L趣多多
对于不少医学工作者来说,发表医学论文其中一个难题就是翻译。由于英文水平的不足,医学工作者在翻译过程中常常遇到困境。今天我们就来谈谈医学论文翻译技巧,希望对各位同学有所启发。 一、时态问题 1、表达目的所用的时态 在医学论文中,“目的”通常指进行某项研究的原因、意图,即表明研究的目标。由于研究目标的制定通常在着手开始研究之前,故可使用过去时态;但是,在论文写作中,也通常使用一般现在时来表达目的,以表达研究目的是合理的、可重复等意义。 2、表达方法和结果所用的时态 在研究性论文中,在描述所使用的实验方法、技术时通常使用过去时,以表达相关的实验方法步骤发生在过去;对结果的报道也使用过去时,以表示已经得出了结果。 3、表达结论所用的时态 医学论文的结论部分为作者表达观点、意见,以及对研究进行总结的地方,常用时态为一般现在时,以表示研究结果的客观性,如果用一般过去时,则表示这一结论仅仅适用于该研究过程中特定的情况,不具有普遍性。 二、词首字母大小写问题 关于地名和地理学术语如何正确大写的问题。因为中文不牵涉大写问题,所以中文母语的作者可能会有点迷惑。其实大写问题对于英语母语的作者而言也不太容易理顺。 三、标点符号问题 由于语言习惯影响,不少医学工作者会错误的使用英文标点符号,导致医学论文出现语言问题。下面我们列举几个英文标点符号常见的错误。 1.顿号使用错误 由于英文中没有顿号,但有些作者由于习惯影响,会在句子中使用顿号,如错误例子:The five concentrations of nitrogen in our study were 1、5、10、50、100 mg/L,respectively. 该句作者使用顿号隔开数字,应改为逗号,在英文学术论文写作中,无论是多个并行的数字、单词和短语都是用逗号来分隔。 2.书名号使用错误 对于书名、刊物名、影片、文章名在中文表达中使用书名号无可厚非,但用英文标点符号时可就注意了,如错误例子: In the book 《Pipeline Risk Management Manual》, the authorMuhlbauer W Kenr (.) grouped pipeline risk into 4 classes. 该作者错误的将句子中的书名使用了中文的标点符号,由于英文标点符号没有书名号,所以通常使用斜体字来表示,有时也可用引号、全部大写或在书刊名下划线来表示。 3.方括号和圆括号使用错误 方括号与圆括号并用时,容易产生错误,首先举一个错误的例子:[That was the colour (blue) she preferred] ,事实上在方括号和圆括号并用时,英文句子的使用方式与中文恰恰相反,即圆括号在内外,方括号在内,因此上句应改为: ( That was the colour [blue] she preferred. )
sisley0522
Objective: Through the study of animal experiments to observe the United Yishen soup benazepril 5 / 6 nephrectomized rats renal function improved efficacy and reduced TGF-β1 expression in renal tissue and other advantages, and to explore the soup Yishen possible to improve the renal function of mechanism of action. Methods: 1. Select SPF class healthy adult male SD rats with 50 only as the research object, adaptive feeding one weeks later, 10 randomly selected as the sham-operated group (A group), and the remaining 40 with 5 / 6 nephrectomy CRF-made law model. 2. After the success of model selection criteria in line with the study group 32 rats were divided into B: model group, 8; C groups: benazepril group 8; D group: the Chinese Medicines Board 8; E Group : Yishen Decoction United benazepril group referred to as traditional Chinese and western medicine group of eight, together with the A Group of 5 Group. 3. Successful modeling start after delivery, the groups were given corresponding drugs decoction. 4. The end of the experiment 24 hours after the detection of urinary protein and blood BUN, Scr, RBC, Hb, and renal histology observation and renal tissue TGF-β1 expression assay. Results: 1. The general situation: during the experiment, sham-operated rats demonstrated alertness, quick reaction, dense fur, clean and shiny, growth, consumption and the activities had no significant abnormalities, weight gain; model group was significant malnutrition, make them apathetic, slow activity, loss of appetite, fluffy fur, haggard Matte, died in the course of treatment at 2, probably because of renal failure due consideration; benazepril rats than sham-operated group spirit apathetic, slow activity, fur, fluffy; medicine the performance of rats with similar benazepril group; WM rats with sham-operated rats without much difference in general performance, but dry dark fur. 2. Of blood BUN, Scr impact: benazepril group, traditional Chinese medicine group, in the WM group significantly decreased BUN, Scr level, compared with the model group has significant difference (P <), but still high in sham-operated group; traditional Chinese and western medicine group and the Chinese medicine group, benazepril group has significant difference (P <); Chinese medicine group and the benazepril group was no significant difference (P> ). 3. Hematology impact: Chinese medicine group and the TCM-WM group was significantly increased blood RBC, Hb, compared with the model group has statistically significant difference (P <), but the difference between the two groups was not significant (P> ); benazepril group compared with the model group was no significant difference (P> ). 5. Pathologic changes, acceptance of renal rat subtotal excision were visible matrix hyperplasia, glomerular sclerosis, but the model group compared to the treatment group significantly lesser degree of glomerular sclerosis, one of traditional Chinese and western medicine to renal small ball for the lightest sclerosis; Immunohistochemistry results showed that the treatment group in renal tissue expression of TGF-β1 were significantly lower than model group (P <), and traditional Chinese and western medicine group can reduce the TGF-B1 in renal tissue Expression, and traditional Chinese medicine group and the benazepril group has statistically significant difference (P <). Conclusion: Yishen soup through Yiqi Jianpi, huoxuehuayu, dampness Xiexin Turbidimetry, CRF can reduce blood BUN, Scr, improve anemia and reduce proteinuria, can be reduced effectively with 5 / 6 nephrectomy-induced CRF rat kidney tissue expression of TGF-β1, thereby reducing the accumulation of ECM, slowing the development of renal fibrosis, and delay the progress of CRF. Fully Yishen soup has a good anti-renal fibrosis, but also after the United benazepril better efficacy.
fomeca刘勇
Through the study of animal experiments to observe the United Yishen soup benazepril 5 / 6 nephrectomized rats renal function improved efficacy and reduced TGF-β1 expression in renal tissue and other advantages, and to explore the soup Yishen possible to improve the renal function of mechanism of :1. Select SPF class healthy adult male SD rats with 50 only as the research object, adaptive feeding one weeks later, 10 randomly selected as the sham-operated group (A group), and the remaining 40 with 5 / 6 nephrectomy CRF-made law the success of model selection criteria in line with the study group 32 rats were divided into B: model group, 8; C groups: benazepril group 8; D group: the Chinese Medicines Board 8; E group: beneficial United kidney soup benazepril group referred to as traditional Chinese and western medicine group 8, together with the A Group of 5 . Successful modeling start after delivery, the groups were given corresponding drugs . The end of the experiment 24 hours after the detection of urinary protein and blood BUN, Scr, RBC, Hb, and renal histology observation and renal tissue TGF-β1 expression general situation: during the experiment, sham-operated rats demonstrated alertness, quick reaction, dense fur, clean and shiny, growth, consumption and the activities had no significant abnormalities, weight gain; model group was significant malnutrition, make them apathetic, slow activity , loss of appetite, fluffy fur, haggard Matte, died in the course of treatment at 2, probably because of renal failure due consideration; benazepril rats than sham-operated group spirit apathetic, slow activity, fur, fluffy; Chinese Medicines large mouse performance and a similar benazepril group; WM rats with sham-operated rats without much difference in general performance, but dry dark . Of blood BUN, Scr impact: benazepril group, traditional Chinese medicine group, in the WM group significantly decreased BUN, Scr level, compared with the model group has significant difference (P <), but still higher than sham-operated group; traditional Chinese and western medicine group and the Chinese medicine group, benazepril group has significant difference (P <); Chinese medicine group and the benazepril group was no significant difference ( P> ).3. Hematology impact: Chinese medicine group and the TCM-WM group was significantly increased blood RBC, Hb, compared with the model group has statistically significant difference (P <), but the difference between the two groups was not significant (P> ); benazepril group compared with the model group was no significant difference (P> ).4. Pathologic changes, acceptance of renal rat subtotal excision were visible matrix hyperplasia, glomerular sclerosis, but the model group compared to the treatment group significantly lesser degree of glomerular sclerosis, one of traditional Chinese and western medicine to renal small ball for the lightest sclerosis; Immunohistochemistry results showed that the treatment group in renal tissue expression of TGF-β1 were significantly lower than model group (P <), and traditional Chinese and western medicine group can reduce the TGF-B1 in renal tissues, with the Chinese medicine group and the benazepril group has statistically significant difference (P <). Conclusion: Yishen soup through Yiqi Jianpi, huoxuehuayu, dampness Xiexin Turbidimetry, CRF can reduce blood BUN, Scr, improve anemia and reduce proteinuria, can be reduced effectively with 5 / 6 nephrectomy-induced CRF rat kidney tissue expression of TGF-β1, thereby reducing the accumulation of ECM, slowing the development of renal fibrosis, and delay the progress of Yishen soup has a good anti-renal fibrosis, but also after the United benazepril better efficacy.
基因突变:癌基因可有两种协同的阶段但又有区别,即:启动阶段和促发阶段。目前对癌基因及其产物与乳腺癌发生和发展的关系,已得出结论为:有数种癌基因参与乳腺癌的形成;
指标CK5/6是一种细胞角蛋白,总的讲阳性预后差。P53是检查是否癌变的一个指标,阳性的话,说明有恶变情况,现在是阴性的(-),说明是正常的。Calponin是
我不能不告诉你:1、你妈妈的乳腺癌是早期的,采取中药治疗是可以治愈的,且无复发之顾虑。2、化疗本身是致癌的,且加速癌细胞的扩散和转移;3、你妈妈现在的症状就是化
1. Wang S, Ding YB, Chen GY, Xia JG, Wu ZY. Hypermethylation of Syk gene in prom
请给分我,谢谢。来自哈佛医学院的菲力西亚-克驽尔是这篇文章的作者之一。当她在墨西哥的时候被发现患有乳腺癌。她在那里接受了治疗,同时她的治疗经验告诉她穷人与富人对