福娃小宝贝
注:计算机的现状 计算机发展及现状 计算机网络是计算机技术和通信技术紧密结合的产物,它涉及到通信与计算机两个领域。它的诞生使计算机体系结构发生了巨大变化,在当今社会经济中起着非常重要的作用,它对人类社会的进步做出了巨大贡献。从某种意义上讲,计算机网络的发展水平不仅反映了一个国家的计算机科学和通信技术水平,而且已经成为衡量其国力及现代化程度的重要标志之一。 自50年代开始,人们及各种组织机构使用计算机来管理他们的信息的速度迅速增长。早期,限于技术条件使得当时的计算机都非常庞大和非常昂贵,任何机构都不可能为雇员个人提供使用整个计算机,主机一定是共享的,它被用来存储和组织数据、集中控制和管理整个系统。所有用户都有连接系统的终端设备,将数据库录入到主机中处理,或者是将主机中的处理结果,通过集中控制的输出设备取出来。它最典型的特征是:通过主机系统形成大部分的通信流程,构成系统的所有通信协议都是系统专有的,大型主机在系统中占据着绝对的支配作用,所有控制和管理功能都是由主机来完成。 随着计算机技术的不断发展,尤其是大量功能先进的个人计算机的问世,使得每一个人可以完全控制自己的计算机,进行他所希望的作业处理,以个人计算机(PC)方式呈现的计算能力发展成为独立的平台,导致了一种新的计算结构---分布式计算模式的诞生。 一般来讲,计算机网络的发展可分为四个阶段: 第一阶段:计算机技术与通信技术相结合,形成计算机网络的雏形; 第二阶段:在计算机通信网络的基础上,完成网络体系结构与协议的研究,形成了计算机网络; 第三阶段:在解决计算机连网与网络互连标准化问题的背景下,提出开放系统互连参考模型与协议,促进了符合国际标准的计算机网络技术的发展; 第四阶段:计算机网络向互连、高速、智能化方向发展,并获得广泛的应用。 任何一种新技术的出现都必须具备两个条件:即强烈的社会需求与先期技术的成熟。计算机网络技术的形成与发展也证实了这条规律。1946年世界上第一台电子数字计算机ENIAC在美国诞生时,计算机技术与通信技术并没有直接的联系。50年代初,由于美国军方的需要,美国半自动地面防空系统SAGE进行了计算机技术与通信技术相结合的尝试。要实现这样的目的,首先要完成数据通信技术的基础研究。在这项研究的基础上,人们完全可以将地理位置分散的多个终端通信线路连到一台中心计算机上。用户可以在自己的办公室内的终端键入程序,通过通信线路传送到中心计算机,人们把这种以单个为中心的联机系统称做面向终端的远程联机系统。它是计算机通信网络的一种。60年代初美国航空公司建成的由一台计算机与分布在全美国的2000多个终端组成的航空订票系统SABRE-1就是这种计算机通信网络。 随着计算机应用的发展,出现了多台计算机互连的需求。这种需求主要来自军事、科学研究、地区与国家经济信息分析决策、大型企业经营管理。他们希望将分布在不同地点的计算机通过通信线路互连成为计算机-计算机网络。网络用户可以通过计算机使用本地计算机的软件、硬件与数据资源,也可以使用连网的其它地方计算机软件、硬件与数据资源,以达到计算机资源共享的目的。这一阶段研究的典型代表是美国国防部高级研究计划局(ARPA,Advanced Research Projects Agency)的ARPAnet(通常称为ARPA网)。1969年ARPA网只有4个结点,1973年发展到40个结点,1983年已经达到100多个结点。ARPA网通过有线、无线与卫星通信线路,使网络覆盖了从美国本土到欧洲与夏威夷的广阔地域。ARPR网是计算机网络技术发展的一个重要的里程碑,它对发展计算机网络技术的主要贡献表现在以下几个方面: 1、完成了对计算机网络的定义、分类与子课题研究内容的描述; 2、提出了资源子网、通信子网的两级网络结构的概念; 3、研究了报文分组交换的数据交换方法; 4、采用了层次结构的网络体系结构模型与协议体系。
a淡淡小雨
Since their first appearance on earth, men have gathered information and have attempted to pass useful ideas to other men. The carving of word-pictures on the walls of ancient caves as well as hieroglyphics on stone tablets represent some men's earliest efforts to convey information. Scenes of hunting, maps of battles, and the stories of heroes were put down for all to see.自从人类在球上出现以来,人们就开始收集信息,并试图把有用的信息传递给别人。把口头流传的故事刻在古代洞穴的墙壁上,以及石片上的象形文字代表了人类最早的为传递信息而做的努力。打猎的场景,战役的地图,以及英雄的故事都被雕刻下来。2. But as civilizations grew more complex, better methods of communication were needed. The written word, carrier pigeons, the telegraph, and many other devices carried ideas faster and faster from man to man. In recent years one type of machine, the electronic computer, ahs become increasingly important in the lives of all the people in the industrialized nations of the world. Computers are now widely used aids for communication, calculation, and other activities. Their effect becomes more important every day.然而文明更趋复杂化,因而需要更好的通讯手段。书面文字、信鸽、电报以及其他很多手段使信息在人们之间传递得越来越快。最近一些年里,在世界工业化国家的人民生活中有一种叫电子计算机的机器,其重要性不断增长。计算机已成为在通讯、计算以及其他活动中广为应用的辅助手段,其影响日趋重要。3. Man has always been interested in extending the range of his senses and the power of his mind. Through the years, he has invented many instruments to help him see better and understand more. The telescope, for example, was invented to allow him to look at far away objects. To see the very small things in the world, the microscope was developed. Radio, telephone, and telegraph are means by which man has extended the range of his senses of hearing and speech.人类一直想扩大感知的范围以及思维的能力。多年来,人类已发明了许多工具以帮助人们更好地观看和更多地了解。比如,天文望远镜的发明使人们能够看到更远处的物体。为了看见世界上微小的东西,人们又发明了显微镜。收音机、电话和电报都是人们扩大听说能力范围的手段。4. While developing his power of thought, man first began to identify and count objects. He began to ask the questions "What is it?" and "How many?" It was a long time ago that this numbering and comparing of things began.辩认和数清事物是人类思维能力发展的第一步。人类开始问这样一些问题:“这是什么?”“有多少?”这种计算机和对比很长时间以前就开始了。 ways of helping with counting and recording information quantities, and other marks were taken to represent relationships between quantities.帮助计算和记录信息的新方法产生了。一些不同的符号用来表示不同的数量,另一些符号则用来表示不同数量间的关系。6. New devices to aid in the manipulation of numbers were added to make the job faster and more accurate.许多用来处理数字的新方法加在一起又使这项工作做得更快更准确。7. Electronic computers are among the fastest and most useful instruments for sorting and comparing now in use. Computers provide the means for greater speed and accuracy in working with ideas than had previously been possible. With the development of these new tools, it is as if man has suddenly become a millionaire of the mind.电子计算机是目前所使用的最快最有用的分类和对比工具之一。计算机提供了处理信息的手段,比以前所可能达到的速度和准确度要快且好得多。随着这些新工具的产生,人类似乎突然间变成了智力上的富豪。8. Although man has been growing mentally richer ever since he started to think, the electronic computer allows and will continue to allow him to perform tremendous "mental" tasks in a relatively short time. Great scientists of the past produced ideas which were the basis for great advances, but their ideas sometimes had to wait for years before they were understood sufficiently well to be of practical use. With the computer, the ideas of today's scientists can be studied, tested, distributed, and used more rapidly than ever before.人们自从开始思考以来,精神上就变得越来越富有,但电子计算机已使、今后也将继续使人类在相对很短的时间内完成大量的脑力工作。从前许多伟大的科学家创造许多伟大的思想,成为人类取得巨大进步的基础。但是,他们的思想有时得等好几年才能被人们充分理解,得以实际运用。由于有了计算机,对这些思想的研究、检验发布和运用比以前要快得多。9. Old lines and methods of communication do not work easily or efficiently with as much information as we have now. The repeated actions of preparing, sorting, filling, distributing, and keeping track of records and publications can be as troublesome as calculating. Errors occur because men grow tired and can be distracted.旧的通讯方式和方法很难有效地处理我们现在所拥有的信息量。反复的准备、分类、填充、发布以及对出版物的跟踪记录和计算是一件麻烦的事。由于人的疲劳和精力分散,很会产生错误。10. The basic job of computers is the processing of information. For this reason computers can be defined as devices which accept information, perform mathematical or logical operations with the information, and then supply the results of these operations as new information.计算机的主要工作是对信息进行处理。由于这个原因,计算机可以被定义为一种可以接受信息、对信息进行数学或逻辑处理,并把处理结果作为一种新信息提供出来的设备。11. Although a sharp dividing line between types of computers is not always easy to see, comuters are usually divided into two broad groups: digital and analog. Digital computers work by using specific information which is usually in the form of numbers. Analog compurters, on the other hadn, usually process continuous information.尽管计算机各类型之间难于找到十分明显的界限,但计算机经常被分为两大类:数字计算机和模拟计算机。数字计算机通过运用具体信息来工作,这种信息通常为数字形式。模拟计算机则通常处理连续的信息。12. To explain this difference, let us consider two devices which handle information in a manner similar to the two types of computers. A turnstile, which has a counter attached to it, cna help to explain the way a digital computer works. Each time a person passes through the turnstile, the indicator quickly jumps from one number to another. each number registered is separate and specific.为了理解这一不同点,让我们考虑一下以与这两类计算机相类似的方式处理信息的两种装置。一个带有计数器的旋转门可以帮助解释数字计算机是如何工作的。人们每次通过旋转门时,显示器上的数字就迅速地从一个数字跳到另一个数字。每个被记录的数字都是分开和具体的。13. The continuous change in the level of sand in an hourglass as time passes makes it an analog device. Perhaps the first analog computation was the use of graphs for the solution of surveying problems.沙漏里随着时间的流逝而不断变动的沙线使之成为一种模拟搁置。也许第一次模拟计算是用图表解决普查问题。14. Among the first analog computers was the one set up by Lord Kelvin in 1872 to predic the height of tides in English harbours. The machine contained pulleys, levers, and weights whose actions imitated the effect of winds, the moon, and the sun on tides. AS the known in fluence of these factors changed, the complex equations represented by the insides of the machine would give continual indications of how the tides were to rise and fall. The results were to come out in the form of a graph. Although the machine was not a complete success, it did mark a beginning.在第一批模拟计算机中,有一台是凯文爵士于1872年建造的,用它来预测英国海港的海潮高度。这架机器包括滑轮、杠杆以及砝码,它们能够模拟风、月亮以及太阳对海潮的影响。当这些已知的影响因素变化时,由这部机器内部各部件所描述的复杂等式就会发出连续的信号来表明海潮如何涨落,这个结果将以图表的形式表达出来。虽然那架机器并非十分成功,但它毕竟标志着一个开始。15. Regardless of their direction of form, computer developments and uses of the future will depend upon the clevenrness and skill of men. Men created computers, and men will continue to improve them.不论其方向及形式如何,未来计算机的发展和使用将依靠人的智慧和技能。人创造了计算机,也将不断地改进它。16. Computers can work through a series of problems and make thousands of logical decisions without becoming tired. Computers can reach solutions to problems in a fraction of time it takes men to do the job. Computers can replace men in dull, routine tasks, but they are not creative and cannot exercise value judgements. computers have no orginality; they work according to the instrucions given to them. There are times when computers seem to operate like mechanical "brains", but their achievements are not very great when compared to what the minds of men can do.计算机可以自始至终地处理一系列问题或进行上千次的逻辑判断而不感到疲劳。计算机只需人类解决同类问题所需时间的极小一部分就能找到问题的答案。计算机可以代替人做枯燥、重复的工作,但它没有创造力,不能进行价值判断。计算机没有创新性,它们只能按照命令行事。有些时候,计算机运行起来的确就象一个机械“大脑”,但它们取得的成就与人脑相比就不那么伟大了。
康泽装饰
告诉你个网站:全国翻译培训网,很不错呀。Example:VoiceXML Designing a speech application includes presenting data for delivery over the phone, constructing a call flow and enabling prompts and grammars. VoiceXML provides a common set of rules as a flexible foundation, but it’s up to the designer to create the appropriate flow and personality for a speech system. Just as HTML content is interpreted by a browser and presented visually over the Web, so must VoiceXML be understood or interpreted for presentation over the telephone by a speech, or voice, browser. The speech browser serves as a gateway between a call and an Internet connection. It interprets VoiceXML code and manages dialog between callers and VoiceXML content located at a Web site. Speech browser software also maintains the calls, presents voice prompts that equate to URLs and downloads pages for audio interaction. A VoiceXML-based application using a speech browser provides flexibility, benefiting callers and content providers alike. A caller could use a rotary telephone or the newest wireless model and receive the same service. Content providers have a choice of locating a speech browser at their facilities or outsourcing to an application service provider, carrier or service bureau. As with current visual Web models, trade-offs have to be weighed between ease of implementation, flexibility, cost and other factors. Today, companies are building businesses on speech-based Web content by providing telephony access and presentation of data in interactive audio formats. These businesses host speech applications to provide greater scalability, maintenance and support, while letting content providers focus on their core business. A number of obvious and subtle factors are converging to bring the Web model of VoiceXML to prominence. Many consider the broad industry support of VoiceXML its most apparent strength. Other factors such as recent improvements in text-to-speech quality mean information can be immediately presented in audio format without the time and expense of recording a voice. Looking at the evolution of the Web, it’s clear the adoption of a common format for content presentation——HTML——fueled the growth of the Web. The VoiceXML standard holds similar promise for speech. [参考译文] 设计语音应用程序包含了通过电话提交的数据表达、呼叫流程的建立以及提示和语法的实施。VoiceXML提供一个公共的规则集,作为灵活性的基础,但是建立恰当的语音系统的流程和个性取决于设计者。 正如HTML的内容由浏览器解释并在Web网站上用可视的方式表达出来一样,VoiceXML也必须能由语音或声音浏览器理解或解释,以通过电话表达。语音浏览器起到了在呼叫和因特网连接之间的网关的作用。它解释VoiceXML的代码和管理呼叫者与某个网站上VoiceXML内容之间的对话。 语音浏览器软件也维护呼叫,表达相当于URL的语音提示和为音频交互下载网页。 利用语音浏览器,基于VoiceXML的应用程序提供了灵活性,有利于呼叫者和内容提供商双方。呼叫者可以老式的转盘拨号电话机或者最新的无线电话机,获得同样的服务。内容提供商可以选择将语音浏览器放在自己的设备上,或者外包给应用服务供应商(ASP)、电信运营商或服务公司。对于目前的可视Web模型,必须在易于实施、灵活性、成本和其他因素之间进行折衷考虑。 今天,不少公司正在将业务建立在基于语音的网站内容上,提供电话访问和提供以交互的音频格式的数据表达。这些业务包括了语音应用程序后,提供了更大的伸缩性、更便于维护和支持,同时让内容提供商专心做其核心业务。 很多显而易见的细微因素组合在一起,使VoiceXML网站模型浮出水面。很多人将业界对VoiceXML的广泛支持当做它最明显的优势。其他一些因素,如最近文本向语音转换的质量提高,意味着信息能马上以音频格式表达,没有了录音的开销和时间。回顾一下网站的发展,很清楚,正是采用了通用的内容表达方式——HTML,促进了网站的发展。VoiceXML标准有望为语音提供同样的前景。
小鸡炖蘑菇mimi
最深刻的应该是2010年7月刊登的一篇名为《狗X的TX》的封面头条文章,详细叙述了联众,奇虎360等厂商与鹅厂的恩怨情仇。更醒目的是《计算机杂志》还采用了一只身中多刀的鹅厂形象企鹅作为其封面配图。
敏宝环保科技
知名杂志《计算机世界》表示,新冠疫情爆发近两年半了,在这段时间里,公司与员工都在艰难应对。持续亏损,公司已无力维持经营,宣布停工停业。“中国IT史,半部看计世”,这家创刊于1980年,走过42个春秋、曾经被评为“全国报业十强”的杂志,以这样的形式终结,的确令人唏嘘。
闲闲财经想说,《计算机世界》,是最不应该停业的杂志。倘若是其它领域的媒体,咱家还非常能理解互联网对传统媒体的冲击,可能很多纸质期刊,反应没有这么敏感。比如多年前的《杂文报》停刊,令人耿耿于怀。
那曾经是我中学时代的记忆,当年我们语文老师满坑满谷的剪报文章,多是来自于《杂文报》。《杂文报》,可谓是塑造了咱家的价值观。而《计算机世界》,作为专注计算机领域的期刊,竟然被互联网淘汰,的确令人有点匪夷所思。
自媒体创作平台的服务和维护,这是新媒体平台被迫退出的信号,行业可谓已经非常成熟了。新媒体都成了这个情况了,老媒体,日子可想而知了。对于《计算机世界》来说,研究了40年计算机,最终被计算机抛弃,这岂不是非常嘲讽?当然了,《计算机世界》也有挣扎过。
事实上,经营新媒体与经营传统期刊,有明显的差异,即便是在计算机行业沉淀多年,仍难以适应新的局面,令人扼腕叹息。诚然,倘若没有疫情影响,《计算机世界》凭借多年的影响力,依靠传统期刊,或能维持正常经营。事实上,纸质媒体的竞争力,日趋下降,疫情只是加速了这一趋势而已,终究还是要面临转型。对于《计算机世界》来说,转型的确太晚了,研究了40多年的计算机行业,最终却没能在计算机大爆发时代成功转型,并且拥有一席之地,这的确是一个悲哀!尤其需要强调的一个问题是。
当今时代,随着科学技术不断发展,计算机已成为处理信息的主要工具之一。掌握计算机的基础知识和基本操作技能是科学发展和走向未来信息化时代的需要。下面是我为大家整理的
学术堂整理了一篇3000字的计算机论文范文,供大家参考: 范文题目:关于新工程教育计算机专业离散数学实验教学研究 摘要: 立足新工科对计算机类专业应用实践能力培
公司的现金流断了已经没有足够的钱去出版这个刊物,不能给员工支付工资,公司也存在账务纠纷所以没有办法,只能选择停工停业。
不同的刊物价格都不一样,相关的几个重要因素是:1、期刊收录网站(知网、万方、维普、龙源)一般情况下知网收录的价格高于其他的,是因为知网整改后都要2版-3版起发,
市场经营不景气,创新力度不高,不受大众喜爱,各种疫情的影响这些都会导致他宣布停产停业,不管怎么样祝安好。