药学论文英文摘要

身份证过期不能做核酸检测，因为身份证过期后就是无效证件，不具有证明公民身份的法律效力，需要重新失领身份证。身份证过期的可以用户口簿或临时身份证做核酸检测。

点击蓝字关注 回复“清明”获取南京清明活动汇总

大家一定要注意了

已经进入2021年

在1986-1995年出生的小伙伴

你的身份证可能要到期了

一定要记得及时办理更换！

根据《中华人民共和国居民身份证法》规定

摘要目标为了研究吉西他滨的药效学和药物动力学的作用， 在未做过化疗的IIIB期或IV期非小细胞型肺癌的病人中，在第一天(不确定是什么意思，但估计是day 1 的意思）和第5天给予吉西他滨和顺铂，第5天只单独给予吉西他滨。方法在每一个周期中，第一天和第5天吉西他滨的剂量是1250毫克每平方米，30分钟静脉输液完。第一天在给予吉西他滨后再给与顺铂75毫克每平方米，3小时静脉输液完。每3周一次。两次输液中间间隔一小时。这种治疗的临床反应和毒性被密切观察了。另外，吉西他滨的血浆含量和代谢物在不同时间点上的值在第一个周期中被侦察了。药物动力学的软件PKS被用于分析吉西他滨的药物动力学计数和它的代谢产物。结果这次研究中一共有28位病患。中间年龄54岁（从27－75岁），大部分病患处于良好状态。27位病患接受了2次或更多的周期治疗。总体临床反应率为％。总体来说，平均存活时间为13个月。肿瘤发展平均时间为个月，一年存活率是％。毒性可承受。主要毒性是骨髓抑制。的病患有3/4级血液毒性，％有非血液型毒性，比如胃肠道反应。吉西他滨的血浆含量和代谢产物的药物动力学计数在给药前和给药后是不同的。吉西他滨的代谢产物最小值 ± μg/mL是在静脉输入吉西他滨之前和不给与吉西他滨的时候。结论这个治疗方法对于非化疗的已发展的非小细胞型肺癌患者是可承受并有作用的。在第一天和第五天给与吉西他滨后，吉西他滨的血浆含量和代谢产物的药物动力学计数没有任何不同和在输液前相比。而且在第5天给药前吉西他滨的代谢产物达到最小值。

一、 选题的依据及意义：陈皮为芸香科植物橘 (Citrus reticulata Blanco)及其栽培变种的干燥成熟果皮 。味苦、辛．性温，归肺、脾经是常用的理气药具有理气健脾、燥湿化痰之功，临床用于治疗胸脘胀满，食少吐泻，咳嗽痰多。陈皮主要含有挥发油及橙皮苷 、新橙皮苷 、川陈皮索、甲氧基黄酮等多种黄酮成分，以及肌醇、维生素、对羟福林等。关于陈皮对大鼠离体胃和大肠的影响已有报道，用陈皮水煎剂灌胃后，观察营养半固体糊的胃内残留率和用碳末法计算碳末在小肠的推进百分比，观察陈皮对在体小鼠胃排空及肠推进作用的影响并初步探讨其作用机制。结果发现，陈上（40g/kg)促进小鼠胃排空，对胃复安所致的胃排空加强作用及阿托品所致胃排空抑制作用无明显影响。陈皮（30g/kg,40g/kg)促进小肠推进作用，对阿托品所致的肠推进抑制有拮抗作用，但对去甲肾上腺素和异丙肾上腺素所致的肠推进抑制无明显作用，提示陈皮促进小鼠胃排空和肠推进，其促进肠推进作用可能与胆碱能M受体有关。正因为陈皮所具有的这些个特性，所以本实验拟采用正常小鼠和阿托品、左旋麻黄碱致小鼠胃肠功能抑制模型，用半固体糊灌胃法检测胃排空，用炭末灌胃法测定肠推进的长度，考察陈皮对在体小鼠胃排空及小肠推进功能的影响，为更好地利用陈皮提供依据二、 国内外研究现状及发展趋势（含文献综述）：国内外对陈皮研究的报道很少；也没看到有专门针对的研究报道。迄今为止，未见有关动物整体条件下陈皮对胃肠运动作用的报道，对其机制也缺乏深入的研究。为此，我们观察了陈皮水煎剂对小鼠胃排空和小肠推进功能的影响并探讨了其作用机制。将有越来越多的目光聚集到对它的分子生物学研究上。三、 本课题研究内容分析陈皮的化学成分和生理作用。了解中药药理学实验方法和作用机制。提出详尽的实验方案和具体步骤。比较结果及分析讨论。四、 本课题研究方案一、胃排空实验1.设大中小三个剂量观察陈皮水煎液对正常小鼠胃排空的影响；2. 观察其对左旋麻黄碱所致小鼠胃排空改变的影响二、小肠推进实验1.设大中小三个剂量观察陈皮水煎液对正常小鼠小肠运动的影响；2.观察其对硫酸阿托品所致小鼠小肠抑制模型的影响；五、 研究目标、主要特色及工作进度：研究目标：.1 证实陈皮是否具有增强肠胃动力的作用2.使学生形成一定的科研能力3.毕业论文达到较高质量。

Any survey of tax sources should begin with the nation’s fairest and most productive soure of revenue, the individual income tax. 任何税收来源的调查都应开始于国家最公正、生产性最强的国民收入来源--个人所得税. All advanced industrial countries levy a dircct tax on individual incomes, but nowhere is this tax as important as in the United States. In recent years,about 40 percent of federal cash receipts has been collected from this source. 所有先进的工业国家都对个人所得直接征税，但没有哪个国家在征此税时像美国一样重要。近年来,约40%的联邦现金收入都来源于此. The individual income tax is uniquely suited for raising revenue in a democratic country where the distribution of income, and therefore of ability to pay,is unequal. Theoreticians may disagree about the meaningfulness of the term “ability to pay,” but the close association between a man’s income and taxpaying ability is commonly accepted. There is also general acceptance of the idea of progression in income taxation. 个人所得税是非常适合民主国家增加国民收入的,在民主国家里收入分配和支付能力是不平等的. 理论家可能不赞成"支付能力"的长远意义,但个人收入和纳税能力间的密切关系却是普遍接受的. 级数所得税的观点也被普遍接受. The individual income tax has still another attractive feature. Income alone does not differentiate a man’s ability to pay—his family responsibilities are also important. A single person may be able to along on an income of $3000 a year, but a married man with two children would have great diffculty making ends meet. The individual income tax takes such differences into account through the personal exemptions and deductions, which are subtracted before arriving at the income subject to tax. 个人所得税还有另一个吸引人的特点. 收入不足以区分一个人的支付能力—他的家庭责任也是很重要的. 单身男士也许每年收入达3000美元, 但带着两个孩子的已婚男人要想收支相抵却很困难. 个人所得税通过个人豁免和扣除将这种差异解决了, 个人免税额在应纳税收之前就扣除了. The revenue potential of the individual income tax has been recognized only recently. For almost thirty years after its adoption in 1913, the tax applied mainly to a small group of high income people. Exemptions were high by current standards and few incomes were large enough rates. In the national effort to raise needed revenue during World War Ⅱ, exemptions were drastically were increased in 1946 and 1948,but have remained low by prewar standards. Tax rates were also raised in wartime, and have remained much higher than in earlier years. At the same time, personal incomes have continued to increase with the growth of the economy (and with the inflation that occurred during and after World WarⅡ and the Korean War). The combination of lower exemptions, higher rates, and higher incomes increased the yield of the individual income tax manyfold. In1939, tax liabilities were about $1 billion; in 1966, they are in excess of $50 billion. 个人所得税的收入潜力最近才得到公认. 在1913年实施后的30年里，个人所得税主要应用于一小部分高收入人士. 在现行标准下豁免是很高的，低收入者占很大的比率. 二战期间,国家努力增加收入，豁免急剧减少。1946年和1948年有所提高，但从战前的水准看，仍然很低。税率在战时也有人提出,但比起早些年仍高多了. 在此同时, 个人收入随经济增长继续增加,(也与其间和二战后的通货膨胀和朝鲜战争的因素) . 较低的豁免,高利率,高收入的结合成倍地增加了个人所得税. 1939年，纳税义务约为10亿美元; 但1966年,超过了500亿美元. This tremendous expansion could not have been possible without ready compliance with income tax laws and effective many countries where compliance is poor and administration is weak, there is great reluctance to rely heavily on the income tax. In this country, the record of compliance is good—although it can still be improved—and practical methods have been developed for administering a mass income tax (at a cost of only about 1/2 of 1 percent of tax collected). In the late 1930’s many people—even high-placed officials of the Internal Revenue Service—doubted that an income tax covering almost everyone could be administered effectively. Although some problems remain, in an advanced country the administrative feasibility of an individual income tax of almost universal coverage is no longer questioned. 没有所得税法律的遵守和有效的管理，这个巨大的扩张是不可能的。许多国家法律意识差，管理松散,过于依赖所得税就很困难. 在这个国家, 守法记录还好--虽然它仍可以得到改善--实用方法已制定用来管理大量所得税(按成本仅约为1%的税收额的1 / 2 ) . 在20世纪30年代后期，很多人甚至美国国内税局的高级官员都认为关系每个人的所得税应得到有效管理. 尽管一些问题依然存在, 在一个先进的国家个人所得税的几乎全面普及在行政上的可行性已不存在质疑. There are good economic reasons for using the income tax as a major source of revenue. The automatie flexibility of the income tax promotes economic stability and the progressive rates help prevent excessive concentration of economic power and control. Some believe that the income tax is also needed to moderate the growth of private savings of high income people, which is likely to hold down private demand for goods and believe that a high income tax impairs work and investment incentives and , therefore, reduces the nation’s economic growth. These are difficult questions which will be discussed later. Nonetheless, it is correct to say that the modern individual income tax. If carefully designed and well administered, is a powerful and essential economic instrument for a modern indusrtial econmy. 使用所得税作为财政收入主要来源有很好的经济原因. 该所得税的自动灵活性能促进经济稳定，累进税率有助于防止经济权力和控制过分集中. 有人认为所得税也需缓和高收入人群的私人储蓄增长, 这很可能压抑商品的服务的私人需求。有人认为高所得税降低工作和投资动力,因此,减少了国家的经济增长. 这些都是日后讨论的难题. 但是,现代的个人所得税是正确的. 如果经过精心设计和良好管理,是现代工业化经济的有力而必要的经济手段。 Structure of the Federal Income Tax 联邦所得税结构 The basic structure of the federal income tax is simple. The taxpayer adds up all his taxable sources of income, subtracts certain allowable deductions and exemptions for himself, his wife, children, and other dcpendents,and then applies the tax rates to the difference. But this procedure has many pitfalls for the taxpayer, and difficult questions of tax policy arise at almost every stage. Consequently, it is important to understand the main features of the income tax structure. 联邦所得税的基本结构是很简单的. 纳税人增添了他的一切应纳税收入,减去某些自己的、妻子的、孩子的和其他相关人的允许扣除和豁免权,然后适用税率差额. 但这种程序对纳税人也有很多陷阱,税收政策的难题几乎出现在每一阶段. 因此,了解所得税结构的主要特征是重要的. Adjusted Gross Income and Taxable Income调整过的总收入和应纳税收入 The two major concepts of income that appear on the tax return are: adjusted gross income and taxable income. 出现在纳税申报单上的两大收益好象是:调整过的总收入和应纳税收入. Adjusted gross income is the closest approach in tax law to what all economist might call “total income.” But it departs from an economic definition of income in some important respects. It represents the total income from all taxable sources, less certain expenses incurred in earning that income. In general, only money income is treated as taxable, but many items are excluded. Such exclusions include one-half of realized capital gains on assets held six months or more, interest on state and local government bonds,all transfer payments(for example,social security benefits and unemployment compensation), fringe benefits received by employees from their employers(the most important of these are contributions to pension plans), and income on savings through life insurance. The emphasis on money income automatically excludes unrealized capital gains and such imputed income as the rental value of owner-occupied homes. 在税法上调整的总收入是所有经济学家称之为"总收入"的最接近说法。 但是,在某些重要方面，它背离了收入的经济学定义. 它表示所有应纳税来源的总收入，较少的赚取收入中的确定开支. 一般说来,只有货币收入被视为应税的,但很多项目都被排除在外. 这种排除包括二分之一的持有六个月或以上的已实现资本收益，国家和当地政府公债的利息,所有的转移支付(例如,社会保障福利和失业补偿) , 雇员从其雇主那得到的附加福利(贡献中最重要的是为养老金计划) , 和加入了人寿保险的储蓄收入. 对货币收入的强调自动排除了未实现资本收益和这种像所有者租税价的推算收入. Adjusted gross income is used on the tax return in two ways. First, it is the income concept built into the simplified tax table, which is used for determining tax on more than 25 million returns. Second,it provedes the basis for placing limits on some of the personal deductions which are subrtacted in computing taxable income. 调整后的总收入用于纳税申报单有两种方式. 第一,它是收入概念建成的简易税表, 用于决定税收突破2500万美元的回报. 第二,它提供了限制某些个人扣除的基础，个人扣除在计算应纳税收入时已经减去了. Taxable income is computed by making two sets of deductions from adjusted gross income. The rirst are personal expenditures which are allowed as deductions by law—charitable contributions, interest paid,state-local income, general sales, property and gasoline taxes, medical and dental expenses above 3 percent of adjusted gross income, and casualty and theft losses above $100 for each lieu of these deductions, the taxpayer may use the standard deduction of 10 percent of adjusted gross income(with a minimum of $200 plus $100 for each exemption,and a maximum of $1000 for single persons and married persons filing joint returns and $500 for married couples filing separate returns). 应税收入是从调整过的总收入中制作两套扣除法计算而来的. 剩下的是法律允许扣除的个人支出--慈善捐款,所付利息,国有地方收入,一般销售 财产和汽油税, 高于调整后总收入3%的医疗及牙科服务费用, 伤亡和每次损失100美元以上的偷盗损失。代替上述扣减， 纳税人可使用10%调整后的总收入的标准扣除额 (最低200美元,加上每项豁免100美元,单身和夫妻联合备案的已婚人士每人最高1000美元，并返回500美元为已婚备案夫妻分开报税) . When the present standard deduction was first adopted in 1944, it was used by over 80 percent of the persons filing incomes have risen and deductible expenditures have increased,the percentage using the standard deduction has declined. In 1963, the standard deduction was still being used on million returns, or 56 percent of the million filed(Appendix Table C-6). But the amount of the standard deduction was small compared to home ownership, state-local taxes,and use of consumer credit, as well as the normal increase in expenditures that occurs as incomes rise. Total deductions reported on all 1963 returns amounted to $ billion; of this amount, $ billion were itemized deductions and $ billion were standard deduction. 现行标准扣除额首次在1944年应用时， 它被用于个人存档返还的80%以上.随着收入的增加和可扣除支出增加, 用于标准扣除额的比率也有所下降. 1963年标准扣除额仍被用于3580万的回报, 或6390万存档56% (附录表C 6 ) . 但征收的标准扣除额是比较小的，与国有、地方税,消费品信贷的使用, 以及随收入增加而不断增加的正常开支相比.1963年报告的总扣除额回到了592亿美元; 这一数额中, 有461亿美元详细说明了扣除项目,131亿美元为标准扣除额.

陈皮 1）药材陈皮拼音名：Chenpi 英文名：PERICARPIUM CITRI RETICULATAE 本品为芸香科植物橘 Citrus reticulata Blanco 及其栽培变种的干燥成熟果皮。药材分为“陈皮”和“广陈皮”。采摘成熟果实，剥取果皮，晒干或低温干燥。 【性状】 陈皮 常剥成数瓣，基部相连，有的呈不规则的片状，厚 1～4mm 。外表面橙红色或红棕色，有细皱纹及凹下的点状油室；内表面浅黄白色，粗糙，附黄白色或黄棕色筋络状维管束。质稍硬而脆。气香，味辛、苦。 广陈皮 常 3瓣相连，形状整齐，厚度均匀，约1mm 。点状油室较大，对光照视，透明清晰。质较柔软。 【鉴别】 (1) 本品粉末黄白色至黄棕色。中果皮薄壁组织众多，细胞形状不规则，壁不均匀增厚，有的作连珠状。果皮表皮细胞表面观多角形、类方形或长方形，垂周壁增厚，气孔类圆形，直径18～26μm，副卫细胞不清晰；侧面观外被角质层，靠外方的径向壁增厚。草酸钙方晶成片存在于中果皮薄壁细胞中，呈多面形、菱形或双锥形，直径3～34μm，长5～53μm，有的一个细胞内含有由两个多面体构成的平行双晶或3～5个方晶。橙皮苷结晶大多存在于薄壁细胞中，黄色或无色，呈圆形或无定形团块，有的可见放射状条纹。螺纹、孔纹和网纹导管及管胞较小。 (2) 取本品粉末，加甲醇10ml，加热回流20分钟，滤过，取滤液5ml，浓缩至约1ml，作为供试品溶液。另取橙皮苷对照品，加甲醇制成饱和溶液，作为对照品溶液。照薄层色谱法（附录Ⅵ B）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各2μl，分别点于同一用％氢氧化钠溶液制备的硅胶G薄层板上，以醋酸乙酯－甲醇－水(100:17:13) 为展开剂，展开约3cm，取出，晾干，再以甲苯－醋酸乙酯－甲酸－水(20:10:1:1) 的上层溶液为展开剂，展至约 8cm，取出，晾干，喷以三氯化铝试液，置紫外光灯(365nm) 下检视。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同颜色的荧光斑点。 【检查】 水分 照水分测定法(附录Ⅸ H 第二法)测定，不得过％。 【含量测定】 照高效液相色谱法(附录Ⅵ D)测定。色谱条件与系统适用性试验 用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂；甲醇-醋酸-水(35:4:61)为流动相；检测波长为283nm。理论板数按橙皮苷峰计算应不低于2000。对照品溶液的制备 精密称取橙皮苷对照品适量，加甲醇制成每1ml含的溶液，即得。 供试品溶液的制备 取本品粗粉约1g，精密称定，置索氏提取器中,加石油醚（60～90℃）80ml，加热回流2～3小时，弃去石油醚，药渣挥干，加甲醇80ml,再加热回流至提取液无色，放冷，滤过，滤液置100ml量瓶中，用少量甲醇分数次洗涤容器，洗液滤入同一量瓶中，加甲醇至刻度，摇匀，即得。测定法 分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各5μl，注入液相色谱仪，测定，即得。本品按干燥品计算，含橙皮苷(C28H34O15) 不得少于 ％。 【炮制】 除去杂质，喷淋水，润透，切丝，阴干。 【别名】广陈皮【性味与归经】 苦、辛，温。归肺、脾经。 【功能与主治】 理气健脾，燥湿化痰。用于胸脘胀满，食少吐泻，咳嗽痰多。 【用法与用量】 3～9g。 【贮藏】 置阴凉干燥处，防霉，防蛀。

研究论文中国药理学报2010年6月31期 746-752页 【数字对象唯一标识符】：吉西他滨联合顺铂治疗Ⅱ期非小细胞肺癌的临床研究范云，李能明，马胜林，罗吕红，罗芳，黄志宇，于海峰，吴凤琴摘要目的：对未接受过化疗的III期和IV期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）患者，静脉注射吉西他滨，d1、d5，顺铂 d1，以研究吉西他滨（dFdC）的药效学药和药代动力学。方法：一个联合治疗周期，吉西他滨1250 mg/m2，静脉输液30 min，d1、d5，每三周静脉输液一次顺铂75mg/m2，d1。两次注射间隔1hr。观察该方案的毒性反应。此外，第一次输液周期中监测不同时期的吉西他滨（dFdC）及其代谢产物（dFdU）的血药浓度。使用药代动力学软件（PKS）评价吉西他滨及其代谢产物（dFdU）药代动力学参数。结果：共有28名患者参与此项研究，平均年龄54岁（介于27~75岁之间），大多数病人的临床表现良好。27名患者接受了2个或以上的治疗周期。临床总有效率为。中位生存期13个月。估算的肿瘤进展时间(TTP)中位天数为个月，1年生存率为。毒性反应总的较轻。主要毒性为骨髓抑制；的病人出现3/4度血液学毒性，而的病人出现3/4度非血液学毒性——常见的胃肠道反应。吉西他滨及其代谢产物（dFdU）药代动力学参数在注射吉西他滨d1、d5前后无差异。在注入吉西他滨d5前，dFdU（2，2'—双氟脱氧胞嘧啶核苷）的最低浓度为± μg/mL，而吉西他滨未检测到。结论：该方案是治疗未接受过化疗的非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）晚期患者的有效方案，总体临床耐受性良好。在静脉滴入吉西他滨，d1、d5后，吉西他滨及其代谢产物（dFdU）药代动力学参数较之前无差异，而在注入吉西他滨d5前，dFdU（2，2'—双氟脱氧胞嘧啶核苷）浓度最低。