佛罗妮曲奇饼
据学术堂了解,不少人对医学学术论文写作不是很了解,今天就给大家总结了医学学术论文写作的八个步骤,希望能帮助到大家。第一步,确定论文的选题从广义上说,选任何本专业范围内的题目都能够写出东西来,只要你有新观点、新发现、新角度、新研究方法、新材料等等.但是这后面的五新大大限制 了论文的选题.这是由于作者多数是第一次写这么长的学术论文,缺乏经验,也缺乏深厚的知识积累,难以把握;同时,二三万字这个条件也对选题有很大的制约,如果题目过大,无法在这个相对狭小的范围内展开.所以,选题是否得当,对于论文的成功,影响很大。第二步,文献检索其实就是围绕已经确定的论文选题,回顾相关的理论和研究.这一步的工作是较为艰苦的,需要有思想准备.这一步是必要的,如果没有这一步,你的论文内容很可能重复了别人已经做过的工作,等于白做;查找的过程,也是启发思路、产生观点火花的过程,不走这一步,等于掐掉了自己新观点、新视角、新材料的来源.这也是为下一步做观点、角度、材料上的准备.第三步,提出选题的理论假设,或要研究的具体问题选题是指准备写的论文的大体方向和范围,真要动手写作,就会遇到两类具体的问题.第一类属于观点方面的:我的具体观点是什么你可以设想出一个或几个观点,但它们仅仅是一种假设,通过许多证据、材料,通过严密的论证和适当的论证框架结构,证明你的假设是成立的,这才能形成论文的主体.第二类属于实用方面的:我要具体论证什么问题你可以提出许多原因、各种环境条件的影响,它们是不是与所论证的问题相关,相关到什么程度,这需要通过科学的调查和分析.不论哪一种情况,这涉及论文的中心思想或论证主题,一定要明确,并且贯穿论文的始终.第四步,研究方法决定人文社会科学的研究方法,大体可以归为两大范畴,思辨研究和实证研究,后者又可分为定性研究、定量研究两种具体的研究方法.人们为探究社会事实或社会现象,而采用不同的研究取向,不同的研究取向又有不同的研究方法,不同的研究假设、收集资料的方式和对结果的判断标准.但是各种研究方法在现在的论文写作中,已经越来越多地呈现相容和内在的连接.一般地说,根据自己的选题和讨论的具体问题,可以以一种研究方法为主,辅以其他的方法.第五步,设计论文框架结构一般文章的写作也需要有这一步,但对论文来说,更为必要,其要求也更细一些.一般情况下,一篇论文要有绪章、入题的第一章、主体章节,以及结束语.章节的设置在写前要有个大体的布局逻辑,使之结构合理;章和章之间有一种逻辑联系,防止盲目写下去,淹没主题,不知所云.这一步很少有一次完成的,往往会根据收集材料的情况、调查访问中遇到的新情况,经常变动.但是就像建筑师在盖房子前必须有图纸一样,到了写论文这个层次上,大体的文章框架不能仅仅存于脑子中,一般要形成文字,相对细致一些,具体到节更好(但节的层次开始时不要固定化),便于写作时心中有数.到了设计论文框架这一步,因为有了文字化的章节设计,除了请导师指导外,这是在正式动笔写前较广泛地征求其他专家意见的一个好机会.框架还不是厚厚的论文,看时花费的时间不多,又可以大体看出文章的价值或存在的问题.这时修改论文结构比写完后修改要轻松、容易得多,时间也较为宽余,不要错过这个机会.第六步,分析、归类,将分别充实到论文各部分中,再进行解释、论证这实际就是论文写作本身,所以这样描述,意在让作者理解论文写作的过程.各种材料和论据,不是天生就可以证明论点或说明具体问题的,需要通过作者对材料的组织和论证,才能使其变得富有生命力,极其自然、有力地为自己所论的题目服务.在这一步,需要温习一下学过的逻辑学或社会调查统计的知识,用正确的逻辑思维和严谨的数据组织方式,紧紧围绕已经确定的理论假设或具体问题,调动自己所学的各种知识,通过正论(这是主要的)、反论、设论、驳论、喻论等等手法,论证观点或问题,得出结论,完成论文.论证中肯定会出现种种材料使用或缺乏的问题、逻辑推理的问题、论据与论题不相配的问题等等,需要停下来再找材料和访问专家,充实或削减原来论文框架中的内容,必要时对框架结构进行局部调整.这种情形是正常的、经常发生的.在时间的安排上,对此要做出计划.如果时间安排不当,有时论文功亏一篑的原因就在于写作时间安排过紧,来不及调整论文结构,这很不值得.第七步,必要时重新估量选题,修正论证对象范围这是与第六步同时出现的另一种情形,即通过较为广泛地征求意见和本人的思考,感到原来的选题对自己不适当,或难以完成,那么就要及时调整整个论文写作的计划,改变选题.这种情形也是正常的,关键在于不要长时期犹豫不决,必须较快地做出决定,以便有时间重起炉灶.由于前面已经对本专业的学术研究有过较多的思考和文献检索,即使改变选题,重新做起,花费的时间不会很多,对此过多的担心是不必要的.选题不当、难以完成的另一种情况不在于选题本身,而在于选题论证的范围过大.解决这个问题并不难,把论证对象的范围缩小就是了.这里最大的障碍在于作者舍不得割爱,花费了许多功夫准备论文,一旦许多材料用不上,难以割舍.这种情况当然会涉及到重新设计论文框架结构的问题.不过,将较大的论证对象的范围缩小,总比相反的情形要容易得多.第八步,规范化的检查和调整文中的引证标示、注释及编号、文后的参考文献编排,以及不属于论文本身的内容提要(包括英文提要)、关键词等等,都要按照规范化的要求进行检查和调 整.这些虽然属于技术性问题,但也反映出作者的治学态度.特别是引证,凡是使用了别人观点的地方,都必须注明材料来源,不能含糊不清,更不能将别人的研究成果变成自己的.标明的材料来源也要十分清楚,论着名称、作者或编者、出版社或发表的刊物名称、出版或发表时间等等,一应俱全.
Ilovesmile
包括有:英语医学科技论文中分词、合成词作定语以及名词连缀的使用英语医学科技论文写作中的常见错误英文医学科技论文中数词的用法及数字的写法外文斜体的使用方法 希望能帮助到你,望采纳!
齐吃大乳
刚开始写文章的时候,总会是有种恐惧感。脑袋里思绪万千,可是真要表达出来,却总觉得一片空白。虽然看了一肚子的学术文章,但是写下来的文字就跟小说或者散文一样,零零碎碎地弄不成一片。那么多的术语也不知道怎么摆放才好。这种焦虑一开始多多少少都会有一些,都需要用时间和练习去弥补。写学术文章其实有点像编程。刚开始学习编程语言的时候,不明白语法规则,就不敢乱写。即使写了,编译器老是报错,找原因的时候又觉得语法规则怎么设计得那么复杂,找了半天都不知道是什么原因。但是当最终掌握了这门编程语言之后,写起代码来就是信手拈来了,该定义的自然而然就定义了,该用函数地方的就用函数了。不复杂的流程都可以边想边写了。复杂的流程,只要把逻辑想清楚了,一切似乎就是顺其自然地完成了。这个时候再回头看语法规则,又会觉得有规则限定就是好,要是代码写成了散文,调试起来会疯掉的。科研写作也是一个技术活,也要经历一个熟能生巧的过程,首先你要熟悉学术写作的基本方式。在能够基本上准确的传达信息的基础上,自然而然地就会开始发展自己的写作风格。不要一开始就去复制导师的写作风格,因为对问题的了解程度肯定是达不到的,强行去模仿别人的风格就会太牵强。同时在写文章的时候,就把文章当做一段代码来思考就行了,不用想的太复杂。不要把堆砌学术术语当作是写作的目标,成功的作家并不是要把事物用很复杂的方式呈现出来,而是准确的传递自己的信息。就跟写出来的代码主要是能正确的运行,写得好看不好看,那是下一步的要求了。比如读者看科技新闻或者文章的时候,也不会是抱着欣赏艺术的方式,而是能够很快的从中提取到自己有用的信息。在写作初期,多收集同事或者同行的反馈意见是最有用的,可以帮助自己发现各种各样的问题,然后才能在后续的写作中知道要提高什么。写作後期, 如过是英文论文,可以请专业的论文润色公司如英论阁 提供语言协助 收起
安德鲁鱼
s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.
If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.
First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.
Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.
Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy
Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog
All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。
有几个背后的原因。如今,人们更关心他们的健康,期望寿命更长,从而导致了医疗的繁荣。
人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势,为患者提供更多不必要的体检,以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来,现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先,医生应该对病人的期望值,并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。
其次,当局应承担起它的责任,确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务,以合理的价格。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.
令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今,人们更关心他们的健康,期望寿命更长,从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势,为患者提供更多不必要的体检,以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.
在我看来,现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先,医生应该对病人的期望值,并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次,当局应承担起它的责任,确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务,以合理的价格。
Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文
Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?
Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.
As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.
范文二:
My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。
英语医学科研论文的格式和要求 I.格式 The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJ
医学论文的写法如下:1、创新性医学论文的创新性是指文章要有新意,要发展医学成就,破解医学问题。医学论文有无创新,选题是关键。选题创新是医学论文写作的灵魂,是衡量
医学论文写作的步骤如下 1、确定主题 首先,要明确自己写什么类型的文章(如:综述类、论著类),然后根据主题去选择合适的材料。比如,你打算写综述类文章时,就可以从
什么? 一、研究生必备四本俗话说好记性不如烂笔头,所以一定要首先养成做笔记的好习惯!作为研究生下面这几个本子是必不可少的:1,实验记录本(包括试验准备本),这当
根据学术堂的了解,在动手书写学位SCI医学论文之前,首先要在头脑里详细构思SCI医学论文的整体结构,多参考其他的SCI医学论文的写法,列出详细的提纲,并尽可能的