中医内科肾病有关英文论文

问题一：肾内科用英语怎么说 用得最多的是Urology Department（也解释为泌尿科） 其次是nephrologie 再次是Deartment of Nephrology 问题二：肾病科英文怎么说 肾病科 网络释义 肾病科:Nephrology 问题三：儿童肾脏风湿免疫科 英文怎么说 儿童肾脏风湿免疫科 Pediatric kidney disease 儿童肾脏风湿免疫科 Pediatric kidney disease 问题四：我想求几篇肾内科比较权威的英文论文，能附带翻译最好，谢谢啦 10分 你好，肾内科比较权威的英文论文帮你一下保证没问题。 问题五：急诊科翻译为英语叫什么？ 50分 emergency call 问题六：内科医生看看 每天起来发现尿道口有点白色的分泌物??? 这是前列腺炎的症状! 前列腺是男性生殖泌尿系统中最常出现问题的部位。常见于各年龄层男性的前列腺炎可分为急性及慢性。通常是由身体其他部位的细菌感染入侵前列腺所致。前列腺炎可完全或部分阻碍尿液由膀胱流出，导致尿液滞留。如此造成膀胱膨胀、衰弱、易受感染(因积存尿液里的细菌增加)。膀胱感染容易经由输尿管传至肾脏。急性前列腺炎的症状是阴囊到直肠之间疼痛、发烧、频尿且有灼热感，尿液含血或脓。慢性前列腺的症状则是频尿及灼热感，尿液带血、下半背痛、阳痿。前列腺炎愈严重，排尿愈困难。 家庭防治措施 ●多喝水 前列腺炎患者应多补充水分。每天喝2―3升的矿泉水，以 *** 尿流。如此可预防尿液滞留。 ●适量运动 运动也很重要。走路是很好的运动，但勿骑脚踏车，车座会压迫前列腺，加重病痛。避免接触非常冷的天气。 ●试试水疗法 水疗法能有效地增加前列腺部位的血液循环。方法之一是坐在热水中(能忍受的最高温)15―30分钟，一天1次或2次。另一种水疗法是用温及冷水喷下腹及骨盆区域，以3分钟热，1分钟冷的方式交替喷淋。另一种方式是坐在热水中，但将脚泡在冷水中，3分钟后交换，坐在冷水中，将脚泡在热水中1分钟。 ●吃南瓜子 每天吃30克的南瓜子或服用南瓜子胶囊(依照指示)。生的南瓜子含丰富的锌，每天吃，几乎对所有前列腺毛病均有帮助。 ●小心性行为 当前列腺受感染或不适时，性行为会使问题更严重，并延缓复原功 ●补充锌 缺乏锌与前列腺肥大有关。农田里的土壤通常缺乏锌，我们吃的谷类外壳或啤酒酵母中富含锌。 ●补充营养素 ① 锌 每天80毫克。缺乏锌与前列腺炎相关。 ②蜜蜂花粉 每天6片或2茶匙。起初少量，逐渐增加用量。 ③必需脂肪酸 用量为2胶囊，每天3次。对前列腺功能恢复很重要。 ④蒜头精胶囊 2胶囊，每天3次。蒜头是天然抗生素。 ⑤前列腺片 依产品指示。调整前列腺功能。 ⑥ 维生素C 每天100―500毫克。强力抗氧化剂及免疫促进剂。 ⑦ 维生素A 用量2500IU。强力抗氧化剂及免疫促进剂。 ⑧ 维生素E 用量600IU。强力抗氧化剂及免疫促进剂。 ⑨啤酒酵母和南瓜子 依产品指示。好的锌来源。 ⑩ 海带 每天6粒。供应必需矿物质以改善前列腺功能。 ⑩ 镁加钙 依产品指示。供应必需矿物质以改善前列腺功能。 ⑩ 维生素B6加维生索B群 50毫克，每天2次。B6有抗癌作用。 ●药草茶 某些药草茶对前列腺炎和增生通常都很有效，但若无改善状况或症状复发，应请教泌尿科医师。将等量的尿砂根、海冬青、八仙花根混合，煎成药草茶，每天服用3次，每次3-4汤匙，如此能纾解发炎及减轻排尿疼痛。如果灼热现象持续，可在以上配方里加入药蜀葵叶，以发挥其缓和功效。其他可制成药茶的植物包括有利尿作用的布枯叶(勿煮沸)及玉米须。 如果尿液带少量血或夜晚频尿，可使用木贼，它是一种收敛剂。若腺体肥大，可将木贼与八仙花混合，功效更佳。其他有益于此症状的药草包括金印草根(利尿剂及杀菌剂)、香芹、杜松实、熊果叶、滑榆树皮(利尿剂及生殖泌尿道的补品)、人参(男性生殖器官的补品)。 ●擂压疗法 按压腹部的中极、水道、大赫穴和腰部的次骨、膀胱俞穴以及足部的太冲，按压这些穴位有助于改善前列腺的功能。 ●危险讯号 如有以下症状，则怀疑你患有前列腺肿大或感染性疾病；如继续加重会出现膀胱结石、全身感染、肾衰，除此之外，前列腺肿大也是癌症的一个表现，请速去就医。 *前列腺肿大，排尿困难，包括无力......>> 问题七：关于医院的英文翻译 medical department/department of internal medicine：内科 surgical deparment;department of surgery: 外科 pediatrics department: 小儿科 obstetrics and gynecology department: 妇产科 ophtalmology department: 眼科 dental department: 牙科 ENT(ear-nose-throat)department: 耳鼻喉科 urology department: 泌尿科 dermatology department; skin department：皮肤科 department of general surgery 普通外科 orthopedic surgery department: 矫形外科 traumatology department: 创伤外科 plastic surgery: 整形外科 anesthesiology department: 麻醉科 pathology department: 病理科 cardiology department: 心脏病科 psychiatry department: 精神病科 orthopedics department: 骨科 department of cardiac surgery: 心脏外科 department of cerebral surgery: 胸外科 neurology department: 神经科 neurosurgery department: 神经外科 thoracic surgery department: 脑外科 department of anus & intestine surgery 肛肠外科 department of hepatobiliary surgery 肝胆外科 department of traditional Chinese medicine：中医科 department of infectious diseases 传染病科 geriatrics department: 老人病专科 hematology department: 血液科 department of rheumati *** 风湿科 department of endocrinology 内分泌科 department of plastic surgery 医学整形科 hepatology department: 肝病专科 nephrology department: 肾脏科 department of venereology 性病专科 department of physiotherapy 理疗科 electrotherapy room 电疗科 heliotherapy room 光疗科 wax-therapy room 蜡疗科 hydrotherapy room 水疗科 central laboratory 中心实验室 clinical labororatory 临床实验室 bacteriological labororatory 细菌实验室 biochemical labororatory 生化实验室 serological labororatory 血清实验室 laboratory of immunology 免疫室 reception room, waiting room 侯诊室 VIP ......>>

有没有大纲啊，有的话就好说！

对不起，我不晓得，帮不到你

Traditional Chinese medicineFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality improve this article if you can. (November 2008) This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone or can assist by editing it now. A how-to guide is available. (November 2008) This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. Alternative medical systems Acupuncture • Anthroposophic medicine • Ayurveda • Chiropractic • Herbalism • Homeopathy • Naturopathy • Neural therapy • Osteopathy • Traditional medicine (Chinese • Tibetan) NCCAM classifications Whole medical systems • Mind-body interventions • Biologically based therapies • Manipulative therapy • Energy therapies See also Alternative medicine • Glossary of alternative medicine • List of people in alternative medicine This box: view • talk • edit Traditional Chinese medicine/dried goods shop in Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong KongTraditional Chinese medicine (also known as TCM, simplified Chinese: 中医; traditional Chinese: 中医; pinyin: zhōngyī) includes a range of traditional medical practices originating in China. It is considered a Complementary or Alternative Medical system in much of the western world while remaining as a form of primary care throughout most of practices include treatments such as herbal medicine, acupuncture, dietary therapy, Tui na and Shiatsu massage; often Qigong and Taiji are also strongly affiliated with theory is extremely complex and originated thousands of years ago through meticulous observation of nature, the cosmos, and the human body. Major theories include those of Yin-yang, the Five Phases, the human body Channel system, Zang Fu organ theory, six confirmations, four layers, [hide]1 History Ancient (classical) TCM history Timeline 2 Theory Basic theory and model of the body Modern TCM theory 3 Diagnostics Techniques 4 Methods of treatment 5 Branches 6 Scientific view Efficacy Safety In Practice Allergy Toxins and contaminants Lack of standardization Vague naming 7 Relationship with Western medicine 8 Animal products 9 Opposition 10 Modernization 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Online databases [edit] History[edit] Ancient (classical) TCM history Yin-yang symbolMuch of the philosophy of traditional Chinese medicine derived from the same philosophical bases that Taoist and Buddhist philosophies are based on, and reflects the classical Chinese belief that the life and activity of individual human beings have an intimate relationship with the environment at all scales.[1] It has also been noted that early traditional Chinese medicine stemmed from Taoist masters who had an extraordinary sense of the body and its workings through their many hours of meditation. This may be why TCM also inherited many of the principles inherent to Daoism (Taoism).During the golden age of his reign from 2698 to 2596 , as a result of a dialogue with his minister Qibo (岐伯), the Yellow Emperor is supposed by Chinese tradition to have composed his Neijing Suwen (《内经·素问》) or Inner Canon: Basic Questions, also known as the Huangdi Neijing (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon). The book's title is often mistranslated as Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine. Modern scholarly opinion holds that the extant text of this title was compiled by an anonymous scholar no earlier than the Han dynasty just over two-thousand years the Han Dynasty (202 BC –220 AD), Zhang Zhongjing (张仲景/张仲景), the Hippocrates of China, who was mayor of Chang-sha toward the end of the 2nd century AD, wrote a Treatise on Cold Damage, which contains the earliest known reference to Neijing Suwen. Another prominent Eastern Han physician was Hua Tuo (c. 140 – c. 208 AD), who anesthetized patients during surgery with a formula of wine and powdered hemp. Hua's physical, surgical, and herbal treatments were also used to cure headaches, dizziness, internal worms, fevers, coughing, blocked throat, and even a diagnosis for one lady that she had a dead fetus within her that needed to be taken out. The Jin dynasty practitioner and advocate of acupuncture and moxibustion, Huang-fu Mi (215 - 282 AD), also quoted the Yellow Emperor in his Jia Yi Jing (甲乙经/甲乙经), ca. 265 AD. During the Tang dynasty, Wang Bing claimed to have located a copy of the originals of the Neijing Suwen, which he expanded and edited substantially. This work was revisited by an imperial commission during the 11th century were noted advances in Chinese medicine during the Middle Ages. Emperor Gaozong (r. 649–683) of the Tang Dynasty (618–907) commissioned the scholarly compilation of a materia medica in 657 that documented 833 medicinal substances taken from stones, minerals, metals, plants, herbs, animals, vegetables, fruits, and cereal crops.[2] In his Bencao Tujing ('Illustrated Pharmacopoeia'), the scholar-official Su Song (1020–1101) not only systematically categorized herbs and minerals according to their pharmaceutical uses, but he also took an interest in zoology.[3][4][5][6] For example, Su made systematic descriptions of animal species and the environmental regions they could be found, such as the freshwater crab Eriocher sinensis found in the Huai River running through Anhui, in waterways near the capital city, as well as reservoirs and marshes of Hebei.[7]Contact with Western culture and medicine has not displaced TCM. While there may be traditional factors involved in the persistent practice, two reasons are most obvious in the westward spread of TCM in recent decades. Firstly, TCM practices are believed by many to be very effective, sometimes offering palliative efficacy where the practices of Western medicine fail or unable to provide treatment, especially for routine ailments such as flu and allergies, or when Western medicine fails to relieve patients suffering from chronic ailments. TCM has been shown to be effective in the treatment of chronic, functional disorders, such as migraines and osteoarthritis, and is traditionally used for a wide range of functional disorders. Secondly, TCM provides an alternative to otherwise costly procedures whom many can not afford, or which is not covered by insurance. There are also many who turn to TCM to avoid the toxic side effects of of the last few centuries is seen by at least some sinologists as part of the evolution of a culture, from shamans blaming illnesses on evil spirits to "proto-scientific" systems of correspondence;[8] any reference to supernatural forces is usually the result of romantic translations or poor understanding and will not be found in the Taoist-inspired classics of acupuncture such as the Huang Di Nei Jing. The system's development has, over its history, been analysed both skeptically and extensively, and the practice and development of it has waxed and waned over the centuries and cultures through which it has travelled[9] - yet the system has still survived thus far. It is true that the focus from the beginning has been on pragmatism, not necessarily understanding of the mechanisms of the actions - and that this has hindered its modern acceptance in the West. This, despite that there were times such as the early 18th century when "acupuncture and moxa were a matter of course in polite European society"[10]The term "TCM" describes the modern practice of Chinese medicine as a result of sweeping reforms that took place after 1950 in the People's Republic of China. The term "Classical Chinese medicine" (CCM) often refers to medical practices that rely on theories and methods dating from before the fall of the Qing Dynasty (1911). Advocates of CCM portray it as less influenced by Western and political agendas than TCM.[edit] Timeline Macerated medicinal liquor with wolfberry, iguana, and ginseng, for sale at a traditional medicine market in Xi' history of TCM can be summarized by a list of important doctors and , Huángdì nèijīng (黄帝内经/黄帝内经) (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon) - Sùwèn (素问/素问) and Língshū (灵枢/灵枢). The earliest classic of TCM passed on to the present. Warring States Period (5th century BC to 221 BC): Silk manuscripts recording channels and collaterals, Zubi shiyi mai jiu jing (足臂十一脉灸经/足臂十一脉灸经) (Moxibustion Classic of the Eleven Channels of Legs and Arms), and Yinyang shiyi mai jiu jing (阴阳十一脉灸经/阴阳十一脉灸经) (Moxibustion Classic on the Eleven Yin and Yang Channels). The latter was part of a cache of texts found in Mawangdui in the 1970s. Han Dynasty (206 BC–AD 220) to Three Kingdoms Period (220 - 280 AD): Zhenjiu zhenzhong jing (针灸枕中经/针灸枕中经) (Classic of Moxibustion and Acupuncture Preserved in a Pillow) by Huà Tuó (华佗/华佗). Shanghan zabing lun (伤寒杂病论/伤寒杂病论), which has since been split into two texts: the Shānghán lùn (伤寒论/伤寒论) ("Treatise on Cold Damage [Disorders]" - focusing on febrile conditions attributed to "Cold") and the Jingui yaolue (金匮要略) ("Essentials of the Golden Cabinet" - focusing on "miscellaneous illnesses") by Zhāng Zhòngjǐng (张仲景/张仲景). Jìn Dynasty (265-420): Zhēnjiǔ jiǎyǐ jīng (针灸甲乙经/针灸甲乙经) (Systematic Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by Huángfǔ Mì (皇甫谧/皇甫谧). Tang Dynasty (618–907) Beiji qianjin yaofang (备急千金要方/备急千金要方) (Emergency Formulas Worth a Thousand in Gold) and Qianjin yifang (千金翼方) (Supplement to the Formulas Worth a Thousand in Gold) by Sūn Sīmiǎo (孙思邈/孙思邈). Waitai miyao (外台秘要/外台秘要) (Arcane Essentials from the Imperial Library) by Wang Tao (王焘/王焘). Song Dynasty (960 – 1279): Tóngrén shūxué zhēnjiǔ tújīng (铜人腧穴针灸图经/铜人腧穴针灸图经) (Illustrated Manual of the Practice of Acupuncture and Moxibustion at (the Transmission) (and other) Acu-points, for use with the Bronze Figure) by Wáng Wéiyī (王惟一). Yuan Dynasty (1271 to 1368): Shísì jīng fāhuī (十四经发挥/十四经发挥) (Exposition of the Fourteen Channels) by Huá Shòu (滑寿/滑寿). Ming Dynasty (1368 to 1644): golden age of acupuncture and moxibustion. Many famous doctors and books. To name only a few: Zhēnjiǔ dàquan (针灸大全/针灸大全) (A Complete Collection of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by Xu Feng (徐凤/徐凤). Zhēnjiǔ jùyīng fāhuī (针灸聚英发挥/针灸聚英发挥) (An Exemplary Collection of Acupuncture and Moxibustion and their Essentials) by Gāo Wǔ (高武). Zhēnjiǔ dàchéng (针灸大成/针灸大成) (Compendium of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by Yáng Jìzhōu (杨继洲/杨继洲), completed in 1601. Běncǎo gāngmù (本草冈目/本草纲目) (Compendium of Materia Medica) by Lǐ Shízhēn (李时珍/李时珍), the most complete and comprehensive pre-modern herbal book (completed in 1578). Wenyi lun (温疫论/温疫论), by Wu Youxing 吴有性 (1642). Qing Dynasty (1644-1912): Yizong jinjian (医宗金鉴/医宗金鉴) (Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition) compiled by Wu Quan (吴谦/吴谦) under imperial commission. Zhenjiu fengyuan (针灸逢源/针灸逢源) (The Source of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by Li Xuechuan (李学川/李学川). Wenre lun (温热论/温热论), by Ye Tianshi (叶天士/业天士). Wenbing tiaobian (温病条辨/温病条辨) (Systematized Identification of Warm-factor disorders) compiled by Wu Jutong (吴鞠通) in 1798.[11] [edit] Theory This article or section cites its sources but does not provide page can improve this article or section by introducing citations that are more precise. Dried plants and animals parts are used in traditional Chinese medicines. In the image are dried lingzhi, snake, turtle plastron, Lou han fruit, and species of foundation principles of Chinese medicine are not necessarily uniform, and are based on several schools of thought. Received TCM can be shown to be influenced by Taoism, Buddhism, and Neo-Confucianism.[12]Since 1200 BC, Chinese academics of various schools have focused on the observable natural laws of the universe and their implications for the practical characterisation of humanity's place in the universe. In the I Ching and other Chinese literary and philosophical classics, Chinese writers described general principles and their applications to health and , a Western medical doctor, placed Chinese medical theory in context as:Chinese medicine, like many other Chinese sciences, defines data on the basis of the inductive and synthetic mode of cognition. Inductivity corresponds to a logical link between two effective positions existing at the same time in different places in space. (Conversely, causality is the logical link between two effective positions given at different times at the same place in space.) In other words, effects based on positions that are separate in space yet simultaneous in time are mutually inductive and thus are called inductive effects. In Western science prior to the development of electrodynamics and nuclear physics (which are founded essentially on inductivity), the inductive nexus was limited to subordinate uses in protosciences such as astrology. Now Western man, as a consequence of two thousand years of intellectual tradition, persists in the habit of making causal connections first and inductive links, if at all, only as an afterthought. This habit must still be considered the biggest obstacle to an adequate appreciation of Chinese science in general and Chinese medicine in particular. Given such different cognitive bases, many of the apparent similarities between traditional Chinese and European science which attract the attention of positivists turn out to be spurious.[13][edit] Basic theory and model of the body An old Chinese medical chart on acupuncture meridians Interactions of Five Chinese Elements - Cycles of Balance and Cycles of ImbalanceMain article: TCM model of the body The following text needs to be harmonized with text in TCM model of the Chinese medicine is largely based on the philosophical concept that the human body is a small universe with a set of complete and sophisticated interconnected systems, and that those systems usually work in balance to maintain the healthy function of the human body. The balance of yin and yang is considered with respect to qi ("breath", "life force", or "spiritual energy"), blood, jing ("kidney essence", including "semen"), other bodily fluids, the five elements, emotions, and the soul or spirit (shen). TCM has a unique model of the body, notably concerned with the meridian system. Unlike the Western anatomical model which divides the physical body into parts, the Chinese model is more concerned with function. Thus, the TCM spleen is not a specific piece of flesh, but an aspect of function related to transformation and transportation within the body, and of the mental functions of thinking and are significant regional and philosophical differences between practitioners and schools which in turn can lead to differences in practice and invoked to describe the human body in TCM include:Channels, also known as "meridians" Five elements Qi Three jiaos also known as the Triple Burner, the Triple Warmer or the Triple Energiser Yin and Yang Zang Fu theory The Yin/Yang and five element theories may be applied to a variety of systems other than the human body, whereas Zang Fu theory, meridian theory and three-jiao (Triple warmer) theories are more are also separate models that apply to specific pathological influences, such as the Four stages theory of the progression of warm diseases, the Six levels theory of the penetration of cold diseases, and the Eight principles system of disease classification.[edit] Modern TCM theoryThis section needs more detail, citations, better links, or all three. Also : How widespread is the belief that TCM and fractals are somehow interconnected? Someone must have come up with the idea, who was it?Third philosophy: Fractal (similar) view[14] Qi is the `information - energy - material' mix unity flow [15], Qi sets, qi element, sub-Qi sets. Mathematics physics Yin or Yang TCM fractal sets[16] Fractal Yin Yang sets: Df=1. Fractal Five elements sets: Df=, Yin Yang Five elements sets Df=.[17] Fractal Zang Xiang theory:[18] the heart series, the liver series, the spleen series, the lung series, the kidney system. Fractal Channel ( Meridian (Chinese medicine) Jingluo),CHANNELS AND MESH-NETWORK,NO VESSEL. TCM channel is fractal, complex, pluralistic, rough, not smooth, non-tube dissection structure.[19] [edit] Diagnostics