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3 讨论 本组肝硬化患者感染发生率，肝硬化肝功能失代偿child—pugh C级患者合并感染者明显增多。院内感染总发生例次率，住院时间超过1月者发生院人感染机会明显增加，住院期间由于诊冶需要而行各种创伤性操作也增加了医源性感染的机会。肝硬化验室患者肠道内菌群上移，而小肠段肠壁较薄，门脉压增高使肠壁淤血，淋巴流量增多，导致肠壁水肿，致使肠壁屏障被破坏〔3〕。肝硬化患者肝细胞坏死、纤维化的同时，肝脏的单核—巨噬细胞系统功能亦显著受损，使来自肠腔的细菌不能被清除，易发生肠源性感染。本资料已培养检测到的细菌以条件致病菌居多，治疗选用抗菌药物最多的是甲硝唑和头孢第三代类。本组发生感染者病死率％，明显高于无合并感染者的病死率％。提示肝硬化合并感染是造成病情加重，导致死亡的重要原因。这主要与机体免疫功能低下，高胆红素血症、白蛋白明显下降及肝功能衰竭有关。而感染又常诱发生上消化道出血，肝性脑病及肝肾综合征等严重并发症，使肝硬化进展为慢性重型肝炎、肝功能衰竭甚至多脏器功能衰竭而死亡，病死率明显增高。因此，肝硬化患者住院后应抓紧时间检诊，在诊治过程中加强消毒隔离，严格无菌操作及掌握各种侵袭性操作的适应症，尽量减少医源性感染的诱因。对肝功能child—pughC级患者采取绝对卧床休息、给予高热量、适量蛋白质(以植物蛋白为主)、丰富维生素等易消化饮食，并应细嚼慢咽，绝对戒烟酒，加强口腔及皮肤护理，病情稳定后尽早出院。发现感染征兆如不明原因的持续低热，黄疸明显升高，顽固性腹胀、腹痛、腹泻、腹水量明显增多或利尿剂无效等，应及早作细菌培养，合理应用抗菌药物，加强支持利退黄治疗，积极预防和控制感染及严重并发症的发生

The result � Infect with 181 cirrhosises of the occurrence rate sufferer the merger infects with 101, infecting with of the occurrence rate, the infection rate inside the hospital is .� Infection occurrence the part 101 infections totally take place a time of various infection is among those exampleses infect with for 3 parts,24 the examples infect with for 2 parts, Rest 73 the examples infect with for a with the part press occurrence the 频 degree is high and low one by one in order is:At first the peritonitis 59 times of hair, the bowel way infects with 15, topBreathe the way infects with 12 times, the disease 9 times of the germ blood, an infection of lung and pleuritis 8 for each infection of 胆 , urine the road infects with to infect with 5 for each time with mouth cavity, The soft organization of skin infects with 4 times, the shock 3 times of infection.� Occurrence related factor � of the A 101 of the relation infection of the infection and the liver function child- pugh , B and the C class sufferer's numbers distinguish to 11,41 example and with 80 of set not, A, B and the C class sufferer's numbers distinguish to 26,39 examples and cirrhosis merger infects with the C class of child- pugh in setThe number of the sufferer is obvious and precious sight more to infect with the set not, two relatively differ to show the 著 ( x2=, P<) to see the table very much 1.�Two livers function child- pugh ratings compare( X2)Set do not the A B C is totalInfect with the set 11()41()49()101Infect with the set not 26()39()15()81Total 378064181Note:The data inside the brackets counts for the theories of each number( T) Hospital inside infection and hospitalization time relation hospitalization time> January,1/2-1 months and<1/ February hospital inside infection the occurrence rate is respectively, the sufferer of the cirrhosis stay in the hospital> January the opportunity of the infection inside the occurrence hospital is obvious high in< the of January sees the table 2. Hospital inside infect with and stay in the hospital the horary relationStay in the hospital the time infection number infection rate<1/ of 1/2-1 months> of Infection inside the hospital with encroach upon sex operation to relate to in 133 infections, accept to encroach upon sex to operate sufferer's number before list on 3 respectively is:25 exampleThe infection accepted the deep vein to place to take care of the 术 before,14 belly cavities wore to stab the 术 ,4 chests wore to stab the 术 .�Problem complement: The cause learns the germs that the germs development have already examine to have:Rare germ( the stomach water) of the large intestine 埃 ;False single afterbirth germ( the stomach water);Smelly nose gram thunder 伯 surname germ(Blood, phlegm, the bedsore 脓 liquid), 普 in the hair 斯 sand fungi( the blood, the neck vein puts the tube), the epidermis grape germ( phlegm), white beads germ( phlegm, muck,Swallow to wipe the son), pull the surname west germ( phlegm), the ear grape germ( urine).� The one who turn return to take place the infection dies of illness 29, the death rate is ;Don't the one who take place infection die of illness 2, death rate 72 infectionsLearn to examine the foundation in the cause up the reasonable usage antibiotics and protect the liver, the benefit urine etc. treatment, keep patient's mouth cavity and the whole body skin to sweep for the convenience of control infection descend all turn for the better the hospital discharge, the average hospitalization number is not take place the infection of other 78 example at reasonable treatment and nursing under all turn for the better the hospital discharge, evenAll stay in the hospital the day to count to merger infection death rate obvious high in not the one who infect with.( X2= Ps<) see 3 �s of tableInfect with with not infect with death rate compareThe set do not die the number amendment number to add upInfect with the set 29()72()101Infect with the set not 2()78()80Total 31150181Two differences show the 著 meaning

2 results infections formation rates 181 examples liver cirrhosispatient merges infects 101 examples, the infection formation , in the courtyard the infection percentage is . infections has the spot 101 examples infections altogether to haveeach kind of infection example order is 133. 4 examples are 3 spotsinfect, 24 examples are 2 spots infect Other 73 examples are a spot infect. The infection spotaccording to has the frequency height is in turn: Primary peritonitis59 examples, the intestinal tract infects 15 examples, on The respiratory tract infects 12 examples, bacteriemia 9examples, the lungs infection and pleurisy each 8 examples. Thebiliary duct infects, the urine road infection and the oral cavityinfects each 5 examples The skin soft tissue infects 4 examples, infectiousness is inshock 3 examples. has the infection correlation factor infections and liver function child - pugh graduationrelational infection group 101 examples. A, B and the C level patientpopulation respectively is 11 examples, 41 examples and 49 Example. The non- infection group 80 examples, A, B and the Clevel patient population respectively is 26 examples, 39 examples and15 examples. In liver cirrhosis merge infection group child - pugh Clevel The patient counts obviously are many to the non- infectiongroup, two groups compare the difference to be extremely remarkable(x2=, P < ) see Table 1. Two groups of liver function child - pugh graduation comparison (X2) Group other A B C grand total Infection group 11 () 41 () 49 () 101 Non- infection group 26 () 39 () 15 () 81 Amounts to 378064181 Note: In the parenthesis the data is various numbers theorynumber (T) In courtyards infects with is hospitalized the timerelations to be hospitalized the time > in January, 1/2 ~ in Januaryand < 1/2 month courtyard 内感 dyes the formation rate respectivelyis , , . The liver cirrhosis patient is hospitalizedwhen > January has the opportunity which in the courtyard infectsobviously to be higher than < January (P < ) to see Table 2. In the courtyard infects with is hospitalized the time relations Is hospitalized the time infection example number infectionpercentage < 1/2 5 1/2 ~ in January 13 > In January 31 In courtyards the infection and in the attack operationrelational 133 examples infection, accepts the attack operationpatient person sequence to the first 3 distinctions is: 25 examples Before the infection accepts the deep vein to set at the tubetechnique, 14 examples abdominal cavities puncture method, 4 exampleschest cavities puncture method. Question supplement that, etiology bacilliculture examined thebacterium includes: Large intestine Egypt hopes the fungus (ascites);假单胞菌 (ascites); Smelly nose 克雷 伯氏 fungus ( The blood, the phlegm, the bedsore pus fluid), Purey Mao theSi sand mold (blood, neck vein inserts a tube), epidermis grape fungus(phlegm), white rosary fungus (phlegm, excrement, Swallows 拭子), pulls west west the peduncle the fungus(phlegm), ear grape fungus (urine). revolutions turn over to have the infection to die of illness 29examples, the mortality rate are ; Has not had the infection todie of illness 2 examples, the mortality rate . Other 72 examplesinfection The reasonable use antibiotic and guarantees treatment and soon liver, diuresis in the etiology examination foundation, maintainsthe patient oral cavity and the whole body skin cleanly in order tohelp the control infection and so on Under nurses all good extension to leave the hospital, equallyis hospitalized the number of days is days. Under has not had theinfection other 78 examples reasonably to treat and to nurse all goodextension to leave the hospital, even Is hospitalized the number of days is days. The livercirrhosis merge infection mortality rate obviously is higher than thenon- infection. (X2= P < ) see Table 3 The infection compares with the non- infection mortality rate The group other death example number change for the betterexample number equals Infection group 29 () 72 () 101 Non- infection group 2 () 78 () 80 Amounts to 31150181 Two groups of differences have 显著性 the significance