医学论文中冠词名词

句子结构——短句是准则用清楚的英语书写的文章更容易被发表，这一点需要牢记。据统计，1600年，平均每个英文句子有 40到60个单词；1900年，平均每个英文句子有 21个单词；1970年，平均每个句子有 17个单词；而现在，平均每个英语句子只有 12到 17个单词。由此可见，现代英语的发展趋势是由繁至简的。中文写作惯用长句，而英语，特别是科技英语，通常使用非常精炼的句子。短句是准则，使用简短而表意清楚的句子并不显得幼稚。专业的英语作者使用短句。No. 2可数名词和不可数（物质）名词Posted十二月 10th, 2007 by admin单数可数名词（可以计数的事物）通常用冠词修饰；复数可数名词有时用冠词修饰。不可数名词（难以计数的事物；也称物质名词）没有复数形式；不可数名词有时也用冠词修饰。首先要确定该名词是可数名词还是不可数名词，然后考虑如何对这个名词计数。No. 3逗号的正确使用方法逗号是最难掌握的标点符号类型，逗号使用不当会改变句子的意思。在表示重要的和非重要的信息时，请多留意逗号的用法。推荐用法：The equipment that we used was madeby the XX Company.可行用法：The equipment which we used was made by the XX Company.错误用法：The equipment, which we used, wasmade by the XX Company.正确用法：The equipment, which was made in Shanghai, was very expensive.当你校对标点符号的使用时，要特别注意以下单词：that、which和 who；此时应再次确认，此信息是重要信息还是是可以省略的多余信息。如果此信息是重要的，切勿使用逗号。如果此信息是附加的、不重要的，必须使用逗号。No. 4动词时态一般过去时用于表示你所做过的事：In this study, a number of functional and structuralproperties of sodium were compared to determine the underlying reason for theobserved functional changes.过去时通常用于描述研究的结果：Assessment of size using standarddenaturing gel conditions showed multiple bands whose size was consistent withdiscrete oligomeric forms of A.一般现在时用于陈述事实：Alzheimer's disease is a fatalprogressive dementia.一般现在时用于指代图表内容：The amino acid sequence of the synthetic Vpu (1-40) peptidesused in this study is shown in Figure 1A.现在完成时用于指代持续有效的已经进行过的研究或过去开始的现正正在进行的动作：The current state of GPCR researchhas evolved in large measure from observations made in two et al have shown that …检查文章是否使用了正确的动词时态：介绍性的语言的时态应该主要使用现在时和现在完成时。描述材料和方法的语言的时态应该主要使用一般过去时。对于结果和讨论的描述，结果应该主要使用过去时；而对于其他研究的观察一般使用现在时或现在完成时。No. 5冠词使用规则定冠词“the”指代当前情况：We began the experiment；the ”指代常识：The situation in Iraq isdeteriorating；the”指代之前提到的名词：We tested a new measuring device anda new mixer. The new mixer worked well.不定冠词“A/an”指代在前面没有提到的名词：We planned anew fluidwas separated with a centrifuge.冠词的使用取决于冠词出现的上下文以及冠词之后名词的类型。什么时候使用“a/an”或者“the”（所有例句选自最近的 ACS Chemical Biology）：The emergence of antibioticresistance poses a major threat to human health, prompting interest in theexploration of new antibiotic is the second most abundant “trace”element in the body. This metal ion is vitalfor normal cellular function as acofactor in numerous enzymes, in transcription factors, in the immune system,and in the reproductive data provided solid evidence that theobserved IgG antibody response is T-cell dependenNo. 6词首字母大小写问题关于地名和地理学术语如何正确大写的问题。因为中文不牵涉大写问题，所以中文母语的作者可能会有点迷惑。其实大写问题对于英语母语的作者而言也不太容易理顺。大写问题虽然棘手，但是下面的小贴士会对您有所帮助。一般而言定义明确的地区的首写字母要大写，以下是 The Economist Style Guide的建议：“Use upper case for definitegeographical places, regions, areas and countries, and for vague but recognisedpolitical or geographical areas…lower case for east, west, north, south exceptwhen part of a name.”（大写用于明确的地理学位置、地区、区域、国家以及模糊但是被认可的行政或地理区域 east, west, north, south等用小写，但当他们是名称一部分的时候除外。）这条通用法则也适用于地球表面的地带，如 North Temperate Zone, the Equator等。No. 7常见易混单词英语中有许多对单词很容易混淆。此贴士主要讨论拼写相近而意义不同单词，或者充当不同词性的单词。优..助服务

英语医学科研论文的格式和要求

I.格式

The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE)

(The Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, 5th Ed., 1997，URMSBJ)(国际——温哥华格式1979年创建, 2006年2月最新版)*, 一篇生物医学科研论文(以下简称"论文")应包括以下12个部分：

7. Acknowledgements

8. References

9. Legends

and Methods 10. Figures

11. Tables

12. Plates and Explanations

II.要求

1.标题

A. 标题的要求

Titles are to be written to be understood by those in your field, telling them exactly what you have done in your work.(告诉你的同行确切研究了什么)

(America)Journal of the National Cancer Institute: within 14 words.

The British Journal of Cancer: within 100 letters

China journals: Chinese within 20 words; English within 10 lexical words

要求：

(1) Short and concise(简明扼要)：Write in one line (not a sentence); not containing an active verb; not exceeding 25 words or 120-140 letters and spaces; no abbreviations or chemical symbols except those that are generally accepted, . DNA, RNA, AIDS, CT, etc.; 中文标题常见的“试论”，“浅谈”，“初探”等词在英文标题中一般不用。我国的国家标准(GB-7713-87)要求将一般英文标题的实词控制在10个词以内。例：Association between Duration of Obesity and Risk of Non-insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus 肥胖期与非依赖胰岛素糖尿病之关系

(2)Informative(信息丰富)：State exactly what you want the reader to know about your paper and your work;

(3)Indexing(便于索引)：Pack as many key words or indexing terms as possible into the title without overloading it; key words not in the title will be in the abstract or can go in the "Key Words" section of the paper; key words are usually in the beginning or ending place of the title. 标题是读者检索文献的重要标识，是著录题录和索引等第二次文献的重要内容。标题中所选每一个实词必须是正确通用的术语，能提供文献检索，尽量包含关键词。要求尽量把关键词(索引词)安排在标题最前面或最后面的位置上

(4)Highlighting the head word. (突出中心词): 每条标题都有中心词，它们是能高度概括论文中心内容和主题的单词，要将其放在最显著突出的位置。中心词的内容一般是研究方法，研究对象，研究目的或效果，一般为名词，名词短语，分词短语或动名词短语。

例：Knowledge-based Technology in the Service of Health 论卫生事业中的知识技术

Cognitive Impairment and Intracranial Calcification in Chronic Hyparathyroidism 鉴别力受损与颅内钙化——甲状旁腺功能逐渐减退

美国医学写作协会(American Medical Writers Association)医学论文写作要领中对于标题的说明是：

1、Introduce the article into the scientific literature

2、Most important part of the article: the part most often read and often the only part read

3、Keep precise and brief( 85-character limit is typical)

4、Must stand alone: no abbreviations

5、Avoid: “declarative” or “headline” titles; “ Our Experience” titles; asking rhetorical questions in titles:

So start with : Effect of[explanatory variable(s) ]on [ response variable] under[conditions]”

6. 不同的医学期刊对标题的书写规则要求不同， 一般有两种形式：

1). Post-transfusion hepatitis: A report of 60 cases

2). A Successful Operation on a Pair of Female Twins With Conjoined Liver

标题中冠词的用法:

1). (The) Treatment of gram-negative shock

2). Carcinoma of the anal canal

Running title

B. 标题的结构

标题的结构一般都用名词作主干的名词短语型，这类标题结构中作为主干词的名词一般带有动词意义，有时也用完整句，以陈述句较多，偶尔也用疑问句。例：

Resolution of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome after Recovery from Fulminant Hepatic Failure 治疗成年人突发性肝衰竭康复后呼吸窘迫综合症

Using a Title Table to Evaluate Syncope 列表诊断晕厥

表示诊断，治疗方式或药物治疗的标题结构

这类标题中的diagnosis, treatment, therapy 等作主干的名词都带有动词意义，后跟for, in, to, with 等引导的介词短语引出病名或接受诊治的部位及所使用的药物。例：

Adjunctive Therapy with Aspirin in Vernal Conjunctivitis 用阿司匹林辅助治疗春季结膜炎

Basic Approach in the Management of Intraocular Foreign Bodies 眼内异物的基本处理方法

(药物)治疗：A治疗B(A=name of the medicine; B= name of the disease)

A in the treatment/management of B;

treatment of B with A;

use of A in the treatment of B;

A therapy/treatment of B;