人工智能教育论文参考文献英文

人工智能技术无论是在过去。认知心理学和人工智能。使得人工智能和心理学从最初就紧密地联系在一起。以下是我整理的人工智能的期末论文的相关资料，欢迎阅读!

摘要：人工智能技术无论是在过去。认知心理学和人工智能。使得人工智能和心理学从最初就紧密地联系在一起。

关键词：人类智能，人工智能，认知，心理学

人工智能技术无论是在过去，现在还是将来，都作为科学研究的热点问题之一。人类对自己本身的秘密充满好奇，随着生物技术的飞速发展，人类不断破译人体的生命密码。而以生物科学为基础的人工智能技术也得到了长足的发展。人们希望通过某种技术或者某些途径能够创造出模拟人思维和行为的“替代品”，帮助人们从事某些领域的工作。为了让计算机能够从事一些只有人脑才能完成的工作，解脱人的繁重的脑力劳动，人类对自身的思维和智能不断地研究探索。但是，科学技术是一柄双刃剑，人们对人工智能技术的飞速发展存在着恐慌。如果机器真的具有了人类的智能，在未来的某一天，他们会不会取代人类而成为地球的主宰者?人类智能和人工智能，谁才是未来的传奇?

1.你在和谁说话?

“先进的人工智能机器人不但拥有可以乱真的人类外表，而且还能像人类一样感知自己的存在。”这是人工智能发展到高级阶段的目标和任务。那么，我们在不久的未来能否实现这样一个目标呢?人类真的能发明出足以乱真的智能人类吗?隔着一堵墙，我们是否能分辨出正在与我们对话的是一部机器还是人类?

. 人工智能的定义

人工智能(Artificial Intelligence) ，英文缩写为AI。它是研究、开发用于模拟、延伸和扩展人的智能的理论、方法、技术及应用系统的一门新的技术科学。人工智能是相对于人的智能而言的。正是由于意识是一种特殊的物质运动形式，所以根据控制论理论，运用功能模拟的方法心理学，制造电脑模拟人脑的部分功能，把人的部分智能活动机械化，叫人工智能。人工智能的本质是对人思维的信息过程的模拟，是人的智能的物化。人工智能是计算机科学的一个分支，它企图了解智能的实质，并生产出一种新的能以人类智能相似的方式做出反应的智能机器，该领域的研究包括机器人、语言识别、图像识别、自然语言处理和专家系统等。人工智能发展的过程归纳为机器不断取代人的过程。

. 人工智能技术的发展

几个世纪以来，人类依靠智慧，发明了许多机器，使人类能够从许多体力劳动中解放出来。从1956年正式提出人工智能学科算起，40多年来取得长足的发展，成为一门广泛的交叉和前沿科学。科学家发明了汽车，火车，飞机，收音机等等，它们模仿我们身体器官的功能，但是这些不能模仿人类大脑的功能。当计算机出现后，人类开始真正有了一个可以模拟人类思维的工具，在以后的岁月中，无数科学家为这个目标努力着。1997年5月，IBM公司研制的深蓝(Deep Blue)计算机战胜了国际象棋大师卡斯帕洛夫(Kasparov)。在一些地方计算机帮助人进行其它原来只属于人类的工作，计算机以它的高速和准确为人类发挥着它的作用。计算机的出现，使得人工智能有了突破性的进展。计算机不仅能代替人脑的某些功能，而且在速度和准确性上大大超过人脑，它不仅能模拟人脑部分分析和综合的功能，而且越来越显示某种意识的特性。真正成了人脑的延伸和增强。

. 人工智能的研究领域

人工智能是一种外向型的学科，也是一门多领域综合学科。它不但要求研究它的人懂得人工智能的知识，而且要求有比较扎实的数学基础，哲学和生物学基础，只有这样才可能让一台什么也不知道的机器模拟人的思维。而人工智能的最根本目的是模拟人类的思维，因此，它的研究领域与人类活动息息相关。什么地方只要有人在工作，他就可以运用到那个领域。

现阶段主要研究领域有专家系统，机器学习，模式识别，自然语言理解，自动定理证明，自动程序设计心理学，机器人学，博弈，智能决定支持系统和人工神经网络等等。

2.机器真的可以思考吗?

机器真的可以思考吗?机器的思考归根结底还是模仿人类的思维模式，正是“思考”这一人类的本质属性，使得人工智能和心理学从最初就紧密地联系在一起。心理学研究人脑中信息的输入、输出、存储和加工，并研究人脑各个部位的功能。最早的双核计算机模仿人的左右脑，在人脑不同区域主管各个不同功能这一原理的基础上，来设计负责不同功能的芯片。以此为出发点，心理学家和计算机学者进一步合作，通过研究人解决问题的方法来研究开发人工智能。随着人工智能的发展，所要求实现的职能愈加复杂，但最基本的方式还是逻辑推理和归纳，这正是心理学家和逻辑学家的专业领域。心理学家以研究探讨人类逻辑思维方式为人工智能提供了基本原理和原则。

. 人类意识的本质

意识是世界的内在规定、一般规律和组成部分，是具有客观实在性同世界的其它组成部分处在对立统一关系中的事物。意识普遍存于世界和万物之中，世界是包含意识的世界，万物是包含意识的万物。没有意识存在于其中的世界不是我们现实生活中的世界，没有意识存在于其中的万物也不是我们天天眼见手触的万物。有了意识的存在，世界和万物就有了生机和活力。

. 意识是与物质相对应的哲学范畴，与物质既相对立又相统一的精神现象。

意识是自然界长期发展的产物，由无机物的反应特性，到低等生物的刺激感应性，再到动物的感觉和心理这一生物进化过程是意识得以产生的自然条件。意识是社会的产物，人类社会的物质生产劳动在意识的产生过程中起决定的作用。辩证唯物主义在强调物质对意识起决定作用的前提下肯定意识对于物质具有能动的反作用，在意识活动中人们从感性经验抽象出事物的本质、规律形成理性认识，又运用这些认识指导自己有计划、有目的地改造客观世界。

. 从意识的起源看，意识是物质世界发展到一定阶段的产物;从意识的本质来看，意识是客观存在在人脑中的反映。

意识是人脑对客观存在的反映：第一，正确的思想意识与错误的思想意识都是客观存在在人脑中的反映;第二，无论是人的具体感觉还是人的抽象思维，都是人脑对客观事物的反映;第三，无论是人们对现状的感受与认识，还是人们对过去的思考与总结，以至人们对未来的预测，都是人脑对客观事物的反映。 意识的能动作用首先表现在，意识不仅能够正确反映事物的外部现象，而且能够正确反映事物的本质和规律;意识的能动作用还突出表现在，意识能够反作用于客观事物，以正确的思想和理论为指导心理学，通过实践促进客观事物的发展。

. 人类意识与人工智能的关系

认知心理学和人工智能，是认知科学的两个组成部分。人工智能使用了心理学的理论，心理学又借用了人工智能的成果。人类意识与人工智能两者具有以下关系：

l人工智能是研究用机器模拟和扩展人的智能的科学。它撇开了人脑的内在结构和意识的社会性，而只是把人脑作为一种信息处理的过程，包括信息的接收、记忆、分析、控制和输出五部分。现代科学技术用相应的部件来完成着五个过程，就构成了人工智能或电脑。

l人工智能可以代替人的某些脑力劳动，甚至可以超过人的部分思维能力，随着现代科学技术的发展，它发挥着越来越重要的作用。人工智能的出现不仅解放了人的智力，而且为研究人脑的意识活动提供了新的方法和途径。它说明了人的意识活动不管多么复杂，都是以客观物质过程为基础的，而不是什么神秘的超物质的东西，人们完全可以用自然科学的精确方法来加以研究和模拟，它进一步证实了辩证唯物主义意识论的科学性。

l人工智能的产生和发展，深化了我们对意识相对独立性和能动性的认识。机器思维即人工智能表明，思维形式在思维活动中对于思维内容具有相对独立性，它可从人脑中分化出来，物化为机械的、物理的运动形式，部分地代替人的思维活动。

随着科学技术的发展，人工智能将向更高水平发展，反过来推动科学技术、生产力和人类智慧向更高水平发展，对人类社会进步将起着巨大的推动作用。

3. 人工智能的未来

人工智能是为了模拟人类大脑的活动而产生的科学，人类已经可以用许多新技术新材料模拟人体的许多功能，诸如皮肤，毛发，骨骼等等，也就是说，人类可以创造出“类人体”。只要能够模拟人的大脑的功能，人就可以完成人工生命的研究工作，人创造自己，这不但在科学上，而且在哲学上都具有划时代的意义。这就是人工智能承担的历史使命。

在科学技术日新月异的今天，知识爆炸，科技的增长超出了人类承受的速度。各种新科技的出现层出不穷，随之而来的成果简直让人瞠目结舌，克隆、基因芯片、转基因等等，人类自身的秘密开始一层一层的揭开。我们人脑的复杂结构，人体的基因链也逐渐被科学技术解剖。我们希望将来的人工智能机器能将我们从繁重的体力劳动和脑力劳动中解放出来心理学，例如机器人做家务，带孩子，做司机，秘书等等一系列我们不愿意花太多精力或者有太多限制条件的工作。然而，人类由于多种“性能”都不如机器人，反而退化成为机器人的奴隶?他们会不会有一天无法忍受人类对他们的“剥削”和“压迫”，挑战人类的统治?很多的科幻作品和电影中都预言了这样的场景，未来的智能机器人和人类争夺有限的地球资源，并最终打败人类，成为新的地球统治者。这也正是绝大多数心理学家和哲学家对人工智能的发展忧心忡忡的原因。

人工智能的发展，也只能无限接近于人的智能，而不能超越人的智能。因为人工智能技术的本质，是模拟人类的思维过程，是为人类服务的。我们在进行发明创造的同时，担心被我们所发明的物质所毁灭。正如人类发明了原子能，用于取代正在逐渐消逝的矿物能源，然而当原子能用于军事领域的时候，他产生的力量也足以毁灭人类文明。科技本身并不是问题，人类如何运用自己掌握的技术，才是问题的关键。我们最大的敌人不是我们发明的技术，而是我们自己本身。

【参考文献】

1.李建国人工智能与认知心理学[J]. 西南师范大学学报 1986年4月第二期 142-146页

2.郑南宁认知过程的信息处理和新型人工智能系统[J]. 中国基础科学.科学前沿2008年 9-18页

3.蔡自兴，徐光�人工智能及其应用(第三版)[M].北京.清华大学出版社 2004年

4.(美)Sternberg,.认知心理学[M] .北京.中国轻工业出版社 2006年

5.(美)Nils 人工智能[M].北京. 机械工业出版社 2004年

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science which aims to create it. Textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents,"[1] where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions which maximize its chances of success.[2] John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956,[3] defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines."[4]The field was founded on the claim that a central property of human beings, intelligence—the sapience of Homo sapiens—can be so precisely described that it can be simulated by a machine.[5] This raises philosophical issues about the nature of the mind and limits of scientific hubris, issues which have been addressed by myth, fiction and philosophy since antiquity.[6] Artificial intelligence has been the subject of breathtaking optimism,[7] has suffered stunning setbacks[8] and, today, has become an essential part of the technology industry, providing the heavy lifting for many of the most difficult problems in computer science.[9]AI research is highly technical and specialized, deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other.[10] Subfields have grown up around particular institutions, the work of individual researchers, the solution of specific problems, longstanding differences of opinion about how AI should be done and the application of widely differing tools. The central problems of AI include such traits as reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects.[11] General intelligence (or "strong AI") is still a long-term goal of (some) research.[12]Thinking machines and artificial beings appear in Greek myths, such as Talos of Crete, the golden robots of Hephaestus and Pygmalion's Galatea.[13] Human likenesses believed to have intelligence were built in every major civilization: animated statues were worshipped in Egypt and Greece[14] and humanoid automatons were built by Yan Shi,[15] Hero of Alexandria,[16] Al-Jazari[17] and Wolfgang von Kempelen.[18] It was also widely believed that artificial beings had been created by Jābir ibn Hayyān,[19] Judah Loew[20] and Paracelsus.[21] By the 19th and 20th centuries, artificial beings had become a common feature in fiction, as in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein or Karel Čapek's . (Rossum's Universal Robots).[22] Pamela McCorduck argues that all of these are examples of an ancient urge, as she describes it, "to forge the gods".[6] Stories of these creatures and their fates discuss many of the same hopes, fears and ethical concerns that are presented by artificial problem of simulating (or creating) intelligence has been broken down into a number of specific sub-problems. These consist of particular traits or capabilities that researchers would like an intelligent system to display. The traits described below have received the most attention.[11][edit] Deduction, reasoning, problem solvingEarly AI researchers developed algorithms that imitated the step-by-step reasoning that human beings use when they solve puzzles, play board games or make logical deductions.[39] By the late 80s and 90s, AI research had also developed highly successful methods for dealing with uncertain or incomplete information, employing concepts from probability and economics.[40]For difficult problems, most of these algorithms can require enormous computational resources — most experience a "combinatorial explosion": the amount of memory or computer time required becomes astronomical when the problem goes beyond a certain size. The search for more efficient problem solving algorithms is a high priority for AI research.[41]Human beings solve most of their problems using fast, intuitive judgments rather than the conscious, step-by-step deduction that early AI research was able to model.[42] AI has made some progress at imitating this kind of "sub-symbolic" problem solving: embodied approaches emphasize the importance of sensorimotor skills to higher reasoning; neural net research attempts to simulate the structures inside human and animal brains that gives rise to this intelligenceMain articles: Strong AI and AI-completeMost researchers hope that their work will eventually be incorporated into a machine with general intelligence (known as strong AI), combining all the skills above and exceeding human abilities at most or all of them.[12] A few believe that anthropomorphic features like artificial consciousness or an artificial brain may be required for such a project.[74]Many of the problems above are considered AI-complete: to solve one problem, you must solve them all. For example, even a straightforward, specific task like machine translation requires that the machine follow the author's argument (reason), know what is being talked about (knowledge), and faithfully reproduce the author's intention (social intelligence). Machine translation, therefore, is believed to be AI-complete: it may require strong AI to be done as well as humans can do it.[75][edit] ApproachesThere is no established unifying theory or paradigm that guides AI research. Researchers disagree about many issues.[76] A few of the most long standing questions that have remained unanswered are these: should artificial intelligence simulate natural intelligence, by studying psychology or neurology? Or is human biology as irrelevant to AI research as bird biology is to aeronautical engineering?[77] Can intelligent behavior be described using simple, elegant principles (such as logic or optimization)? Or does it necessarily require solving a large number of completely unrelated problems?[78] Can intelligence be reproduced using high-level symbols, similar to words and ideas? Or does it require "sub-symbolic" processing?[79][edit] Cybernetics and brain simulationMain articles: Cybernetics and Computational neuroscience There is no consensus on how closely the brain should be the 1940s and 1950s, a number of researchers explored the connection between neurology, information theory, and cybernetics. Some of them built machines that used electronic networks to exhibit rudimentary intelligence, such as W. Grey Walter's turtles and the Johns Hopkins Beast. Many of these researchers gathered for meetings of the Teleological Society at Princeton University and the Ratio Club in England.[24] By 1960, this approach was largely abandoned, although elements of it would be revived in the can one determine if an agent is intelligent? In 1950, Alan Turing proposed a general procedure to test the intelligence of an agent now known as the Turing test. This procedure allows almost all the major problems of artificial intelligence to be tested. However, it is a very difficult challenge and at present all agents intelligence can also be evaluated on specific problems such as small problems in chemistry, hand-writing recognition and game-playing. Such tests have been termed subject matter expert Turing tests. Smaller problems provide more achievable goals and there are an ever-increasing number of positive broad classes of outcome for an AI test are:Optimal: it is not possible to perform better Strong super-human: performs better than all humans Super-human: performs better than most humans Sub-human: performs worse than most humans For example, performance at draughts is optimal,[143] performance at chess is super-human and nearing strong super-human,[144] and performance at many everyday tasks performed by humans is quite different approach is based on measuring machine intelligence through tests which are developed from mathematical definitions of intelligence. Examples of this kind of tests start in the late nineties devising intelligence tests using notions from Kolmogorov Complexity and compression [145] [146]. Similar definitions of machine intelligence have been put forward by Marcus Hutter in his book Universal Artificial Intelligence (Springer 2005), which was further developed by Legg and Hutter [147]. Mathematical definitions have, as one advantage, that they could be applied to nonhuman intelligences and in the absence of human is a common topic in both science fiction and in projections about the future of technology and society. The existence of an artificial intelligence that rivals human intelligence raises difficult ethical issues and the potential power of the technology inspires both hopes and Shelley's Frankenstein,[160] considers a key issue in the ethics of artificial intelligence: if a machine can be created that has intelligence, could it also feel? If it can feel, does it have the same rights as a human being? The idea also appears in modern science fiction: the film Artificial Intelligence: . considers a machine in the form of a small boy which has been given the ability to feel human emotions, including, tragically, the capacity to suffer. This issue, now known as "robot rights", is currently being considered by, for example, California's Institute for the Future,[161] although many critics believe that the discussion is premature.[162]Another issue explored by both science fiction writers and futurists is the impact of artificial intelligence on society. In fiction, AI has appeared as a servant (R2D2 in Star Wars), a law enforcer (. "Knight Rider"), a comrade (Lt. Commander Data in Star Trek), a conqueror (The Matrix), a dictator (With Folded Hands), an exterminator (Terminator, Battlestar Galactica), an extension to human abilities (Ghost in the Shell) and the saviour of the human race (R. Daneel Olivaw in the Foundation Series). Academic sources have considered such consequences as: a decreased demand for human labor,[163] the enhancement of human ability or experience,[164] and a need for redefinition of human identity and basic values.[165]Several futurists argue that artificial intelligence will transcend the limits of progress and fundamentally transform humanity. Ray Kurzweil has used Moore's law (which describes the relentless exponential improvement in digital technology with uncanny accuracy) to calculate that desktop computers will have the same processing power as human brains by the year 2029, and that by 2045 artificial intelligence will reach a point where it is able to improve itself at a rate that far exceeds anything conceivable in the past, a scenario that science fiction writer Vernor Vinge named the "technological singularity".[164] Edward Fredkin argues that "artificial intelligence is the next stage in evolution,"[166] an idea first proposed by Samuel Butler's "Darwin among the Machines" (1863), and expanded upon by George Dyson in his book of the same name in 1998. Several futurists and science fiction writers have predicted that human beings and machines will merge in the future into cyborgs that are more capable and powerful than either. This idea, called transhumanism, which has roots in Aldous Huxley and Robert Ettinger, is now associated with robot designer Hans Moravec, cyberneticist Kevin Warwick and inventor Ray Kurzweil.[164] Transhumanism has been illustrated in fiction as well, for example in the manga Ghost in the Shell and the science fiction series Dune. Pamela McCorduck writes that these scenarios are expressions of the ancient human desire to, as she calls it, "forge the gods."[6]