、得体地使用英语进行交流，很有可能会犯一些所谓的“文化错误”。因此，对于生活在汉语和汉语文化环境下的英语学习者，必须在学习语言的同时有意识地学习英语文化，在这一过程中不断累积和沉淀一定的英语文化知识，这样才能在使用英语的过程中做到恰当、得体、灵活、自如。

(二)西方文化认知能力培养对大学生的重要性

在英语教学过程中，文化的定义包括表层文化和深层文化两个方面。表层文化是由习惯性定势构成，具有鲜明的民族性、地域特色的行为模式，是在人际交往中一个民族约定俗成的生活方式和交往方式。通过观察和介绍人们可以逐步了解文化形态，但是较难理出头绪，这是因为表层文化比较繁多零散，不易整理。而深层文化主要是指精神层面，它是一个民族在长期的共同生活中逐渐形成的.民族心理结构，如价值观念、思维方式、情感方式等，它与表层文化交融互摄、互为表里。深层文化由于它比较集中、系统、稳定，需要通过理性的思维才能把握，只有掌握了文化的深层含义，才能对一个民族的文化特征有较为全面、深刻的了解，由此，对其民族的表层文化的种种表现能更容易理解。制约着人们行为方式的深层文化是通过表层文化表现出来的，鉴于此，几乎每个民族都有自己独特的文化内容和行为方式。我们可以通过民族的表层文化的种种表现来探索其文化的特征，认识其深层的民族精神。这一点可以运用到对在英美文化认知的过程中，可以就某一语言现象设立专题，进行文化研究，把语言现象与其相关的文化有机融合，使学习者通过学习语言而学习文化。而在学习文化的过程中，又促进语言的学习，这也是行之有效的语言文化教学策略之一。

二、两者的关系

20世纪50年代初，美国语言学家Harris提出利用话语分析(discourseanalysis)的方法进行语用研究。在此之后，世界各地的语言学家相继提出了各种各样的话语分析理论和方法。他们为此付出了巨大的努力，进行了大量例证。在实例分析的基础上，语言学家们深入剖析了话语活动的内在规律，分析了话语活动与意识形态和认知模式之间的关系。但是，这些理论和方法大都只注意语言系统和语义结构本身及其与省会文化和心理认知之间的关系，也就是说，这些理论和方法基本都是以语言为研究对象，往往忽略了其他意义表现形式，如图像、声音、颜色、动漫等。随着社会发展和全球一体化的深入，中国的国际交往活动益加频繁，中西方文化的交流、碰撞和合作呈现越来越突出的态势，因此对于大学生来说，学好英语势在必行。但是每一种语言都含有一些文化特性，这些文化特性是其他语言所不具备的，并且会随着民族的历史与文化不断发展。鉴于此，一个人如果不懂得目的语文化特性和语言使用规约，那么他基本上就没办法熟练掌握一门外语，并使用这门外语与目的语使用者顺利交际，所以任何语言教学或学习都不能脱离目的语的文化特性。飞速发展的时代为语言与文化的完美结合提出了新的问题和任务。针对以上所提出的问题，笔者将从如下三个方面进行探讨:

1．利用视觉诗的多模态话语体系建设培养学生在词汇方面的文化认知能力

视觉诗主要以系统功能语言学和多模态话语分析理论为框架分析多种模态话语意义的构建和整合，是为运用文字但同时布置成有视觉效果的诗体。语言是文化的载体，语言中的词汇具有很强的社会文化和历史意义，其中包含了丰富的文化内涵和文化特征。而外语学习者虽然能背出大量的词汇，但是因为即使概念相同的词也会因文化而产生不同的联想意义，他们往往不知道在什么场合如何使用外语词汇。

2．通过图文关系语篇的多模态话语体系建设培养学生与语用有关的文化认知能力

语言学家以韩礼德系统功能语言学的三大功能为基础，以Kress＆vanLeeuwen创建的视觉语法为理论框架上发展起来的视觉图像分析语法框架对图文语篇的意义构建进行分析。在系统功能语言学范式内进行的尝试中，认知语言学以多模态隐喻为突破口对多模态语篇隐喻意义的构建展开研究;社会语言学家发现实现社会语言能力关键不是Chomsky所说的语言能力，而是语境上的适合性，执行时的可行性和在交际情境中的对策能力，即根据社会环境恰当得体地使用语言的能力。在日常交际中，由于文化差异而导致的跨文化交际语用失误随处可见，这就对教师提出了要求，即在日常教学中不能简单地把母语价值观和思维方式移植在外语的使用上，要注重从语用角度加强跨文化交际能力的培养，也就是说，培养语言形式的准确性与流利性固然重要，但是也要引导学生留意语言使用的适当性。

3．建设动态语料的多模态话语体系，培养学生与非语言交际有关的文化认知能力

非语言形式的文化知识包括手势、身势、身体动作、面部表情、服装、眼神、体距、音调的高低等方面。所谓动态语料的多模态研究的主要是对非言语行为如手势、眼神、面部表情等如何互补生成意义潜势进行研究。除此之外，动态语料的多模态还重点关注如口头语言、视觉/听觉语言、态势语言等自然语篇是如何参与意义构建的，体现图像和声音在多模态视频语篇意义构建中的作用等。有数据表明，人与人之间的交流，30%是通过语言进行的，而70%则是通过非语言进行的。非言语性交流同样是富有表现力，会由于文化背景差异或感情色彩差异造成交际者之间的误解，甚至引起反感情绪。非语言形式的交际也会因为文化不同而存在较大差异。学习者应该重视对于非语言形式交际的学习与了解，这是因为人们在传递信息，交流思想感情时为了更加形象生动地表达意思，常常使用大量的非语言手段，而在不同文化中这些非语言交际手段却有不同的含义，如果运用不当就会造成误解与伤害。

三、结语

总而言之，文化是一个社会所具有的独特的信仰制度和风俗习惯，是一个社会的整个生活方式和民族的全部活动方式;而语言是文化最好的传承和传播方式之一。理解和学习相关语言的文化，对于语言的理解和接受有重大意义。因此，外语教学应该在语言教学的基础上，注重培养学生的文化认知意识及文化认知能力，尤其是区别于东方文化的特殊方面的认知能力。从这一点来说，多模态话语分析为外语教学中对学生文化认知能力的培养提供了新的视角和方法，为外语教学的发展指明了更清晰的方向。

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Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。