肝细胞癌论文

看了看上面都是用工具翻译的，明显不合格，给你手动翻译一下吧，希望有用Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumor all over the world. It is a serious hazard to human health. A large number of studies have indicated that HBV infection contributes 75-80% of hepatocellular carcinoma in the world. the specific HBV infection has not been well elucidated yet.[1] Recent study hot points focused on hepatitis B virus genotypes and various genotypes of the mechanism of HBV induced liver cancer. The international research shows that HBV genotype may be associated with disease progression after infection clinical presentation, prognosis and treatment response and other anti-virus. It is widely agreed that inflammatory necrosis and fibrosis caused by genotype C is more severe than that caused by genotype B. Genotype C is related to liver cirrhosis and cancer. The cumulative survival rate of genotype B is significantly higher than genotype C. Recent studies showed that, the mutation rate of HBV is about 10 times higher than other DNA. HBV variation is related to clinical mutated HBV can lead to increased pathogenicity and replicationan ability, important token of the host immune response against the epitopes and the generation HIV drug resistance. Because the different gene encodings of HBV are overlapped and the promoter and enhancer regulatory sequences are located within the gene encoding, one part of the gene mutation will affect the expression of multiple genes. Thus the HBV gene mutation is formed [2,3]. Then it is very important to carry on systemic study of hepatitis B virus genome variability and its biological significance. A lot of work has been done on HBV genotype and relationship between mutation position and HCC in recent years. The research on distribution of HBV genotypes has been reported in Yunnan. Nervertheless, the HBV genotype and relationship between mutation position and HCC have not been reported yet. This study aimed on chronic HBV infection in Yunnan genotype infection to understand the detection of variable sites, explore the genotype of chronic HBV infection and the relationship between common variable sites and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a serious hazard to human health, but also worldwide, one of the most common malignant tumor. HBV infection caused by a large number of studies have shown that the proportion of hepatocellular carcinoma hepatocellular carcinoma is the world number about 75 to 85%, but the specific HBV causes liver cancer has not been fully elucidated the mechanism [1]. Recent studies of hepatitis B virus genotypes, and various genotypes of the mechanism of HBV induced liver cancer has become a hot research. Domestic and international research shows that, HBV genotype may be associated with disease progression after infection clinical presentation, prognosis and treatment response and other anti-virus are closely related. Now widely recognized that genotype C caused by inflammatory necrosis and fibrosis is more severe than type B, and C-related liver cirrhosis and liver cancer; genotype B, the cumulative survival rate was significantly higher than C-. Recent studies show that, HBV DNA mutation rate than other about 10 times, HBV gene variation and clinical outcome of disease associated variant can lead to increased pathogenicity and replication, an important change in the host immune response against the epitopes and the generation HIV drug resistance. HBV gene encoding the overlapping of different, such as promoter and enhancer regulatory sequences and is located within the gene encoding, a part of the gene mutation will affect the expression of multiple genes to form HBV gene mutation [2,3], so more complete study of hepatitis B virus genome variability and its biological significance is particularly important. HBV genotype on the domestic and foreign scholars in recent years, the variation between sites and the HCC study done a lot in recent years, Yunnan has on the distribution of HBV genotypes reported, but on the HBV genotype and HCC variation between sites not been reported yet. This study aimed to chronic HBV infection in Yunnan genotype infection to understand the detection of variable sites, to explore the genotype of chronic HBV infection, common variable sites and the relationship between hepatocellular carcinoma. 希望是你需要的译文！谢谢！

肝胆外科主要研究肝细胞癌、肝胆管结石、肝炎后肝硬化和重型肝炎所致的急性肝功能衰竭是严重威胁国人健康的重大疾病。下面我为大家搜索整理了肝胆外科护理论文，希望对大家有所帮助。

探求肝胆外科的护理办法

【摘要】 肝胆外科患者的临床护理工作请求比拟多，留意事项比拟多，因而难度比拟大，护理工作比拟繁重，并且在护理过程中有一定的风险性。假如医院护理人员的素质不高的话，就愈加的加重了护理过程的风险性问题。肝胆外科医疗事故和护理纠葛常常都是由于护理人员素质问题、医疗器械问题和环境问题所惹起的，所以肝胆外科应该要注重对风险的管理和处置，让医院的医疗纠葛尽量的防止，提升护理质量。

社会的开展给人们的生活带来了很大的改动，人们生活请求越来越高对生活质量越来越注重，他们生病来到医院进行治疗，关于护理效劳的请求也是比拟严厉的，因而护理效劳工作的压力也是越来越大。目前医院护理人员的素质并不统一，局部护理人员缺乏护理平安认识，因而招致了护理质量得不到患者的称心，加上设备和环境等要素的影响，肝胆外科护理质量总是得不到提升，护理人员的工作也遭到了影响。本文就肝胆外科患者的护理办法进行了简单的剖析，为临床护理效劳提供了一些协助，让护理工作可以愈加完善。

1 肝胆科护理存在的问题

护理人员存在的问题 肝胆外科护理工作比拟繁重，护理人员压力比拟大，护理人员面对的都是一些危重患者，同时会有并发症存在，因而护理起来并不轻松。局部护理人员的思想认识不到位，没有护理平安认识，工作也是比拟粗枝大叶，因而容易出错，招致了患者的不满，而护理人员由于工作压力和环境等等要素的影响，在面对患者的不满的时分，很容易产生心情，将心情向患者发泄，招致了患者的投诉，惹起了护患纠葛。还有就是护理人员本身程度有限操作陌生，因而对患者的抢救产生了影响，或者是进行药物的运用不够灵敏，招致了护理质量为患者所诟病。

患者方面存在的问题 肝胆外科患者病情比拟重因而需求承受长时间的住院治疗，其心理睬有焦躁焦虑的心情，加上目前社会大众普遍的具有比拟高的法律认识，也招致了护理投诉量直接增长，护理工作呈现问题，患者及其家眷就会不依不挠的，因而纠葛常常很难防止。

医疗器械和护理管理方面的问题 医疗器械与管理呈现问题，招致了护理效劳的质量问题。医院医疗器械没有及时的进行维护和维修，招致了运用呈现问题，影响了医疗效劳工作，这是医院管理不善和体制不健全的表现，关于护理人员面对突提问题的处理才能没有进行锻炼，使其无法胜任护理工作。

社会方面的问题 新的.医疗体系关于医护人员来说具有一定的影响，加上目前的医疗技术先进度比拟高，而且医疗风险不断都存在，因而，也是比拟难以取得患者及其家眷的完整称心，护理人员和患者之间的问题和抵触也是或多或少的存在。

2 护理对策

护理人员要增强义务感，提高专业技术程度 护理人员假如短少义务感就无法做好护理工作。对护理人员要增强职业道德教育，提高她们的义务认识，一切为病人思索，不但要做好他们身体方面的护理工作，在心理上也要多给予抚慰和关怀，消弭他们的不良心情。

要做好引流管的护理工作 在肝胆手术中，引流管护理是个很关键的问题。选择适宜的引流管还能够提高疗效，能够有效地减少患者并发症的发作，肝胆外科手术治疗患者的康复和引流管的护理有着直接的关系。在对引流管护理时要留意以下一些问题：

护理人员要严厉依照无菌技术进行操作，引流管的高度要比出口平面低，这样才干防止逆行回流招致患者发作感染。

引流管的位置要固定好，防止遭到扭曲、受压和折叠。

要认真察看引流液的色、量、味和质，在手术前期普通颜色为淡红色，后期转化成黄色。假如颜色不清、清亮液不正常就阐明患者身体状况发作异常，要马上告知医生。假如引流量每小时在五十毫升以上，而且连续三个小时都呈现红色就是发作了异常。但是，假如引流量忽然减少，而且患者发热并伴有腹胀感，就应该马上检查引流管能否发作梗塞或者零落的问题。

看待患者要有足够的耐烦，要认真倾听患者的主诉，对惹起患者疼痛的缘由和性质要认真作出评价。

3 完毕语

护理工作具有比拟高的风险，由于其和患者的病情和恢复有关，以至是关系生命平安，假如没有足够激烈的防备认识，那么护理人员容易产生倦怠感，看待工作呈现的问题不可以及时的处理，不可以应用闲暇时间来丰厚本身的专业学问和提升技艺程度，招致了护理质量跟不上医疗的开展和社会的开展。护理人员需求学会自我总结和反省，经过总结和反省来寻觅问题，处理问题，让护理质量得到提升。

自2004年-2008年期间，合作培养硕士研究生2名，主要研究内容为肝脏影像学及功能成像研究。承担及参与3项省部级以上科研基金，参加了1部专著的编写，在各级学术刊物发表专业论文30余篇。学术任职：广东省肝脏病学会影像诊断专业委员会委员、广东省生物医学工程学会医学影像学专业委员会委员。代表论文：1、64层螺旋CT全肝灌注模式成像在肝细胞癌中的初步应用 中国医学影像技术，2007，23：707-7102、64层螺旋CT门静脉三维成像变异分析及其在临床中的应用 中国实用外科杂志，2008,28(8):641-6433、64层螺旋CT门静脉造影技术优化及临床应用研究 南方医科大学学报，2008,28(9):1173-1178科研课题：1、广东省自然科研科学基金：糖耐量受损人群64层螺旋CT心脑血管成像研究（编号：7005198）2、广东省自然科研科学基金：腹部实质脏器64排CT扫描3D可视化手术研究（粤科基办字[2007]5号）。目前可支配总经费：5万元。