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首页 > 医学论文 > 战争对医学杂志的影响英文

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医疗器械和其他时代的文物正在史密森国家历史博物馆的一个新展览中展出,作为该机构纪念国家加入战争。除了其他四个突出第一次世界大战其他方面的展览外,这一系列展览还探讨了医学在战场上的应用和冲突期间医学科学的进步。

美国在进入战争后面临的主要医学挑战是“创造一支400万人的合适军队,博物馆的医学和科学馆长黛安·温特说:“无论是通过医疗系统把他们送回战场,还是让他们退役,我们都有一个国家正在努力解决这一问题。”

以确保伤员的健康。”数以百万计的士兵被征召参战,医生们对这些年轻人进行了一系列的身体、心理和道德健康测试,并在征兵量表上测量了他们的体重、身高和视力。这些医生通过智力测试和性教育来保持士兵的清洁或“适合战斗”。

在战场上,医生们利用最近发明的医疗技术来解决病人的受伤问题。这台X光机是在战前几十年发明的,对于医生在病人体内寻找子弹和弹片是无价的。玛丽·居里在汽车和卡车上安装了X光机,在野外创造了移动成像。与居里一起工作的法国放射科医生发明了一种可以与X光照片结合使用的通行证,可以精确定位体内异物的位置。这个时代医学专业化的到来,技术的进步有助于定义这些特殊的角色。

美国妇女在本世纪初成为军队的一个永久组成部分,1901年成立了陆军护士团,1908年成立了海军护士团,但当国家1917年参战。有些妇女实际上是医生,但只是在合同的基础上。军队雇佣了洛伊·麦卡菲博士,一位1904年毕业并获得医学学位的女医生,作为这些“合同外科医生”中的一员,她帮助记录了战争期间军队医疗部门的历史,作为1930年完成的15卷文本的联合编辑。

“这对女性来说是一个扩大但有限的角色,”博物馆医学和科学部项目助理马洛里·华纳(Mallory Warner)指出。展品用一套轮换的女装记录了妇女在战争中扮演的不同角色。

妇女发现了一个更大的角色,特别是在“重建”或重建领域。所有主要国家都制定了这些“重建”计划,以治疗受伤士兵,并将他们作为社会的正常成员送回家。职业和物理治疗是这些项目的核心,妇女需要帮助患者完成康复。

“战国”非常关注的不仅仅是战争期间发生的事情,但战争结束后,他们挣工资的男性人口也会发生什么,”温特说。当然,这对治疗至关重要

130 评论

世界前八强吃货

影响.指以间接或无形的方式来作用或改变.那么,你知道影响的英语怎么写吗?

影响的英文释义:

influence

to effect

to influence

impact

affect

incidence

影响的英文例句:

他用尽一切影响力使他们接受他的计划。

He exerted all his influence to make them accept his plan.

这件事情对社会造成了有害的影响。

This event had a pernicious influence on society.

各种各样的影响有助于塑造我们的孩子们的性格。

Many influences help to fashion our children's characters.

影响英语怎么写

她是个很有影响力的人。

She wields a lot of influence.

不要让我影响你的决定。

Don't let me influence your decision.

别人怎样想对我们多半会产生很大影响。

What others think exercises a great influence on most of us.

影响一项政策就是对该政策具有一种影响。

To affect a policy is to have an effect on it.

因此我们正在努力去解除影响,恢复受影响地区的经营。

So we have been working diligently supporting recovery and relief in the area.

她说得对,这种病不仅影响 儿童 ,也会影响成年人。

As she rightly pointed out the illness can affect adults as well as children.

战争对他这一代会有什么影响呢?

How will the war impact on his generation?

别人的想法对我们大多数人产生很大影响。

What others think exercises a great influence on most of us.

波兰的教士们运用他们的影响去使人民波兰化。

The Polish clergy use their influence to polonize the people.

是哪些关键性事件影响了1979年的能源状况?

What key events influenced the energy situation in 1979?

对你的生活又会有什么影响?

What about the impact on your life?

你所说或所做的每一件事都会对别人产生影响。

What you say or do will have an effect on others.

我们的确应该讨论它们的意义和它们对我们造成的影响。

We should be talking about what it means and how it effects us.

特别是两组特别人群组。我希望以我们对非洲人民的健康,对妇女健康产生的影响来评价我们的工作。

I want us to be judged by the impact we have on the health of the people ofAfrica, and the health of women.

你有影响力!

You have influence.

不管你想过没有你的生活对这些都回产生影响。

Your life has an impact, whether you think about it or not.

但是我也认为如果他们今天废除了它,也不会带来任何影响。

But I also think that if they abolished it today, it would have no impact.

它影响了我。

It affected me.

目前,我们还不知道这些药物残留会对身体产生什么影响,也不知道该对它们做些什么。

Right now, we have no idea of the impact of these drug residues or what we cando about them.

然而,它们的确对那些模式的实现影响很大。

They do, however, greatly affect the implementation of those patterns.

如果你们中的一方曾经经历过裁员,它对你们的关系有何影响?

And if either of you have experienced a layoff, how did it affect your relationship?

你如何看待这个事件的影响?

How do you evaluate the impact of this incident?

这意味着抵消或者完全消除压力对你的影响的 方法 就在你自己身上以及你的生活中。

This means you have the means within yourself, and in your life, to counteract theeffects of stress or to remove it altogether.

这只会影响那些疯子,不会影响我。

This only impacts those crazies, not me.

你和谁往来会影响你的思想、活动和行为。

Who you associate with influences your thoughts, actions and behaviour.

美貌比以往都更具影响力,不仅仅是我们和谁一起工作,而完全是我们是否能工作。

Beauty has more influence than ever—not just over who we work with, butwhether we work at all.

358 评论

美林小姐

The second world war is the history of mankind's biggest global war, know the end of the war, has about fifty million people died. The war caused by a heavy blow to many countries in the world economy, many countries have been bombed, a variety of historical relics, the national project is destroyed, people living in pain. But after the war, the US Soviet cold war, the two superpowers began in the world "to seize" on their vantage point: the United States occupation of Afghanistan, the Soviet occupation of Czech....... Hurting and in these countries after Germany was divided into East and West Germany, the country for decades of division in the confrontation of a a certain influence on the development in the future.第二次世界大战是人类历史上最大规模的全球性战争,知道战争结束时,已经大约有五千万人死亡。这次战争给全球多个国家的经济造成了沉重的打击,许多国家遭到到轰炸,各种历史文物,国家项目工程遭到破坏,人民生活在痛苦之中。而且战争结束后,美苏冷战,两个超级大国开始纷纷在世界上“抢占”对自己的有利地点:美国占领阿富汗,苏联占领捷克.......对这些国家都造成了打击而且之后德国被分为东西德,国家长达几十年处于分裂对峙的状态,对日后的发展有一定的影响

351 评论

亲爱的小慧慧

Poverty and war on the environment great harm In the past 200 years, human society has accumulated vast material wealth, poverty at the same time also increase. Historically, both the Enclosure Movement in the United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal's colonial overseas or in North America on the Indian mainland to speed up the net altogether, the development of capitalism in each stage accompanied by cruel plunder. Of the world's two world wars and hundreds of large and small wars. And for almost all land, resources and markets. In addition, developed countries also to the so-called civilized form of courtesy and to win most of the world's consumption of natural resources, in fact, reduce or even taken away the economic development of poor countries. As a result, the development of capitalism not only bring home the confrontation between rich and poor, but rich and poor countries caused by the opposition. Today, the world's poverty is still very serious, the number of poor continues to grow: in 1985 to 10 million in 1990 to increase to billion, about the world's total population of 1 / 5. Poverty is in many parts of the excessive use of resources and environmental pollution, the main reason. For those who barely eke out an existence of abject poverty, the overriding need to survive. To maintain their daily life has been hard-pressed to live, there is no spare capacity to take into tomorrow, let alone improve the environment, in sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East and North Africa, as well as some parts of Asia, forcing poor farmers on land overload The operation, resulting in soil degradation and salinization; in the tropics, deforestation, land reclamation of a very serious problem, caused by soil erosion, land quickly lost productivity. Poverty and resource depletion, environmental degradation as both cause and effect, and the formation of a vicious circle. Environmental damage and pollution is the same, the total amount of pollutant emission of developed countries, but on the whole is under control and began to decline in many parts of the work environment is in effect. On the other hand, developing countries, environmental damage and pollution is getting worse. Due to poverty, they can not refuse low-cost production of high pollution, the temptation will be even more reluctant to limited resources for pollution control. For those countries, the current economic growth is the number one goal, one also can not attend to consider the future price. Pollution and environmental damage is the cross-border, the people of other countries were forced to share the costs and consequences. For example. Mexico in the north industrial area a large number of fossil fuel consumption, as the wind direction of the reasons the United States by victims of acid rain; the United States in the Northeast Industrial acid rain also brought to Canada. To resolve cross-border issues such very difficult and the results often depend on the balance of power among nations, so they do not have justice. In many developing countries, it seems that today's environmental problems are made most of the affected countries to act in the past. Accumulation in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide and harmful substances such as HCFCs is the case, the world's forest area and reduce soil degradation as well. As a result, the pollution and environmental issues, developed countries should shoulder greater responsibilities, including developing countries to provide technical and financial assistance so that they have the ability to maintain the country's economic growth at the same time improve the environment. If developing countries requires developed countries to adopt environmental standards and to absorb the cost of all, is tantamount to depriving them of the opportunity to develop it is not fair. International and domestic social and political conflict in the extreme form of war. In the history of the various direct cause of many wars: ethnic, religious, ideological, and so on and so on; However, in the final analysis, the economic interests of the conflict is the most fundamental reason. In order to compete for resources and people for war, but war and large-scale consumption of scarce resources, use of resources produced by the destruction of wealth, destruction of people's living environment until the eradication of human life. In this century mankind has experienced two world wars. The number of people killed in the First World War, more than 8,000,000, and wounded up to 22,000,000 of which 7,000,000 were maimed for life. Property losses of about 260,000,000,000 . dollars. World War II, the larger, more heavy losses. According to incomplete statistics, countries of the world total of about 100,000,000 human casualties, property damage more than 40,000 million. In the early 1991's outbreak of the war in the oceans, damage is the largest oil field. At that time, there are 1 080 Kuwait oil wells, about 950 were damaged during the war, in which I was more than 600 fire, burning every day about 600 million barrels of oil valued at 120,000,000 . dollars. The oil fires caused by human history's worst environmental pollution. Blot out the Sun during the day and dark smoke, noon and three-meter visibility, however, the raging flames at night Ying-Che days, mushroom-like smoke clouds directly. Burning oil wells in the atmosphere to the monthly release of 675,000 tons of soot inside full of carbon black particles, sulfur dioxide, nitric acid, the cancer-causing hydrocarbons and the highly toxic dioxin compounds. People inhalation after chest tightness, dyspnea, heart disease and respiratory diseases increased dramatically. Some of the toxic substances will gradually enter the food chain, resulting in the next few decades, cancer patients and abnormal surge in the number of people. Sulfuric acid and nitric acid to produce acid rain and damage around the desert country's most valuable agricultural land and vegetation. The flow of the Gulf of tens of millions of barrels of oil at sea to form a large area of the film, only an oil-covered seabirds can not afford desperately struggling due to their inability to take off to die in the sea. Film and thick smoke covered the sun, plankton and thus lost the life of the city as a whole is facing the sea off the danger of biological chain. Near the Persian Gulf is a closed environment, the water flow is very slow, about 200 years to completely replace all the water. Therefore, the ecosystem in the region and the resumption of the fishery will be very difficult. Not only that, in the Gulf of disaster may also affect the Asian monsoon, India and Southeast Asia led to reduced rainfall and causing drought.贫困和战争对环境的极大危害 在过去200多年里,人类社会积累了巨大的物质财富,与此同时贫困在也增长。从历史上看,无论是英国的圈地运动,西班牙、葡萄牙的海外殖民,还是在北美大陆对印第安人的赶净杀绝,资本主义发展的每一阶段都伴随着残酷的掠夺。本世界的两次世界大战与大大小小数百次战争。几乎都与争夺土地、资源和市场有关。此外,发达国家还以所谓文明礼貌形式夺取并消耗全球的大部分自然资源,事实上减少以至剥夺了穷国发展经济的可能性。因此,资本主义的发展不仅带来国内的贫富对立,而且造成穷国和富国的对立。时至今日,全球的贫困现象仍很严重,穷人的数量继续增长:1985年为10亿,而1990年就增加到11亿,大约占世界总人口的1/5。 贫困是许多地区资源利用过度和环境污染的主要原因。对那些勉强度日的赤贫者来说,生存的需要压倒一切。他们维持每日的生活已经捉襟见肘,根本没有余力去考虑明天,更谈不上改善环境了,在撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲、中东和北非以及亚洲 的某些地区,贫困迫使农民对土地进行超负荷的经营,从而造成土壤的退化和盐碱化;而在热带地区,毁林开荒的现象十分严重,由此造成水土流失,很快就使土地的生产力丧失殆尽。贫困和资源耗竭、环境恶化互为因果,形成了又一个恶性循环。 环境破坏和污染的情况也一样,发达国家排放的污染物总量大,但总体上看已受到控制并开始下降,许多地方的环境治理工作很在成效。另一方面,发展中国家的环境破坏和污染正在加剧。由于贫穷,他们无法拒绝低成本高污染生产方式的诱惑,更不愿将有限的资源用于治理污染。对这些国家来说,当前的经济增长是第一位的目标,一时还顾不上考虑未来的代价。污染和环境的破坏是跨国界的,其他国家的人民被迫分担其后果和代价。例如。墨西哥北部工业区大量消耗矿物燃料,由于风向的原因,美国深受酸雨之害;而美国东北部的工业又把酸雨带给加拿大。解决这类跨国界问题很困难,其结果往往取决于国家间力量的对比,因而缺乏公正。 在许多发展中国家看来,今天的环境问题大多数是发害国家地过去的行为造成的。大气中积累的二氧化碳和氟氯烃等有害物质是这样,全球森林面积减少和土壤退化也是这样。因此,在治理污染和环境问题上,发达国家应当承担更大的责任,包括向发展中国家提供技术和经济援助,使他们有国能力在保持经济增长的同时改善环境。如果今天就要求发展中国家采用发达国家的环境标准,并且自行承担全部代价,那么,无异于剥夺了他们发展的机会,是十分不公平的。 国际间及国内社会和政治冲突的极端形式是战争。历史上各种战争的直接原因很多:民族、宗教、意识形态等等,不一而足;但是,归根结底经济利益的冲突是最根本的原因。人们为了争夺资源而进行战争,但是战争又大规模地消耗稀缺的资源,毁灭利用资源生产出来的财富,破坏人们赖以生存的环境,直至消灭人类的生命。 本世纪人类已经经历了两次世界大战。第一次世界大战丧生的人数超过800万,受伤者高达2200万其中700万人终身残废。财产损失大约 2600亿美元。第二次世界大战的规模更大,损失也更惨重。据不完全统计,世界各国总伤亡人类约1亿,财产损失4万多亿美元。 在1991年初爆发的海洋战争中,破坏最大的是油田。科威特当时有1 080口油井,大约有950口在战争中遭到破坏,其中600多口被点燃,每天烧掉大约600万桶石油,价值亿美元。这场石油火灾造成了人类历史最惨重的环境污染。白天浓烟滚滚黑云蔽日,中午时分能见度不过三米,入夜烈火熊熊映天彻地,蘑菇状烟直达云霄。燃烧的油井每月向大气层释放万吨烟灰,里面饱含炭黑微粒、二氧化硫、硝酸、致癌的烃和剧毒的二恶英混合物。人们吸入后感到胸闷、气急、心脏病和呼吸系统疾病急剧增加。一些有毒物质将逐渐进入食物链,导致今后几十年里癌症病人和各种畸形人数量激增。硫酸和硝酸将产生酸雨,破坏周围沙漠国家极其宝贵的植被和农田。流向波斯湾的数千万桶原油在海上形成了大面积的油膜,一只只沾满油污的海鸟绝望地挣扎不起,因无力起飞而死在海中。浓烟和油膜遮住了阳光,浮游生物因而失去了生命之源,整个海中生物链面临断绝的危险。波斯湾是一个近乎封闭的生态环境,海水流动十分缓慢,大约要200年时间全部海水才能完全更换。因此该地区生态系统和渔业生产的恢复将是非常困难的。不仅如此,海湾的灾难还可能影响亚洲季风,导致印度和东南亚地区雨量减少并造成干旱。

172 评论

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