关于疼痛的医学论文摘要

医学论文范文1000字

论文题目： 浅谈外伤性小肠破裂临床护理体会

摘要: 目的 探讨外伤性小肠破裂的临床护理措施。方法 回顾分析本院2006年1月至2009年1月90例外伤性小肠破裂病例,进行总结分析。结果 本组治愈65例,死亡7例,死亡原因:创伤性休克3例,感染性休克2例,多脏器功能性衰竭2例;并发切口感染8例,切口裂开4例,肠粘连3例,肠 瘘 2例,腹腔脓肿1例。结论 在处理小肠破裂的同时,要注意全身情况和进行必要的术前准备,包括止痛、输液、胃肠减压,早期使用抗生素,积极治疗合并伤。加强术后护理,防止术后并发症,才能使患者尽快早日康复。

关键词: 外伤性;小肠破裂; 护理

随着外伤事故的增加,外伤性小肠破裂也随之增多,虽然临床诊断并不困难,但延误治疗可造成严重后果。现回顾分析本世纪院2006年1月至2009年1月90例外伤性小肠破裂病例,现将体会总结如下。

1 资料与方法

临床资料 本组病例选自我院2006年1月至2009年1月90例外伤性小肠破裂病例资料。其中男78例,女12例。年龄6～74岁。平均40岁;受伤至入院时间:～120 h。

创伤类型 开放性损伤35例,闭合性损伤55例;交通创伤62例,坠落伤12例,撞击伤6例,挤压伤8例,刀刺伤1例,爆炸伤1例.

损伤及合并伤 小肠破裂1处49例,2处21例,2处以上20例,空肠破裂20例,回肠破裂15例,空肠、回肠均破裂55例。合并其他脏器损伤32例。脾破裂17例,十二指肠破裂2例,胃破裂2例,结肠破裂2例,肝破裂3例,膀胱破裂并骨盆骨折1例,颅脑损伤3例,肋骨及四肢骨折2例。

临床表现及辅助检查 患者皆有不同程度的腹痛,伴腹胀62例,恶心、呕吐31例;有典型腹膜炎体征81例;腹腔穿刺检查,首穿阳性79例,复穿阳性40例。腹部X线平片,发现膈下游离气体30例,B型超声波检查阳性57例。

诊断依据 有明确的开放和闭合腹部外伤史;不同程度的腹痛,伴腹胀、恶心、呕吐;不同程度急性腹膜炎体征;腹腔穿刺检查阳性;腹部X线、B型超声波检查阳性。

确诊时间 3 h内确诊手术24例,3 h后确诊手术61例。5例是在受伤12 h后得到确诊。

2 治疗及结果

单纯肠修补62例,肠管部分切除端端吻合28例。对合并脏器伤进行手术,脾切除10例,脾修补7例,结肠修补2例,胃修补2例,膀胱修补1例,肝修补3例。术后放置腹腔引流。本组治愈65例,死亡7例,死亡原因:创伤性休克3例,感染性休克2例,多脏器功能性衰竭2例;并发切口感染8例,切口裂开4例,肠粘连3例,肠 瘘 2例,腹腔脓肿1例。

3 护理

基础护理 保持病室及空气清新,做好口腔护理及皮肤护理,保持床单清洁干燥,加强饮食指导;术后根据病情鼓励并协助患者做适当的活动,注意保暖,建议并帮助患者戒烟,严密观察病情;保持床铺整洁,无皱褶、渣屑,预防褥疮再发生。皮肤后涂搽龙胆紫,避免大小便污染;按摩足跟、背部受压部位,加强营养,保持床铺整洁,无皱褶、渣屑,预防褥疮再发生。

心理护理 护士要重视患者心理变化对疾病的影响,做好心理护理。建立良好的护患关系,对待患者积极热情,取得患者的信任。对患者的心理细心呵护,积极安抚,向患者讲解术后的恢复过程,使患者消除恐惧心理,以更好的接受治疗。

引流管护理 引流是为了将腹腔内的渗液排出体外,使残留的炎性反应得以局限、控制和吸收。妥善固定腹腔引流管,防止引流管折叠、扭曲或受压,注意保持引流管通畅,特别要注意引流液的性质、颜色、量。

肺部并发症的`护理 早期应用抗生素控制感染,加强口腔护理;术后鼓励患者做深呼吸,并协助患者咳嗽、咳痰;保持呼吸道通畅,及时清除分泌物,确保有效供氧;术后密切注意肾功能变化,根据生化报告调整补液;对于疼痛者,给予止痛剂,咳嗽用力时,用双手从两侧压住患者伤口,以减轻伤口疼痛;尽早改变体位,鼓励患者早期离床活动;保持室内空气清新,定时开窗通风,同时注意保暖。

切口护理 密切观察病情,保持切口敷料干燥,及时更换敷料,使用一次性药碗和敷料,严格无菌操作。应用腹带包扎,胃肠减压,加强支持疗法,及时补液,纠正贫血、营养不良,预防性应用抗生素;术后患者应取半卧位,避免过早剧烈活动,指导患者咳嗽、打喷嚏,避免便秘,用力排便时应用双手保护切口两侧腹壁,防止和避免切口裂开和切口疝。

预防并发症 及时禁食、持续胃肠减压,中药灌肠、低压温盐水灌肠、中药散剂脐部外敷。足量有效地使用抗生素,尽快纠正水、电解质平衡,注意钾、钠、镁的补充,正规的全胃肠外营养支持,以促进肠 蠕 动,协助患者早日起床活动。做好呕吐和腹胀的护理工作;做好出院饮食调理指导等;严格掌握导尿指征,严禁膀胱冲洗,改善患者全身状况,增加抵抗力,重视医护人员手的清洁,加强留置尿管的基础护理。以防止病毒感染而导致肠梗阻、尿 潴 留、尿路感染;术后8 h未排尿者,检查患者膀胱区有无膨胀;做好患者的心理护理,对于有尿意者应采取各种诱导措施;用温水冲洗会阴部,热敷膀胱区,膀胱按摩,无菌导尿术,针刺治疗等帮助其自行排尿。

4 小结

肠破裂可致肠内容物破入腹腔,粪便污染腹腔,细菌感染可致体温升高,在处理小肠破裂的同时,要注意全身情况和进行必要的术前准备,包括止痛、输液、胃肠减压,早期使用抗生素,积极治疗合并伤。加强术后护理,防止术后并发症,才能使患者尽快早日康复。

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Abstract Objective: the treatment of circular mixed hemorrhoid operation, mostly local injury in operation, complications after multiple defects. Observation of using different stripping ligation operation in the treatment of circumferential mixed hemorrhoids curative effect, and discusses the function of the anal sphincter and the relationship between the onset of circumferential mixed hemorrhoids. Operation method: on circular mixed hemorrhoid by piecewise external dissection, internal hemorrhoid ligation, and hemorrhoid ligation of internal hemorrhoids ichor injection of zone method. For varicose veins not releasable circumferential mixed hemorrhoids anal sphincter, and the connective tissue type annular mixed hemorrhoids give anal sphincter loosening. Results: 164 cases were cured in 158 cases, accounting for 96%, 6 cases, accounted for 4% of all effective, treatment 1221 days, average 16 days after the operation, one year follow-up, with follow-up results of 156 cases, including 2 cases with anal wet, pruritus, with no recurrence and secondary to anal fissure, anal stenosis. Conclusion: connective tissue type annular mixed hemorrhoids patients, the anal sphincter tension, poor elasticity, operation for anal sphincter loosening, can reduce the pain after the operation, prevent local edema, and can prevent the operation after anal stenosis. Varicose vein type annular mixed hemorrhoids patients, most of the anal sphincter relaxation, operation is not releasable anal sphincter, also won't cause anal stenosis. The anal sphincter dysfunction and the ring-like mix hemorrhoids the pathogenesis remains to be : Circular Mixed Hemorrhoids ligation of anal sphincter Xiaozhiling injection

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Abstract Objective: To ring for the treatment of mixed hemorrhoid surgery, most of the large presence of local damage, post-operative complications and other defects. Observed using different stripping tie ring mixed hemorrhoids surgical treatment efficacy, and to explore the anal sphincter function and circumferential mixed pathogenesis. Surgical techniques: the ring mixed hemorrhoids external hemorrhoids with the sub-stripping, ligation of internal hemorrhoids with injection of non-liquid Xiaozhiling area hemorrhoids ligation method. Circumferential mixed for varicose veins do not release the anal sphincter, and for circumferential mixed connective tissue type to give anal sphincter release. Results: 164 patients were cured and 158 cases, 96%, effective in 6 cases, accounting for 4% of all effective course of 12-21 days, an average of 16 days, one year after surgery follow-up, there are follow-up results of 156 cases, including two cases of occasional wet anus, itching, with no recurrence and secondary anal fissure, anal stenosis. Conclusion: The circumferential mixed Keywords circular mixed hemorrhoid ligation stripping anal sphincter injection Xiaozhiling

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