财务管理毕业论文中英文对照

In recent years, China's rapid economic development, to provide a great many enterprises development to promote the very most of the enterprises bigger and stronger, of course, is one of the beneficiaries of SMEs. SME development and financial management as an important part of life, but brought along with the rapid development of the attendant problems, such as SME financing difficulties, the financial system is not perfect and so on. Below according to today's problems in the financial management of SMEs to analyze and propose appropriate countermeasures.呵呵，累死了，希望你采纳

财务管理作为现代企业管理的中心和重点，如何在现代企业生存发展中更好地发挥出其积极作用，无疑应成为理论界和实务界共同关注和思考的一项重大课题。一、把握财务管理体系的层次性特点财务管理的层次性特点在财务管理的过程、内容、目标和方法等方面都有不同程度的体现。正确理解财务管理的层次性特点，要求把财务管理的共性与个性、外显与内在结合起来，以企业财务管理目标为中心、围绕财务管理的内容和方法，着眼于财务管理的全过程，建立一种协调不同时间、不同方法、不同层次的财务管理体系，从而丰富和完善财务管理理论，指导财务管理实践。（一）财务管理过程的层次性特点。企业要开展生产经营活动，必须以一定的资本为前提，推动生产经营活动的正常有序进行。在生产经营过程中，企业还会按既定的程序、方法进行流程再造和资本重组，从而实现企业的财务管理目标，谋取企业资本价值最大化。伴随企业生产经营管理的循环反复进行，企业财务管理活动也表现出层次递进性运动特点。（二）财务管理内容的层次性特点。企业财务管理内容与其过程相适应，也分为筹资、投资、分配三个方面，并针对其中所涉及的有关财务要素和企业层级进行相应的管理。而每一方面、每一要素和每一层级，经过细分后都可形成具体的管理内容。这些内容不论是从总体还是具体角度看，都充分体现出企业财务管理所具有的层次性特点。 本文来自OK论文网《》,转载请出名出处! （三）财务管理目标的层次性特点。企业财务管理过程的递进性和层次性特点使企业财务管理目标在时间上也具有层次性，也具体划分为长远目标、短期目标和操作目标三个层次。而企业财务管理内容的层次性也使得一定时期的企业财务管理目标在空间上具有层次性，具体分为整体目标、分部目标和具体目标三个层次。企业财务管理目标就是在这种时空独立和交织的博弈中表现出较强的存在性、适应性和趋向性，并促使企业财务管理的构建必须具备相当的艺术性、动态性和科学性。（四）财务管理方法的层次性特点。不论是按理论上财务管理的具体内容划分，还是按财务管理运用中基本环节的划分，企业财务管理的方法都表现出较强的层次性特点，即财务管理所有环节都无一例外地按照财务预测、财务决策、财务计划或预算、财务控制、财务分析、财务考核和评价这些基本层次和方法展开。二、抓好财务管理的风险防范工作在现代企业制度下，所有权与经营权相分离，所有者不便直接参与或干预企业的具体决策，而是放权于以董事长和总经理为代表的高管层，所有者只对影响其权益及其变动的重大财务决策把关。高管层虽然拥有更多、也更具体的财务管理权，但并对日常财务管理事务并不亲自操作，而是按一定原则和方法将一部分权限交给财务经理。财务经理在履行既定职责、行使既定权力的过程中，也必然和必须地将财务管理的具体操作性事项交给企业一般员工完成。一般员工理所当然地有责任和义务去维护和追求企业财务管理目标，积极推动企业财务管理的各项工作顺利开展。因此，企业财务管理就形成了所有者、高管层、财务经理和一般员工四个层次的利益主体和行为主体参与的格局。相应地，企业财务管理风险防范可划分为所有者、高管层、财务经理和一般员工理四个层次工作内容。.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,参考资料：

请LZ参考并采纳——————————————————如果需要更多请联系我——————————————————————The main techniques and sectors of the financial industry Main article: Financial servicesAn entity whose income exceeds its expenditure can lend or invest the excess income. On the other hand, an entity whose income is less than its expenditure can raise capital by borrowing or selling equity claims, decreasing its expenses, or increasing its income. The lender can find a borrower, a financial intermediary, such as a bank or buy notes or bonds in the bond market. The lender receives interest, the borrower pays a higher interest than the lender receives, and the financial intermediary pockets the bank aggregates the activities of many borrowers and lenders. A bank accepts deposits from lenders, on which it pays the interest. The bank then lends these deposits to borrowers. Banks allow borrowers and lenders, of different sizes, to coordinate their activity. Banks are thus compensators of money flows in specific example of corporate finance is the sale of stock by a company to institutional investors like investment banks, who in turn generally sell it to the public. The stock gives whoever owns it part ownership in that company. If you buy one share of XYZ Inc, and they have 100 shares outstanding (held by investors), you are 1/100 owner of that company. Of course, in return for the stock, the company receives cash, which it uses to expand its business in a process called "equity financing". Equity financing mixed with the sale of bonds (or any other debt financing) is called the company's capital is used by individuals (personal finance), by governments (public finance), by businesses (corporate finance), as well as by a wide variety of organizations including schools and non-profit organizations. In general, the goals of each of the above activities are achieved through the use of appropriate financial instruments, with consideration to their institutional is one of the most important aspects of business management. Without proper financial planning a new enterprise is unlikely to be successful. Managing money (a liquid asset) is essential to ensure a secure future, both for the individual and an finance Main article: Personal financeQuestions in personal finance revolve around * How much money will be needed by an individual (or by a family) at various points in the future? * Where will this money come from (. savings or borrowing)? * How can people protect themselves against unforeseen events in their lives, and risk in financial markets? * How can family assets be best transferred across generations (bequests and inheritance)? * How do taxes (tax subsidies or penalties) affect personal financial decisions? * How does credit affect an individual's financial standing? * How can one plan for a secure financial future in an environment of economic instability?Personal financial decisions may involve paying for education, financing durable goods such as real estate and cars, buying insurance, . health and property insurance, investing and saving for financial decisions may also involve paying for a loan.[edit] Corporate finance Main article: Corporate financeManagerial or corporate finance is the task of providing the funds for a corporation's activities. For small business, this is referred to as SME finance. It generally involves balancing risk and profitability, while attempting to maximize an entity's wealth and the value of its term funds are provided by ownership equity and long-term credit, often in the form of bonds. The balance between these forms the company's capital structure. Short-term funding or working capital is mostly provided by banks extending a line of business decision concerning finance is investment, or fund management. An investment is an acquisition of an asset in the hope that it will maintain or increase its value. In investment management -- in choosing a portfolio -- one has to decide what, how much and when to invest. To do this, a company must: * Identify relevant objectives and constraints: institution or individual goals, time horizon, risk aversion and tax considerations; * Identify the appropriate strategy: active v. passive -- hedging strategy * Measure the portfolio performanceFinancial management is duplicate with the financial function of the Accounting profession. However, financial accounting is more concerned with the reporting of historical financial information, while the financial decision is directed toward the future of the firm.[edit] Capital Main article Financial capitalCapital, in the financial sense, is the money which gives the business the power to buy goods to be used in the production of other goods or the offering of a service.[edit] Sources of capital * Long Term - usually above 7 years o Share Capital o Mortgage o Retained Profit o Venture Capital o Debenture o Sale & Leaseback o Project Finance * Medium Term - usually between 2 and 7 years o Term Loans o Leasing o Hire Purchase * Short Term - usually under 2 years o Bank Overdraft o Trade Credit o Deferred Expenses o Factoring[edit] Capital market * Long-term funds are bought and sold: o Shares o Debentures o Long-term loans, often with a mortgage bond as security o Reserve funds o Euro Bonds[edit] Money market * Financial institutions can use short-term savings to lend out in the form of short-term loans: o Credit on open account o Bank overdraft o Short-term loans o Bills of exchange o Factoring of debtors[edit] Borrowed capitalThis is capital which the business borrows from institutions or people, and includes debentures: * Redeemable debentures * Irredeemable debentures * Debentures to bearer * Hardcore debentures[edit] Own capitalThis is capital that owners of a business (shareholders and partners, for example) provide: * Preference shares/hybrid source of finance o Ordinary preference shares o Cumulative preference shares o Participating preference share * Ordinary shares * Bonus shares * Founders' shares[edit] Differences between shares and debentures * Shareholders are effectively owners; debenture-holders are creditors. * Shareholders may vote at AGMs and be elected as directors; debenture-holders may not vote at AGMs or be elected as directors. * Shareholders receive profit in the form of dividends; debenture-holders receive a fixed rate of interest. * If there is no profit, the shareholder does not receive a dividend; interest is paid to debenture-holders regardless of whether or not a profit has been made. * In case of dissolution of firms debenture holders are paid first as compared to shareholder.[edit] Fixed capitalThis is money which is used to purchase assets that will remain permanently in the business and help it to make a profit.[edit] Factors determining fixed capital requirements * Nature of business * Size of business * Stage of development * Capital invested by the owners * location of that area[edit] Working capitalThis is money which is used to buy stock, pay expenses and finance credit.[edit] Factors determining working capital requirements * Size of business * Stage of development * Time of production * Rate of stock turnover ratio * Buying and selling terms * Seasonal consumption * Seasonal production[edit] The desirability of budgeting[edit] Capital budgetThis concerns fixed asset requirements for the next five years and how these will be financed.[edit] Cash budgetWorking capital requirements of a business should be monitored at all times to ensure that there are sufficient funds available to meet short-term expenses.[edit] Management of current assets[edit] Credit policyCredit gives the customer the opportunity to buy goods and services, and pay for them at a later date.[edit] Advantages of credit trade * Usually results in more customers than cash trade. * Can charge more for goods to cover the risk of bad debt. * Gain goodwill and loyalty of customers. * People can buy goods and pay for them at a later date. * Farmers can buy seeds and implements, and pay for them only after the harvest. * Stimulates agricultural and industrial production and commerce. * Can be used as a promotional tool. * Increase the sales.[edit] Disadvantages of credit trade * Risk of bad debt. * High administration expenses. * People can buy more than they can afford. * More working capital needed. * Risk of Bankruptcy.[edit] Forms of credit * Suppliers credit: o Credit on ordinary open account o Instalment sales o Bills of exchange o Credit cards * Contractor's credit * Factoring of debtors[edit] Factors which influence credit conditions * Nature of the business's activities * Financial position * Product durability * Length of production process * Competition and competitors' credit conditions * Country's economic position * Conditions at financial institutions * Discount for early payment * Debtor's type of business and financial position[edit] Credit collection[edit] Overdue accounts * Cards arranged alphabetically in card index system * Attach a notice of overdue account to statement. * Send a letter asking for settlement of debt. * Send a second or third letter if first is ineffectual. * Threaten legal action.[edit] Effective credit control * Increases sales * Reduces bad debts * Increases profits * Builds customer loyalty[edit] Sources of information on creditworthiness * Business references * Bank references * Credit agencies * Chambers of commerce * Employers * Credit application forms[edit] Duties of the credit department * Legal action * Taking necessary steps to ensure settlement of account * Knowing the credit policy and procedures for credit control * Setting credit limits * Ensuring that statements of account are sent out * Ensuring that thorough checks are carried out on credit customers * Keeping records of all amounts owing * Ensuring that debts are settled promptly * Timely reporting to the upper level of management for better management.[edit] Stock[edit] Purpose of stock control * Ensures that enough stock is on hand to satisfy demand. * Protects and monitors theft. * Safeguards against having to stockpile. * Allows for control over selling and cost price.[edit] Stockpiling Main article: Cornering the marketThis refers to the purchase of stock at the right time, at the right price and in the right are several advantages to the stockpiling, the following are some of the examples: * Losses due to price fluctuations and stock loss kept to a minimum * Ensures that goods reach customers timeously; better service * Saves space and storage cost * Investment of working capital kept to minimum * No loss in production due to delaysThere are several disadvantages to the stockpiling, the following are some of the examples: * Obsolescence * Danger of fire and theft * Initial working capital investment is very large * Losses due to price fluctuation[edit] Influence of stock management on rate of return * Right price * Right quantity * Right quality * Right place * Right time * Right property[edit] Rate of stock turnoverThis refers to the number of times per year that the average level of stock is sold. It may be worked out by dividing the cost price of goods sold by the cost price of the average stock level.[edit] Determining optimum stock levels * Maximum stock level refers to the maximum stock level that may be maintained to ensure cost effectiveness. * Minimum stock level refers to the point below which the stock level may not go. * Standard order refers to the amount of stock generally ordered. * Order level refers to the stock level which calls for an order to be made.

财务管理(Financial Management)是在一定的整体目标下，关于资产的购置（投资），资本的融通（筹资）和经营中现金流量（营运资金），以及利润分配的管理。财务管理是企业管理的一个组成部分，它是根据财经法规制度，按照财务管理的原则，组织企业财务活动，处理财务关系的一项经济管理工作。简单的说，财务管理是组织企业财务活动，处理财务关系的一项经济管理工作。