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Interest rate marketability and our country State-owned Commercial bank countermeasureInterest rate marketability connotationThe so-called interest rate marketability, is refers to the money market fund supply and demand both sides independent determination interest rate level interest rate decision mechanism vicissitude process 。Says specifically, the interest rate marketability is refers to the Central Bank to need to regulate the datum interest rate according to the monetary policy, various commercial bank saves the loan interest rate according to the fund market supply and demand change independent adjustment, Finally forms take Central Bank datum interest rate as the guidance, multi-level, can manifest fund supply and demand condition and the reflection Central Bank monetary policy intention interest rate operational mechanism fully。The interest rate marketability emphasis interest rate really reflected the fund cost and the supply-demand relation, effectively display its economical leverage nimbly。一. Our country interest rate marketability reform existence questionIs opposite says in the Chinese economic reform and the opening to the outside world overall step, the interest rate marketability reform progresses slowly. Looked on the present situation that, our country not yet completely realizes the interest rate marketability, the interest rate control creates the interest rate this important price release lever to receive the serious restraint in the resources disposition aspect function, the interest rate structure distortion. Our country interest rate system marketability degree quite is also low, mainly displays in following several aspects:1. The interest rate control degree is high, the interest rate level and the structure are incompatible, and the bank independency is restricted. The current our country interest rate policy movement environment controls the interest rate primarily, the interest rate level decision, the difference interest rate policy making and so on the related interest rate each aspect policy all by the government strict control, displays the high planning and . The interest rate level determination has certain subjective blindness; the rate adjustment flexibility is insufficient. At present our country interest rate level decision is makes by the monetary policy committee, the interest rate decision-making power high degree of concentration in the central authorities, the interest rate formulation and the adjustment has the serious time lag . Lacks the effective market datum interest rate. On November 1, 2003, the NAP Standing Committee Cheng Sewer, vice chairman of the Forum, said: "The market-oriented interest rates, the key is to set the benchmark interest rate. The benchmark interest rate is determined, in order to determine the interest rate structure, risk structure. No established the benchmark rate, the interest rate market is a empty sentences. "Benchmark rate in the entire interest rate system has played a core role and prevents other interest rates, in a sense, the benchmark interest rate options and determine the interest rate market is the core of the reform steps.二．Implements the interest rate marketability state-owned commercial bank significanceFirst, is advantageous to the expansion state-owned commercial bank right of autonomous management, the enhancement competitive power. After the interest rate lets loose, the bank had the independent fixed price power, may use this kind of right to independence and its flexible full display fully. The various countries' reform experience indicated that, after the interest rate marketability, the deposit real interest rate all has the different scope raise. The real interest rate rise will have the positive influence to the deposit, the attraction fund from bank systems and so on the stock market, black market accepts the human bank system, the enhancement commercial bank's competitive power. Next, is advantageous in raises the state-owned commercial bank management level. The interest rate marketability causes the fund price to let loose truly. Price competition between the banks presents the new ball game from this. But the price competition must rise take the low cost fund as the backing. In order to gain the low cost capital source, various bank in the financial product, the marketing strategy, service method general unfolds manager respectively, this will intensify inevitably the competition intense degree, will urge the bank change management way, who will grasp is initiative who to be able to obtain market (In the new situation, the commercial bank guild cared about the interest rate market change situation and the international interest rate undulation tendency, and according to own situation, determines the cost scientifically, formulates the price reasonably, the enhancement economic accounting, strengthens its profit ability. It can be said that, the interest rate marketability reform, the interest rate production mechanism transformation, is to a commercial bank management and operation from inside to outside comprehensive forging. Is once more advantageous in creates a relatively fair competition environment. The interest rate marketability and the money market consummation is a process which complements one another. The developed money market is the interest rate marketability reliable guarantee. Because in the developed consummation money market, the financial tool type is rich, financial main body multi-dimensional, the financing way is diverse, the competition is full, the interest rate can reflect fully the fund price, can guide the resources reasonable disposition, enhances the resources use efficiency. Otherwise, the interest rate marketability can promote the money market development consummation; The money market is the interest rate marketability advancement beginning, also will be carries on the risk management to the interest rate the place, the interest rate system change promotes the money market development. Finally, is advantageous in speeds up the microscopic main body the property right reform, interest rate marketability important condition is the state-owned enterprise and the state-owned commercial bank's property right must be clear. The property right is not clear, is not strong to the interest intrinsic budget restraint, exceeds the time limit the risk responsibility to attenuate, and cannot be keen to the interest rate reflection. At present, our country State-owned Commercial bank and very big part of state-owned enterprise's property right slurred, the interest rate market changed into its reform to provide the power, on objective impelled their property right reform.三．The interest rate marketability causes the state-owned commercial bank faced with to challenge sternlyThe interest rate marketability, is the historical stage which our country Commercial bank must pass through, can impel our country State-owned Commercial bank enormously the reform. But after the interest rate marketability, the interest rate level change does not decide, Our country Commercial bank which survives under the control possibly can develop the new financial tool for a long time to dodge the interest rate risk without enough time, will certainly to face the stern challenge, this displays in:1．Has enlarged the bank rate risk. After the interest rate marketability, the interest rate level ascension and the irregular undulation enlarge, intensified the bank vulnerability, ha have enlarged the bank rate risk. After the interest rate marketability, the interest rate level ascension and the irregular undulation enlarge, intensified the bank vulnerability, have the possibility to cause the bank crisis extremely the occurrence. As a result of our country long-term interest rate control, the interest rate by artificial force down, after the interest rate is let loose, the interest rate level can elevate inevitably. The analysis indicated that, in the credit activity, along with the real interest rate enhancement, the risk borrower more will become the bank by chance the customer, But loathes the risk originally the enterprise borrowers also favor in change oneself project the nature, enable it to have a higher risk and the income level. The cause property average horizontal drop in quality, the credit risk , from looked for a long time that, the interest rate change the fund supply and demand real-time influence, can undulate frequently, but the interest rate undulation namely meant risk existence. How forecast accurately the interest rate change tendency, the reasonable determination has the competitive advantage price water; how assigns scientifically saves, the loan deadline layout, maintains the best advantage bad level;How forecast accurately the interest rate change tendency, the reasonable determination has the competitive advantage price water � How assigns scientifically saves, the loan deadline layout, maintains the best advantage bad level; How adjusts the property debt structure nimbly,Enhances prepares pays the level, the active control interest rate forms fluid wind �? How will supervise perfectly restricts the mechanism, prevented has human sentiment interest rate risk and so on, these will all cause the commercial bank faced with the stern ．Leads the service to the commercial bank to have the huge impact. Along with the interest rate marketability, various bank launches the intense contention superiority customer to save the loan war inevitably, the keen competition will cause to save the loan advantage difference large scale deflation. At the same time, the interest rate marketability impetus money market development, the massive enterprise temporary fund no longer rises in value through the deposit form, but is in the capital market, the money market puts in obtains the short-term to receive；Whether there is does the inhabitant also no longer excessively regard as important only contains the risk value deposit interest rate, pays attention contains the risk value the money market to receive �? The bank leadership service will be under the huge can be said, after interest rate marketability, bank true competition magic weapon instead outside interest rate method. Because the monetary fund is highly the homogeneity commodity, the grade of service is more important, highly effective, the low cost manages finances the service enable the customer to have a higher income, has the attraction to the ．Proposed the challenge to the bank management and interest rate control system, regardless of is the interest rate level or counts the rest method all to have the country to decide, regardless of how the country does adjust saves the loan interest rate, all fully considered commercial bank actual situation, maintains the reasonable advantage bad level throughout. Commercial bank's interest rate management is extremely simple, so long as gives according to the People's Bank the fluctuation scope carries out the national interest rate level then, the interest rate change is limited, the interest rate risk is controllable. In such situation, the bank management is inevitably passive. But in under the interest rate marketability condition, the intense market competition forces the bank either to use the price method, through raises the deposit interest rate, reduces the loan interest rate to attract the customer; Either depends upon the high quality service, through the function innovation, the product innovation, the technological innovation satisfies the customer. But this request commercial bank changes present the management, the method and the organization ．Proposed the challenge to the commercial bank staff quality. Along with interest rate marketability reform advancement quickening, the interest rate risk enlarge, will strengthen to the future interest rate trend analyzes and forecast oneself will be very urgent. The state-owned commercial bank seeks the financial professional who needs one batch of this aspect high quality, not only these people must have the deep theory foundation of basic skills, but also must have the rich commercial bank practice experience, Both must thoroughly understand the domestic interest rate change the undulation condition, and must be skilled in the forecast interest rate change tendency. But the present state-owned bank lacks generally can promptly effectively the control and the circumvention interest rate risk tool and the interest rate risk management professional, to the interest rate trend development forecast, the risk recognition and control is weak.四．The state-owned commercial bank should to strategyAlong with the interest rate marketability advancement, the interest rate is more and more big to the state-owned commercial bank's influence, in this situation, the state-owned commercial bank should seek positively should to the ．Establishment finance product fixed price system. In the interest rate marketability situation, whether does the commercial bank draw up a science reasonable fixed price system, has the nimble effective quoted price ability, the realization risk �? Between 20 income balances,Is key which whether it does develop continually. In this process, must establish the effective comprehensive income reckoning system, the overall evaluation customer comprehensive income which brings to the commercial bank，The customer credit risk size, the loan deadline length is the interest rate risk size, as well as commercial bank's collection fund cost and the operation cost share and so on the aspect questions。2．Increases the middle service product development ability, the adjustment profit structure. After the interest rate marketability, the bank saves, the loan favorable difference reduces, the profit level reduces, and this request state-owned commercial bank must develop the middle service vigorously. The bank may while develop positively receives on another's behalf, pays on another's behalf and so on service, uses the commercial bank market main body qualifications fully, positively provides the proxy for other financial organ to distribute the bond, the silver card account transfer, the proxy insures, the fund trust, the broker manages finances, The property management, financial consultant, the investment consultation and so on, enhances the middle service to buy a girl child, on own initiative develops the low risk, the high income middle service new variety positively, promotes the bank large scale by this profit ability, promotes the bank sustainable ．Establishes nimbly, the highly effective interest rate management organization, trains the interest rate managerial talent vigorously. According to the Bethel bank supervising and managing committee about the bank effective supervising and managing core principle request, under the interest rate marketability environment, various commercial bank must set up the specialized interest rate risk management department, manages and instructs the entire good interest rate work, Coordinates and coordinates inside and outside the bank to be connected the work. The interest rate control section's most important task is carries on the comprehensive interest rate sensitive tube on the bank asset debt level ; Exterior determination, internal advantage � The definite general headquarters to branch office's interest rate authorization, are responsible for staff interest rate risk management training and so on. In addition, but also should establish the high interest rate information communication channel, after the interest rate marketability, the commercial bank interior enhances greatly about the interest rate information transmission effectiveness, guarantees can transmit promptly general headquarters formulation each interest rate to commercial bank's any business mesh point, guarantees the commercial bank interest rate policy the ．Speeds up the state-owned commercial bank the property right reform. Stipulated according to "Law of corporation" that, the commercial bank belongs to the competitive profession, does not need to adopt the state-owned sole ownership property right, and does not have the legal barrier to its joint stock system transformation. To the state-owned commercial bank's property right reform, its concrete transformation form establishes the joint stock system commercial bank. The reality in China, in accordance with international practice, and gradually achieve solely by the state to transform the state-owned holding company, and ultimately joint-stock limited companies, and establish corporate system of corporate governance institutions, the establishment of the right to operate, ownership and the right to supervise the separation of the framework, China's commercial banks to become real significance of commercial banks, do business operations.字太多，发布下，你再见个问题吧，我回答。率市场化与我国国有商业银行对策利率市场化的内涵所谓利率市场化，是指金融市场资金供求双方自主确定利率水平的利率决定机制的变迁过程。具体讲，利率市场化是指中央银行根据货币政策的需要调控基准利率，各商业银行根据资金市场的供求变化自主调节存贷款利率，最终形成以中央银行基准利率为引导，多层次、能够充分体现资金供求状况和反映中央银行货币政策意图的利率运行机制。利率市场化强调利率真实地反映资金成本与供求关系，灵活有效地发挥其经济杠杆作用.

Make Every Document a Marketing Document Every scrap of paper that leaves your business is performing a marketing 's idea is not earthshattering, but it is one that many businesses, large and small, send invoices, fax covers, memo, notes, request and all other manner of "non-marketing" related correspondence to - you guessed it, your clients, referral sources and 's a pretty simple thing to A) make sure that these documents also conform to the image you project in your marketing materials and B) make them sell a no harm in introducing a new product in every communication, regardless of how mundane.

• Put your company story on the back of work orders
• List all of your products and services on fax covers
• Insert a coupon for a special offering in your statements
• Put two business cards in your thank you notes

4月20日 20:45 随着城市建设和公路建设的不断升温，土木工程专业的就业形势近年持续走高。找到一份工作，对大多数毕业生来讲并非是难事，然而土木工程专业的就业前景与国家政策及经济发展方向密切相关，其行业薪酬水平近年来更是呈现出管理高于技术的倾向，而从技术转向管理，也成为诸多土木工程专业毕业生职业生涯中不可避免的瓶颈。如何在大学阶段就为“钱”途做好准备，找到正确的职业发展方向呢?木土工程专业大体可分为道路与桥梁工程与建筑工程两个不同的方向，在职业生涯中，这两个方向的职位既有大体上的统一性，又有细节上的具体区别。总体来说，土木工程专业的主要就业方向有以下几种：1、工程技术方向代表职位：施工员、建筑工程师、结构工程师、技术经理、项目经理等。代表行业：建筑施工企业、房地产开发企业、路桥施工企业等。就业前景：就像我们看到身边的高楼大厦正在不断地拔地而起、一条条宽阔平坦的大道向四面八方不断延伸一样，土木建筑行业对工程技术人才的需求也随之不断增长。2004年进入各个人才市场招聘工程技术人员的企业共涉及到100多个行业，其中在很多城市的人才市场上，房屋和土木工程建筑业的人才需求量已经跃居第一位。随着经济发展和路网改造、城市基础设施建设工作的不断深入，土建工程技术人员在当前和今后一段时期内需求量还将不断上升。再加上路桥和城市基础设施的更新换代，只要人才市场上没有出现过度饱合的状况，可以说土木工程技术人员一直有着不错的就业前景。典型职业通路：施工员/技术员-工程师/工长、标段负责人-技术经理-项目经理/总工程师。年薪参考：施工员/技术员：万～万元；工长：万～4万元；技术质量管理经理：万～7万元；项目经理：5万～10万元；专家建议：随着我国执业资格认证制度的不断完善，土建行业工程技术人员不但需要精通专业知识和技术，还需要取得必要的执业资格证书。工程技术人员的相关执业资格认证主要有全国一、二级注册建筑师、全国注册土木工程师、全国一、二级注册结构工程师等。需要注意的是，这些执业资格认证均需要一定年限的相关工作经验才能报考，因此土木工程专业的毕业生即使走上工作岗位后也要注意知识结构的更新，尽早报考以取得相关的执业资格。想要从事工程技术工作的大学生，在实习中可选择建筑工地上的测量、建材、土工及路桥标段的路基、路面、小桥涵的施工、测量工作。2、设计、规划及预算方向代表职位：项目设计师、结构审核、城市规划师、预算员、预算工程师等。代表行业：工程勘察设计单位、房地产开发企业、交通或市政工程类**机关职能部门、工程造价咨询机构等。就业前景：各种勘察设计院对工程设计人员的需求近年来持续增长，城市规划作为一种新兴职业，随着城市建设的不断深入，也需要更多的现代化设计规划人才。随着咨询业的兴起，工程预决算等建筑行业的咨询服务人员也成为土建业内新的就业增长点。典型职业通路：预算员-预算工程师-高级咨询师。年薪参考：预算员：万～3万元；预算工程师：万～6万元；城市规划师：4万～7万元建筑设计师：4万～10万元；总建筑设计师：25万元以上。专家建议：此类职位所需要的不仅是要精通专业知识，更要求有足够的大局观和工作经验。一般情况下来说，其薪酬与工作经验成正比。以建筑设计师为例，现代建筑还要求环保和可持续发展，这些都需要建筑设计师拥有扎实的功底以及广博的阅历，同时善于学习，并在实践中去体会。目前，市场上对建筑设计人才大多要求5年以上的工作经验，具有一级注册建筑师资质，并担任过大型住宅或建设工程开发的设计。此类职位也需要取得相应的执业资格证书，如建筑工程师需要通过国家组织的注册建筑师的职业资格考试拿到《注册建筑师资格证书》才能上岗，预算工程师需要取得注册造价师或预算工程师资格。另外，从事此类职业还需要全方面地加强自身修养，如需要熟悉电脑操作和维护,能熟练运用CAD绘制各种工程图以及用P3编制施工生产计划等，有的职位如建筑设计师还需要对人类学、美学、史学，以及不同时代不同国家的建筑精华有深刻的认知，并且要能融会贯通，锻造出自己的设计风格。这些都需要从学生时代开始积累自己的文化底蕴。实习时应尽量选取一些相关的单位和工作，如房地产估价、工程预算、工程制图等。3、质量监督及工程监理方向代表职位：监理工程师代表行业：建筑、路桥监理公司、**工程质量检测监督部门。就业前景：工程监理是近年来新兴的一个职业，随着我国对建筑、路桥施工质量监管的日益规范，监理行业自诞生以来就面临着空前的发展机遇，并且随着国家工程监理制度的日益完善有着更加广阔的发展空间。典型职业通路：监理员—资料员—项目直接负责人-专业监理工程师-总监理工程师。年薪参考：现场监理员：万～万元；项目直接负责人：万～4万元；专业监理工程师：3万～5万元；总监理工程师：4万～8万元。专家建议：监理行业是一个新兴行业，因此也是一个与执业资格制度结合得相当紧密的行业，其职位的晋升与个人资质的取得密切相关。一般来说，监理员需要取得省监理员上岗证，项目直接负责人需要取得省监理工程师或监理员上岗证，工作经验丰富、有较强的工作能力。专业监理工程师需要取得省监理工程师上岗证，总监理工程师需要取得国家注册监理工程师职业资格证。木土工程专业的大学生想要进入这个行业，在校期间就可以参加省公路系统、建筑系统举办的监理培训班，通过考试后取得监理员上岗证，此后随工作经验的增加考取相应级别的执业资格证书。在实习期间，可选择与路桥、建筑方向等与自己所学方向相一致的监理公司，从事现场监理、测量、资料管理等工作。4、公务员、教学及科研方向代表职位：公务员、教师代表行业：交通、市政管理部门、大中专院校、科研及设计单位。就业前景：公务员制度改革为普通大学毕业生打开了进入**机关工作的大门，路桥、建筑行业的飞速发展带来的巨大人才需要使得土木工程专业师资力量的需求随之增长，但需要注意的是，这些行业的竞争一般较为激烈，需要求职者具有较高的专业水平和综合素质。年薪参考：高校教师：万～万元；中等专业学校教师：万～3万元；普通公务员：2万～万元。专家建议：想要从事此类行业，一方面在校期间要学好专业课，使自己具有较高的专业水平，另一方向特别要注意理论知识的学习和个人综合素质的培养，使自己具备较高的普通话、外语、计算机水平和较好的应变能力。 At 20:45 on April 20 with the urban construction and rising highway construction, civil engineering profession continue to move up the employment situation in recent years. Find a job, for the majority of graduates is not difficult, however, the employment prospects of civil engineering with national policy and direction of economic development is closely related to the pay levels of their industry in recent years is showing a tendency of management than technology , and the shift from technology management, has also become a lot of civil engineering graduates inevitable career bottlenecks. How to stage at the university as a "money" passers-by ready to find the right career direction? Wood soil engineering in general can be divided into road and bridge engineering and construction of two different directions, in the career, the direction of these two positions both the unity of the whole as well as the details of the specific distinction. Generally speaking, the civil engineering direction of the main jobs are as follows: 1, the direction of engineering and technology On behalf of jobs: construction, and construction engineers, structural engineers, technical managers, project managers and so on. On behalf of the industry: construction companies, real estate development enterprises, such as road and bridge construction enterprises. Employment Prospects: Just like high-rise buildings we see around us is constantly where they stand, wide flat section of a road to continue to extend in all directions, the civil construction industry, engineering and technical personnel on demand also is growing. In 2004 to recruit the talent market to enter the various engineering and technical personnel to the enterprises involving a total of more than 100 industries, which in many cities in the talent market, the housing and civil engineering construction industry demand for talent has become the first. Along with economic development and transformation of the road network, urban infrastructure construction work in the deepening of civil engineering and technical personnel in the current and future demand for a certain period of time will continue to rise. In addition, road and bridge and upgrading of urban infrastructure, as long as the talent market is not over-saturated conditions, can be said to have a civil engineering and technical personnel has been a good employment prospects. Typical career path: Construction workers / technicians - Engineers / Foreman, Section Manager - Technical Manager - Project Manager / Chief Engineer. Annual salary of reference: Construction workers / technicians: 15,000 ~ million; foreman: 25000 ~ 4 million; technical quality control manager: 45000 ~ 7 million; Project Manager: 50000 ~ 10 million; Expert advice: As China's practice of constantly improving the certification system, civil engineering industry engineering and technical personnel not only need to master the professional knowledge and skill, but also need to obtain the necessary credentials to practice. Engineering and technical personnel of the relevant qualification to practice major national primary and secondary registered architect, registered civil engineer in the country, the national primary and secondary registered structural engineers. It should be noted that these qualifications are required to practice a certain number of years of relevant working experience can apply, so even if the civil engineering graduates took jobs to pay attention to the knowledge structure after the update, apply as soon as possible in order to obtain the relevant qualifications to practice. Want to pursue engineering and technical work of university students, in practice the choice of measurement on construction sites, building materials, geotechnical and road and bridge tenders of the roadbed, road, small bridge and culvert construction, surveying the work. 2, design, planning and budget direction The representative of position: Project Designer, structural audit, urban planners, budget posts, Budget engineers. Representatives of industry: engineering survey and design units, real estate development business, traffic or municipal engineering departments ** bodies, advisory bodies, such as project cost. Employment Prospects: Survey and Design Institute of the various members of the engineering design of the continued growth of demand in recent years, urban planning as a new career, with the deepening of urban construction, but also the need for more modern design and planning professionals. With the rise of consulting, engineering, construction industry, such as Budget and Final Accounts of the advisory service has also become the new construction industry employment growth. Typical career path: budget posts - budget Engineers - Senior Consultant. Annual salary of reference: budget posts: 15000 ~ 3 million; budget Engineer: 25000 ~ 6 million; Town Planner: 40,000 ~ 70,000 yuan Architect: 40000 ~ 10 million; total architect: 25 million yuan. Expert recommendations: the need for such posts should be well versed not only expertise, but also requires sufficient大局观and work experience. Under normal circumstances, its pay and work experience in direct proportion. As an example to architects, contemporary architecture also requires environmental protection and sustainable development, the architect needs to have a solid foundation and broad range of experience, at the same time learn and understand in practice. At present, the market for most of the architectural design professionals require more than 5 years of work experience, have a qualified registered architect, and served as a large residential development or construction project design. Such jobs also need to obtain the appropriate credentials to practice, such as construction engineers need to register through the national organization of professional architects to get the qualifying examination, "Registered Architect Qualification Certificate" to jobs, the budget cost engineers need to obtain registration of qualified engineers or budget . In addition, such procedures also need to engage in all aspects to enhance their own self-cultivation, such as the need to be familiar with computer operation and maintenance of proficiency in the use of CAD drawing to a variety of engineering drawings as well as P3, such as the preparation of construction production planning, and some jobs such as architects need to of anthropology, aesthetics, history, and different times in different countries have a deep architectural understanding of the essence, and to be together, forging their own style. These are the times from the students began to accumulate its own culture. Internship should be possible to select a number of units and work-related, such as real estate valuation, project budget, such as engineering drawing. 3, the quality of supervision and direction of project supervision The representative of position: Project Management Engineer On behalf of the industry: Construction, Road & Bridge Project Management Company, ** quality supervision departments works. Employment Prospects: The project supervision is emerging in recent years as a professional, with the construction, road and bridge construction quality control of the increasingly standardized, Commissioner of the industry since its birth on the face of unprecedented opportunities for development and project supervision system with the country's growing sound has a more broad space for development. Typical career path: Supervisor - Data members - who are directly responsible for the project - the professional supervision engineer - chief supervision engineer. Annual salary of reference: the site supervisors: 18,000 ~ million; projects were directly responsible for: 25,000 to 4 million; professional supervision engineer: 30,000 ~ 5 million; the overall supervision engineer: 40,000 ~ 80,000 yuan. Experts recommend: Project Management Industry is an emerging industry, it is also a licensing system with the combination of the industry very closely, their jobs and personal qualifications for promotion are closely related to the acquisition. In general, the supervisors need to obtain permits provincial supervisors posts, projects were directly responsible for supervision engineers need to obtain the province or permit Supervisor jobs, work experience, have a stronger ability to work. Supervision of professional engineers need to obtain permits induction provincial supervision engineers, supervision engineers need to obtain the total national registered supervision engineer professional qualification certification. Wood soil engineering college students want to enter the industry, during the school can take part in the provincial highway system, construction supervision system of organized training courses, pass the exam supervisors after induction card, then work experience with a corresponding increase in levels of practice to obtain qualification certificates. During the internship period, the option with the road and bridge construction and the direction of the direction of their school supervision in line company engaged in site supervision, measurement, data management and so on. 4, the civil service, teaching and research direction On behalf of jobs: civil servants, teachers Representatives of industries: transportation, municipal administration departments, colleges, scientific research and design units. Employment prospects: civil service reform as an ordinary university graduates to enter the open door ** organs, road and bridge construction industry brought about by the rapid development of the great civil engineering professionals need to make the demand for teachers resulting growth, but needs attention is that competition in these industries generally more intense, the need for job-seekers have a high professional level and overall quality. Annual salary of reference: University Teachers: 25,000 to million; secondary school teachers: 18,000 ~ 3 million; ordinary civil servants: 20,000 ~ 35,000 yuan. Expert advice: want to engage in such trades, on the one hand, during in-school courses to learn to make their own high professional standards, and the other direction with particular attention to theoretical knowledge of the overall quality of learning and personal development, so they have a higher Putonghua, foreign languages, computers and better adaptability.

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Too-big-to-fail: Bank failure and banking policy in Jamaica J. Daleya, , , K. Matthewsb and K. Whitfieldb aDepartment of Management Studies, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica bCardiff Business School, Cardiff University, Colum Drive, Cardiff, CF10 3EU Wales, UK Received 7 October 2005; accepted 16 December 2006. Available online 22 December 2006. Abstract Research on the causes of bank failure has focused on developed countries, particularly the United States of America. Relatively little empirical work has examined developing countries. We examine the total population of banks in Jamaica between 1992 and 1998 and find that real GDP growth, size, and managerial efficiency were the most significant factors contributing to the failure of banks. Bank failure is defined to include bailout and regulator-induced or supervised merger. Our results suggest that there were implicit ‘too-big-to-fail’ policies during this period. Keywords: Bank failures; Too-big-to-fail; Developing economies; Jamaica JEL classification codes: G21; G28 Article Outline 1. Introduction 2. Bank failure in Jamaica 3. Bank failure literature 4. Data and methodology 5. The likelihood of failure 6. Failure and bail-out 7. Conclusion Acknowledgements Appendix A. Pool of variables References 1. Introduction The last decade of the 20th century was unprecedented in Jamaica's financial history. Of a population of 37 banks, 21 were classified as failed, with 14 being so classified in 1 year—1998. However, few outright closures occurred. Most problem banks were merged with other banks, or continued to operate through financial support from the government. More than a half of domestic banks received some kind of financial support from the government, initiated voluntary bankruptcy proceedings or surrendered their licences. Explanations for such banking problems vary. Empirical research on bank failures separates the causal factors into bank-specific, industry-specific, macroeconomic and other. However, much of the debate on developing countries has neglected banks at the individual level, and has focused on the problems faced at the sector or industry level. Moreover, the (often conflicting) results of existing studies do not offer inferences about the factors that are particularly significant in developing countries, or to those that are significant to the failure of individual banks, or to the fate of problem banks. This paper addresses the following questions: what factors were significant in the banking crisis in Jamaica? What factors influenced how the crisis was handled and was there an implicit too-big-to-fail (TBtF) policy? What are the lessons for bank regulators in developing economies that can assist in better preparedness for the future? To address these questions, the within-sample performance of a panel of Jamaican banks is examined. Some of the factors identified as contributing to failure include deterioration in the macroeconomic environment, rapid expansion and weakness in a range of bank-specific factors: capital, management, and liquidity. The size results are particularly significant and point to the operation of implicit ‘TBtF’ policies. Larger banks are more likely to fail, but are also more likely to be bailed out rather than closed. The next section discusses the banking crisis in Jamaica. Section 3 reviews the literature on bank failures. Section 4 discusses data and methodology. Sections Sections 5 and 6 present the results, and Section 7 concludes. 2. Bank failure in Jamaica The term ‘bank failure’ has been interpreted varyingly. The more precise definitions have focused on accounting factors (for example, [Martin, 1977] and [Benston and Kaufman, 1995]), economic factors ([Bell et al., 1990] and [González-Hermosillo et al., 1997]), or legal factors (Meyer and Pifer, 1970). Conversely, more general definitions have attempted to be all-inclusive and have applied a ‘catch-all’ combination of specific definitions (for example, Thomson, 1992). Using a general definition of ‘bank failure’ embracing closure, bankruptcy, supervised merger, or direct government assistance, we assess the population of banks in Jamaica over the period 1992– Table 1 shows a comparative profile of the Jamaican banking sector before and after the crisis. Table 1. Banking system profile: pre- and post-banking crisis Jamaican banking sector