外国语言学论文研究方法

英语论文：试论汉语惯用语的翻译方法探讨

[摘要] 汉语惯用语丰富了汉语语言，如何翻译汉语惯用语是本文的中心，本文探讨了常用的翻译方法在惯用语翻译中的应用，为翻译工作者提供一些思路。

关键字： 汉语惯用语 翻译 翻译方法

在汉语中，存在着大量的习惯用语，而这些习惯用语在我们的日常生活中时时刻刻都会出现，正确使用惯用语能使我们的语言锦上添花，但是在和外国人交际时，我们不可避免的也要使用到惯用语，对于日常生活中耳熟能详的惯用语我们应该怎么翻译呢?本文将对惯用语的特征进行分析，然后探讨其翻译方法。

一、惯用语是汉语熟语的一种

汉语惯用语有以下几个特点：(1)构成相对稳定，结构相对固定。即，词组的主要成分不是自由组合搭配的。如“不管黑猫白猫，捉住老鼠的都是好猫”，我们就不能把“黑猫”替换成“灰猫”“蓝猫”等。(2)整体意义不是每个词各自单独意义的叠加。(3)具有明显的口语色彩。(4)具有一定的修辞作用。

汉语惯用语同英语idiom(成语、习语)相比较后，idiom有以下特点：(1)它是一组词，而不是一个单词。(2)结构相对稳定。(3)意义不是构成成员各自意义相加而成的，而是整体意义。(4)翻译时不能逐词硬译。

汉语惯用语的基本特征同英语idiom所具备的四个基本特征相似，因此可将汉语惯用语英译成“idiomatic Chinese”。汉语惯用语是一种是用频率高、表达力强、形象生动，在各种形式的口头、文字材料中经常出现的语言现象。因此对汉语惯用语的英译研究是很有必要的。

汉语惯用语的英译研究基本反映了整合(Integrational Approach)特征。符合现代语言研究向整合方向发展的趋势。虽然说占 20世纪语言研究主流的是孤立法(Segregational Approach)，这种方法也曾为现代语言教学提供了许多理论，但其将语言作为封闭的符号系统的研究方法，随着语言研究的深入，已经越来越不能适应语言研究的需要。而整合语言学(Integrational Linguistics) 形成于20世纪80年代，以哈里斯(Roy Harris)、努伍(Nigel Love)、泰勒(Talbot Taylor)为代表，认为语言研究不能忽视非语言成分，并强调语用、功能及文化对交际的影响。如果把整合语言学家的观点运用于汉语惯用语英译，就必须吧惯用语英译置放在语篇、情景语境、文化语境、互文语境、问内语境中。汉语惯用语深深根植于中华文化的沃土，只有放在中华文化与英语国家文化的大背景下考查，才能把握住方向。

作为汉语语言的一种特殊形式，惯用语同中华文化相互依存、相互促进、共同发展。惯用语独特的历史、文化、传统、习俗、思维模式、道德水准、价值观紧密相连，并在文化环境中产生意义。惯用语不能脱离文化而孤立存在，一旦离开了文化背景，惯用语就成了无源之水，无本之木。尤其是那些饱含人类对客观世界情感的惯用语，因为它们不只是概念，还具有丰富的寓意。惯用语是文化的载体，它反映文化，传播文化，发展文化。

不同的历史、文化、传统、习俗、思维模式、道德水准、价值观和地理因素，形成了不同文化间的差异。惯用语在翻译后会在不同文化中唤起不同的人类情感与意义。“黑孩子”是在中国执行特定的计划生育政策背景下产生的新词汇，“黑”指“违反计划生育政策，私下进行，不能上户口”多层含义，但没有“黑人”，“黑皮肤”的含义。如果直译成“black baby”，西方人一定会理解成“黑人”、“黑皮肤”、“非洲人的孩子”。因此“黑孩子”应该放在中国计划生育国策的文化大背景下进行翻译，即“off- the-book baby”。狭义的看，惯用语翻译是把一种语言转换成另一种语言;广义而言，惯用语翻译的过程是在探索从一种文化转换成另一种文化内涵的过程。汉语惯用语英译是从对惯用语的分析开始的，其过程就像将原始材料加工成产品一样。首先把惯用语放在汉 语文 化背景下分析，确定汉 语文 化同英 语文 化的差别与联系;然后根据翻译目的及读者群制定翻译策略，构建相应文字，最后展现给读者。

二、汉语惯用语的翻译方法

1、融合法(Integration Model)

融合法指将惯用语意义同文化、情景因素综合考虑的方法，翻译时要综合考虑惯用语意义、上下文、英文搭配等综合因素。镶嵌式惯用语指那些在特有框架内镶嵌进相应词语的惯用语。如：

有……有……

不……不……

大……大……

如“有板有眼”意为“言语行动有条不紊，富有节奏或章法”。

(1)他说话总是有板有眼。

(2)她唱歌有板有眼。

(1)中的“有板有眼”同“说话”语境因素相结合，重点意义落在“有条不紊，有章法”上，因此可译成：“Whatever he says is well presented.”

(2)中的“有板有眼”同“唱歌”语境因素相结合，重点意义落在“富有节奏”上，因此可译成：“She sings rhythmically.”

镶嵌式惯用语“有血有肉”意为“活生生的”，文学作品常用来形容形象生动，内容充实。如：

(3)小说人物刻画的有血有肉。

(4)这是一篇有血有肉的.报道。

(3)中的“有血有肉”同“小说人物”语境相结合，重点落在“从生活中来的活生生的人物”上，因此可译成“The portrayal of the characters in the novel is lifelike.”

(4)中的“有血有肉”同“报道”语境相结合，重点落在“形象生动，内容充实”上，因此可译成“The news report is full of vivid details.”

2、形象阻断法(Block Model)

形象阻断法指惯用语表达形式消失，形象未进入目标语。镶嵌式惯用语“大手大脚”指“浪费”，和“手大脚大”无关，因此不能译成“big hands and big feet”。若这样翻译，则手脚的形象被完全阻断。

Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies 二语词汇习得策略 [摘 要] 词汇是构成语言的基本单位，词汇习得在语言学习中占有重要地位。英国著名语言学家. Wilkins (1972) 说过：“没有语法，人们不能表达很多东西；而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何东西。”这就说明了词汇在学习中的重要性。本文旨在分析二语词汇习得策略并应用于不同水平的学习者。学习者根据自己的水平选择正确的习得方法和策略学习词汇，从而提高学习效率和习得效果。 关键字： 二语词汇习得 词汇习得策略 元认知策略 认知策略 Abstract Vocabulary is the basic unit of a language. Language acquisition plays an important role in language learning. Famous linguistics D. A. Wilkins said, “Without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed (Lewis, 1993:16).” It speaks volumes for the importance of vocabulary in language learning. This paper aims to analysis the second language acquisition strategies and applies to different levels of learners. According to the different levels, the learners should choose the proper methods and strategies to promote learning efficiency and acquisition effect. Key words: Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition； Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies； Metacognitive strategy； Cognitive strategy Introduction With economic globalization and multi-polarization of the world, especially the population of the internet, English becomes more and more important, because it is considered as the tool for absorbing and communicating information. As we all known, vocabulary acquisition is one of the most noticed-question of the second language learners. “Vocabulary” appears in the area of linguists’ study. Nowadays, researchers still can not give a complete and reasonable definition of vocabulary. Since 1970s, the second language vocabulary acquisition research has gradually become the hot point and important subject in the second language vocabulary acquisition research area. These researches aim to discuss the efficiency vocabulary memory strategies to promote the memory skills and vocabulary levels. Then how to acquire vocabulary become popular among the researchers. Wenden &Rubin (1987), O’Malley& Chamot (1990) refer to the content of vocabulary acquisition strategies; Rubin (1987) and Oxford (1990) classify the memory strategy to the direct cognitive strategies. Especially, CohenAphek (1981), Porte (1988), O’Malley (1990), Vann (90), Cohen (1990), etc made a basic searching of vocabulary acquisition. In a word, there are various opinions in how to acquire vocabulary. Firstly, it talks about the importance of vocabulary. Secondly, what does it mean to “acquire” a word? This paper mainly aims to the detail analysis of the vocabulary acquisition from three aspects：Meta-cognitive Strategy; Cognitive Strategy and Social or Affective Strategy. Especially, it highlights the effect of the context and rending to vocabulary acquisition. This paper talks about the applications of the vocabulary acquisition strategies. And it puts forward some problems and difficulties of vocabulary acquisition. This paper also discusses the influencing factors to the acquisition. It includes the mother tongue, age, language contact, logical thinking ability, identity degree, and academic motivation . The purpose of this paper is to rise the awareness of English learners that the importance of vocabulary in language learning and the vocabulary acquisition strategies can not be neglected, and each strategies is deeply rooted in its language. Through the analysis of the theory of study, the paper tries to draw the learner’s attention to the strategies of the second language vocabulary acquisition and using the vocabulary in communication. In order to improve the acquisition efficiency, some strategies put into practice are introduced. The first presents the importance of vocabulary, some basic concepts of vocabulary and vocabulary learning, the second part tells what does it mean to know a word, the third part deals with the theory of vocabulary acquisition and presents the factors and differences influencing the vocabulary acquisition. The fourth part is detailed discussion of vocabulary acquisition strategies in different levels of learners. The last part is conclusion. Literature review 1. The importance of vocabulary As the first time, when we go to school and our English teacher will tell us that vocabulary is of great importance in learning English. After several years, we understand words gradually, especially when we study in high school. If we know a little about vocabulary, we may have poor English. That is because the listening, speaking, reading and writing show the necessary of learning vocabulary. Many researchers agree that lexis is at least as important as structure, because it is using wrong words and not wrong grammar that usually breaks down communication. Mistakes in lexis much more often lead to misunderstanding and may be less generously tolerated outside classroom than mistakes in syntax. (Carter, 1987). As Stephen Krashen remarked, “When students travel, they don’t carry grammar books, they carry dictionaries. A significant role of vocabulary in both teaching and learning processes was first stated by Stephen Krashen in The Natural Approach (1985): “Vocabulary is basic for communication. If acquirers do not recognize the meaning of the key words used by those who address them they will be unable to participate in the conversation.” Words are basic tools in human communication; therefore they determine the main part of people’s life-relationships between people and associations with the surrounding world that people live in. The larger one’s vocabulary, the easier it is to express one’s thoughts and feelings. In real communication, correctly and idiomatically used vocabulary can even decrease some structural inaccuracy and grammar errors. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). So learners should enrich and expand their knowledge of words as much as possible in order to communicate effectively in a foreign language. 2. What does it mean to “know” a word? Knowing a word is not a simple phenomenon. In fact, it is quite complex and goes far beyond the word’s meaning and pronunciation. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). Richards (1976) think knowing a word means also knowing the frequency of words and their likely collocates; being aware of the functional and situation limitations that apply; knowledge of the “syntactic behavior”; derivational forms and word class; associative and connotative knowledge; semantic value-breaking down words into minimal units as with componential analysis (see Katz&Fodor1963or Leech1974); knowing the other (possible) meaning associated. Nagy and Scott (2000) identify several dimensions that describe the complexity of what it means to know a word. First, word knowledge is incremental, which means that readers need to have many exposures to a word in different contexts before they “know” it. Second, word knowledge is multidimensional. This is because many words have multiple meanings and serve different functions in different function in different sentences, texts, and even conversations. Third, word knowledge is interrelated in that knowledge of one word connects knowledge of other words. What all of this means is that “knowing” a word is a matter of degree rather than an all-or-nothing proposition (Beck&Mckeown, 1991; Nagy&Scott, 2000). The degree of knowing a word are reflected in the precision with which we use a word, how quickly we understand a word, and how well we understand and use words in different modes and different purpose. The memory strategy, cognitive strategy, social strategy and metacognitve strategy are used more frequently than the affective strategy and compensative strategy. Conclusion This paper has attempted to provide some theories of second language vocabulary acquisition and some strategies. Such as metacognitive strategy, cognitive strategy, and social strategy. However, this paper also put forward some microcosmic strategy. As a matter of fact, vocabulary acquisition should combine the context. In addition, this paper hasn’t mentioned that culture is also an important factor in vocabulary acquisition. In the study of second language vocabulary acquisition, we should pay attention to the process and the acquiring results. This paper focuses on the study of the second language vocabulary acquisition strategies. Bibliography [1] . Chamot. The Learning Strategies of ESL Students. In A. L. Wenden & J. Rubin, (eds), Learner Strategies in Language Learning, 1987. [2] Cater. R. and M. McCarthy. Vocabulary and Language Teaching. New York: Longman, 1987. [3] Nation, L. S. P. Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. New Newbury House Publishers, 1990. [4] O’Malley, J. & Chamot, A. U.. Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition [J]. Cambridge University Press, 1990:12-15. [5] 陈桦，张益芳.中国儿童英语词汇记忆策略探究[J].外语学刊,2001(4). [11] 戴曼纯. 论第二语言词汇习得研究[J]. 外语教学与研究，2002(2). [12] 徐德凯.大学英语词汇教学理论与实践[M].长春：吉林出版集团有限责任公司，2009. [6] 王文宇.观念、策略与英语词汇记忆[J].外语教学与研究，1998(1). [13] 文秋芳. 英语学习策略论.上海：上海外语教育出版社，1996. [7] 吴霞，王蔷.非英语专业本科生词汇水平研究. 外语教学与研究，1998(1). [15] 张纪英.英语词汇学教学与研究[M]. 武汉：华中科技大学出版社,2007. [16] 朱厚敏. 英语词汇学习策略研究[M] 长春：吉林大学出版社，2009.

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像语音学，音位学，以及形态学，句法都不好下手建议写社会语言学或是心理语言学方面的，可以深入对比一下中西方思维的差异之类的，应该是一个好的论点加油~~