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编译 | 未玖

Nature , 21 October 2021, VOL 598, ISSUE 7881

《自然》 2021年10月21日，第598卷，7881期

天文学 Astronomy

Carbon monoxide gas produced by a giant impact in the inner region of a young system

年轻星系内部发生巨大碰撞产生一氧化碳气体

作者：Tajana Schneiderman, Luca Matrà, Alan P. Jackson, Grant M. Kennedy, Quentin Kral, Sebastián Marino, et al.

链接：

摘要

类地行星形成的模型预测，行星组合的最后阶段（年轻的原行星盘扩散之后持续的数千万年间）主要发生行星碰撞。正是通过这些巨大的撞击，像年轻的地球这样的行星才能成长到最终质量，并实现长期稳定的轨道结构。

一个关键预测是这些撞击会产生碎片。到目前为止，关于撞击后碎片最令人信服的观测证据来自于附近2300万年前的A型恒星HD172555周围的行星系。该星系显示大量细尘，具有异常陡峭的粒度分布和非典型的尘埃组成，此前将其归因于超高速撞击或巨大的小行星带。

研究组报道了一个与HD172555周围的尘埃碎片共轨的一氧化碳气体环的光谱分辨率探测结果，气体环与HD172555相距大约6到9个天文单位，类似于太阳系的外类地行星区域。

综上所述，尘埃和一氧化碳的检测结果有助于理解大型、易挥发性天体之间的巨大碰撞。这表明行星级的碰撞类似于月球形成的碰撞，可释放大量的气体和碎片，并且这种气体是可观测的，为了解年轻行星的组成提供了一个窗口。

Abstract

Models of terrestrial planet formation predict that the final stages of planetary assembly—lasting tens of millions of years beyond the dispersal of young protoplanetary disks—are dominated by planetary collisions. It is through these giant impacts that planets like the young Earth grow to their final mass and achieve long-term stable orbital configurations. A key prediction is that these impacts produce debris. So far, the most compelling observational evidence for post-impact debris comes from the planetary system around the nearby 23-million-year-old A-type star HD 172555. This system shows large amounts of fine dust with an unusually steep size distribution and atypical dust composition, previously attributed to either a hypervelocity impact or a massive asteroid belt. Here we report the spectrally resolved detection of a carbon monoxide gas ring co-orbiting with dusty debris around HD 172555 between about six and nine astronomical units—a region analogous to the outer terrestrial planet region of our Solar System. Taken together, the dust and carbon monoxide detections favour a giant impact between large, volatile-rich bodies. This suggests that planetary-scale collisions, analogous to the Moon-forming impact, can release large amounts of gas as well as debris, and that this gas is observable, providing a window into the composition of young planets.

材料科学 Materials Science

Half- and quarter-metals in rhombohedral trilayer graphene

菱面体三层石墨烯中的半金属和四分之一金属

作者：Haoxin Zhou, Tian Xie, Areg Ghazaryan, Tobias Holder, James R. Ehrets, Eric M. Spanton, et al.

链接：

摘要

铁磁性在电子占据高度局域化d轨道的过渡金属化合物中最为常见。然而，在低密度二维电子系统中也可能出现铁磁有序。

研究组证明了菱面体三层石墨烯中的门调谐范霍夫奇点，驱动电子系统的自发铁磁极化转变为一种或多种自旋和谷型。

通过电容和输运测量，研究组观察到调谐至相位间载流子浓度和电位移场的一系列跃迁，其中量子振荡具有四重、二重或一重简并度，分别对应自旋和谷简并的“正常金属态”、自旋极化的“半金属态”以及自旋极化和谷极化的“四分之一金属态”。

对于电子掺杂，包含谷各向异性相互作用的唯象斯通纳模型很好地捕捉到了数据的显著特征。对于空穴填充，研究组观察到一个更丰富的相图，其特征是费米面拓扑中对称性破缺和跃迁的微妙相互作用。

最后，研究组通过旋转对齐的六方氮化硼衬底引入莫尔超晶格。值得注意的是，研究组发现同位旋序仅受到弱扰动，当迁移的半金属态或四分之一金属态填充半超晶格带或四分之一超晶格带时，莫尔势会催化拓扑非平凡间隙态的形成。

该结果表明，菱面体石墨烯是一个多体理论控制测试的理想平台，并揭示了莫尔材料的磁性本质上是迁移的。

Abstract

Ferromagnetism is most common in transition metal compounds where electrons occupy highly localized d orbitals. However, ferromagnetic order may also arise in low-density two-dimensional electron systems. Here we show that gate-tuned van Hove singularities in rhombohedral trilayer graphene drive spontaneous ferromagnetic polarization of the electron system into one or more spin and valley flavours. Using capacitance and transport measurements, we observe a cascade of transitions tuned to the density and electronic displacement field between phases in which quantum oscillations have fourfold, twofold or onefold degeneracy, associated with a spin- and valley-degenerate normal metal, spin-polarized ‘half-metal’, and spin- and valley-polarized ‘quarter-metal’, respectively. For electron doping, the salient features of the data are well captured by a phenomenological Stoner model that includes valley-anisotropic interactions. For hole filling, we observe a richer phase diagram featuring a delicate interplay of broken symmetries and transitions in the Fermi surface topology. Finally, we introduce a moiré superlattice using a rotationally aligned hexagonal boron nitride substrate. Remarkably, we find that the isospin order is only weakly perturbed, with the moiré potential catalysing the formation of topologically nontrivial gapped states whenever itinerant half- or quarter-metal states occur at half- or quarter-superlattice band filling. Our results show that rhombohedral graphene is an ideal platform for well-controlled tests of many-body theory, and reveal magnetism in moiré materials to be fundamentally itinerant in nature.

Superconductivity in rhombohedral trilayer graphene

菱面体三层石墨烯的超导性

作者：Haoxin Zhou, Tian Xie, Takashi Taniguchi, Kenji Watanabe & Andrea F. Young.

链接：

摘要

在一个干净的二维器件中通过电场效应获得超导性是纳米电子学的一个核心目标。最近，石墨烯莫尔异质结构已实现超导性；然而，其中许多结构在机械上并不稳定，实验显示出强无序特征。

研究组报道了在亚开尔文温度下表现为低电阻率或零电阻率的晶体菱面三层石墨烯（一种结构上亚稳态的碳同素异形体）的超导性。超导性发生在两个不同的门调谐区（SC1和SC2），且深度在由平均自由程和超导态相干长度之比定义的干净极限内。

量子振荡对常态费米面的映射显示，这两种超导体都来自环形费米海，并且接近同位旋对称性破缺转变，其中费米面简并度发生变化。SC1从顺磁正常态出现，而SC2则从自旋极化、谷简并的半金属态中出现，且违反了面内磁场的泡利极限至少一个数量级。

研究组讨论了该结果的各种机制，包括传统的声子介导配对，近同位旋序波动产生的配对，以及环形费米液体的固有不稳定性导致的配对。

研究组为干净且结构简单的二维金属中超导性的观察提供了一个模型系统，用于测试相互竞争的超导理论模型，而不会出现建模混乱的复杂情况，同时使基于相关电子现象和弹道电子输运的新型场效应控制电子器件成为可能。

Abstract

To access superconductivity via the electric field effect in a clean, two-dimensional device is a central goal of nanoelectronics. Recently, superconductivity has been realized in graphene moiré heterostructures; however, many of these structures are not mechanically stable, and experiments show signatures of strong disorder. Here we report the observation of superconductivity—manifesting as low or vanishing resistivity at sub-kelvin temperatures—in crystalline rhombohedral trilayer graphene, a structurally metastable carbon allotrope. Superconductivity occurs in two distinct gate-tuned regions (SC1 and SC2), and is deep in the clean limit defined by the ratio of mean free path and superconducting coherence length. Mapping of the normal state Fermi surfaces by quantum oscillations reveals that both superconductors emerge from an annular Fermi sea, and are proximal to an isospin-symmetry-breaking transition where the Fermi surface degeneracy changes. SC1 emerges from a paramagnetic normal state, whereas SC2 emerges from a spin-polarized, valley-unpolarized half-metal and violates the Pauli limit for in-plane magnetic fields by at least one order of magnitude. We discuss our results in view of several mechanisms, including conventional phonon-mediated pairing, pairing due to fluctuations of the proximal isospin order, and intrinsic instabilities of the annular Fermi liquid. Our observation of superconductivity in a clean and structurally simple two-dimensional metal provides a model system to test competing theoretical models of superconductivity without the complication of modelling disorder, while enabling new classes of field-effect controlled electronic devices based on correlated electron phenomena and ballistic electron transport.

Dexterous magnetic manipulation of conductive non-magnetic objects

导电非磁性物体的灵巧磁操控

作者：Lan N. Pham, Griffin F. Tabor, Ashkan Pourkand, Jacob L. B. Aman, Tucker Hermans & Jake J. Abbott.

链接：

摘要

对铁磁物体的灵巧磁操控已很好建立，根据物体的几何结构，可能有三到六个自由度。有些物体需要非接触式灵巧操作，它们不含有大量的铁磁性材料，但含有导电材料。

时变磁场在导电材料中产生涡流，涡流与磁场相互作用产生力和力矩。这种现象曾被用于诱导阻力，以减少物体通过静态场时的运动，或使用动态场在单个方向上对物体施加力，但尚未被用于对导电物体进行如铁磁物体那样的灵活操控。

研究组表明，通过使用多个旋转磁偶极子场可在六个自由度下操控导电物体。利用量纲分析，结合多物理场数值模拟和实验验证，研究组描述了在旋转磁偶极子场中导电球体上产生的力和力矩。利用该模型，研究组在仿真和物理实验中实现了灵活操控。

Abstract

Dexterous magnetic manipulation of ferromagnetic objects is well established, with three to six degrees of freedom possible depending on object geometry. There are objects for which non-contact dexterous manipulation is desirable that do not contain an appreciable amount of ferromagnetic material but do contain electrically conductive material. Time-varying magnetic fields generate eddy currents in conductive materials, with resulting forces and torques due to the interaction of the eddy currents with the magnetic field. This phenomenon has previously been used to induce drag to reduce the motion of objects as they pass through a static field, or to apply force on an object in a single direction using a dynamic field, but has not been used to perform the type of dexterous manipulation of conductive objects that has been demonstrated with ferromagnetic objects. Here we show that manipulation, with six degrees of freedom, of conductive objects is possible by using multiple rotating magnetic dipole fields. Using dimensional analysis, combined with multiphysics numerical simulations and experimental verification, we characterize the forces and torques generated on a conductive sphere in a rotating magnetic dipole field. With the resulting model, we perform dexterous manipulation in simulations and physical experiments.

地球科学 Earth Science

Pliocene decoupling of equatorial Pacific temperature and pH gradients

上新世赤道太平洋温度和pH梯度的解耦

作者：Madison G. Shankle, Natalie J. Burls, Alexey V. Fedorov, Matthew D. Thomas, Wei Liu, Donald E. Penman, et al.

链接：

摘要

赤道太平洋的海洋动力学驱动热带气候模式，影响全球海洋和陆地生态系统。该地区如何应对全球变暖对全球气候、经济稳定和生态系统 健康 具有深远影响。因此，许多研究调查了上新世（530-260万年前）和中新世晚期（约600万年前）期间的赤道太平洋动力学，作为该地区在全球变暖下未来行为的模拟。

这一时期的古海洋学记录提出了一个明显的悖论，即沿着赤道太平洋东西向的海面温度梯度降低表明风驱动的上升流减少，这与东太平洋生物生产力增强的证据相冲突，后者通常由更强的上升流引起。

研究组通过提供新的证据，证明上新世早期/中新世晚期与现代环流体制完全不同，导致更古老、更酸性和更富营养的水到达赤道太平洋，从而调和了这些观察结果。这些结果为上新世早期/中新世晚期东太平洋生产力的提高提供了一种新机制，即使在风力驱动上升流较弱的情况下也是如此。

该发现为赤道太平洋动力学提供了新的线索，并有助于限制它们在不久的将来可能发生的变化，因为预计下个世纪地球将达到上新世那样的变暖水平。

Abstract

Ocean dynamics in the equatorial Pacific drive tropical climate patterns that affect marine and terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. How this region will respond to global warming has profound implications for global climate, economic stability and ecosystem health. As a result, numerous studies have investigated equatorial Pacific dynamics during the Pliocene (– million years ago) and late Miocene (around 6 million years ago) as an analogue for the future behaviour of the region under global warming. Palaeoceanographic records from this time present an apparent paradox with proxy evidence of a reduced east–west sea surface temperature gradient along the equatorial Pacific—indicative of reduced wind-driven upwelling—conflicting with evidence of enhanced biological productivity in the east Pacific that typically results from stronger upwelling. Here we reconcile these observations by providing new evidence for a radically different-from-modern circulation regime in the early Pliocene/late Miocene that results in older, more acidic and more nutrient-rich water reaching the equatorial Pacific. These results provide a mechanism for enhanced productivity in the early Pliocene/late Miocene east Pacific even in the presence of weaker wind-driven upwelling. Our findings shed new light on equatorial Pacific dynamics and help to constrain the potential changes they will undergo in the near future, given that the Earth is expected to reach Pliocene-like levels of warming in the next century.

Direct radiative effects of airborne microplastics

空气中微塑料的直接辐射效应

作者：Laura E. Revell, Peter Kuma, Eric C. Le Ru, Walter R. C. Somerville & Sally Gaw

链接：

摘要

微塑料现在被认为是大气中广泛存在的污染物，由于其体积小、密度低，可以随风绕地球传播。大气气溶胶，如矿物粉尘和其他类型的空气悬浮颗粒物，通过吸收和散射辐射（直接辐射效应）影响地球气候，其影响通常用有效辐射强迫（ERF）度量进行量化。然而，空气中微塑料的辐射效应及其对全球气候的影响尚不清楚。

研究组计算了空气中微塑料的光学性质和直接辐射效应（不包括气溶胶-云相互作用）。假设平均表面浓度为1个微塑料颗粒/ m3 ，且垂直分布在10公里高空，则计算出当今大气中空气微塑料的ERF为 mW/ m2 。

然而，微塑料的地理和垂直分布存在很大的不确定性。假设它们局限于边界层，短波效应占主导地位，微塑料ERF约为 mW/ m2 。与气溶胶-辐射相互作用引起的总ERF相比（ 至 W/ m2 ），微塑料ERF很小。

然而，塑料产量在过去70年中迅速增长；如果不认真改革塑料生产和废物管理实践，空气中微塑料的丰度和ERF将继续增加。

Abstract

Microplastics are now recognized as widespread contaminants in the atmosphere, where, due to their small size and low density, they can be transported with winds around the Earth. Atmospheric aerosols, such as mineral dust and other types of airborne particulate matter, influence Earth’s climate by absorbing and scattering radiation (direct radiative effects) and their impacts are commonly quantified with the effective radiative forcing (ERF) metric. However, the radiative effects of airborne microplastics and associated implications for global climate are unknown. Here we present calculations of the optical properties and direct radiative effects of airborne microplastics (excluding aerosol–cloud interactions). The ERF of airborne microplastics is computed to be milliwatts per square metre in the present-day atmosphere assuming a uniform surface concentration of 1 microplastic particle per cubic metre and a vertical distribution up to 10 kilometres altitude. However, there are large uncertainties in the geographical and vertical distribution of microplastics. Assuming that they are confined to the boundary layer, shortwave effects dominate and the microplastic ERF is approximately milliwatts per square metre. Compared with the total ERF due to aerosol–radiation interactions ( to watts per square metre), the microplastic ERF is small. However, plastic production has increased rapidly over the past 70 years; without serious attempts to overhaul plastic production and waste-management practices, the abundance and ERF of airborne microplastics will continue to increase.

编译 | 未玖

Science , 04 JUNE 2021, VOL 372, ISSUE 6546

《科学》 2021年6月4日，第372卷，6546期

天文学 Astronomy

The first 5 years of gravitational-wave astrophysics

引力波天体物理学的最初5年

作者：Salvatore Vitale

链接：

摘要

引力波是由天体加速产生的时空涟漪；是广义相对论的直接推论，于2015年首次被直接观察到。

研究者回顾了引力波探测的前5年。目前已发现了50多个引力波事件，这些事件是由中子星和黑洞等致密物体的合并产生的。

这些信号使人们对致密物体及其前身星的形成有了深刻见解，使广义相对论的严格检验成为可能，并将物质的行为限制在比原子核更高的密度范围内。

发射引力波和电磁波的耦合波可用于探测短伽马射线爆的形成和重元素的核合成，并测量宇宙的局部膨胀率。

Abstract

Gravitational waves are ripples in spacetime generated by the acceleration of astrophysical objects; a direct consequence of general relativity, they were first directly observed in 2015. Here, I review the first 5 years of gravitational-wave detections. More than 50 gravitational-wave events have been found, emitted by pairs of merging compact objects such as neutron stars and black holes. These signals yield insights into the formation of compact objects and their progenitor stars, enable stringent tests of general relativity, and constrain the behavior of matter at densities higher than that of an atomic nucleus. Mergers that emit both gravitational and electromagnetic waves probe the formation of short gamma-ray bursts and the nucleosynthesis of heavy elements, and they measure the local expansion rate of the Universe.

Revealing x-ray and gamma ray temporal and spectral similarities in the GRB 190829A afterglow

GRB 190829A余辉中X射线和γ射线的时间和光谱相似性

作者：. Collaboration, H. Abdalla, F. Aharonian, F. Ait Benkhali, E. O. Angüner, C. Arcaro, et al.

链接：

摘要

伽马射线爆（GRBs）是银河系外源的γ射线明亮闪烁，之后余辉发射衰减，与恒星核坍塌事件有关。

研究组使用高能立体视野系统（.），在爆发后4至56小时内观测到GRB 190829A余辉中的超高能（VHE）γ射线。GRB 190829A的低亮度和红移降低了内部和外部吸收，使其本征能谱可测。

在 TeV的能量之间，该光谱由幂律描述，光子指数为 ，类似于X射线光谱。X射线和VHEγ射线光曲线也显示出类似的衰减曲线。

X射线和γ射线波段的这些相似特征挑战了GRB余辉发射场景。

Abstract

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), which are bright flashes of gamma rays from extragalactic sources followed by fading afterglow emission, are associated with stellar core collapse events. We report the detection of very-high-energy (VHE) gamma rays from the afterglow of GRB 190829A, between 4 and 56 hours after the trigger, using the High Energy Stereoscopic System (.). The low luminosity and redshift of GRB 190829A reduce both internal and external absorption, allowing determination of its intrinsic energy spectrum. Between energies of and tera–electron volts, this spectrum is described by a power law with photon index of , similar to the x-ray spectrum. The x-ray and VHE gamma-ray light curves also show similar decay profiles. These similar characteristics in the x-ray and gamma-ray bands challenge GRB afterglow emission scenarios.

材料科学 Materials Science

Tough hydrogels with rapid self-reinforcement

可快速自我强化的坚韧水凝胶

作者：Chang Liu, Naoya Morimoto, Lan Jiang, Sohei Kawahara, Takako Noritomi, Hideaki Yokoyama, et al.

链接：

摘要

大多数坚韧的水凝胶通过引入能够耗散输入能量的牺牲结构来增强。然而，由于牺牲损伤不能迅速恢复，这些凝胶的韧性在连续循环加载过程中大幅下降。

研究组提出了一种基于应变诱导结晶的水凝胶无损伤增强策略。对于聚乙二醇链高度取向并在大变形下相互暴露的滑动交联凝胶，结晶度形成并随着拉伸和收缩而软化，导致拉伸能几乎100%地快速恢复，以及 MJ/m2的优良韧性，这比聚乙二醇共价交联均质凝胶的韧性大一个数量级。

Abstract

Most tough hydrogels are reinforced by introducing sacrificial structures that can dissipate input energy. However, because the sacrificial damage cannot rapidly recover, the toughness of these gels drops substantially during consecutive cyclic loadings. We propose a damageless reinforcement strategy for hydrogels using strain-induced crystallization. For slide-ring gels in which polyethylene glycol chains are highly oriented and mutually exposed under large deformation, crystallinity forms and melts with elongation and retraction, resulting both in almost 100% rapid recovery of extension energy and excellent toughness of to 22 megajoules per square meter, which is one order of magnitude larger than the toughness of covalently cross-linked homogeneous gels of polyethylene glycol.

物理学 Physics

Establishing gold and platinum standards to 1 terapascal using shockless compression

用无冲击压缩法建立1太帕金和铂标准

作者：D. E. Fratanduono, M. Millot, D. G. Braun, S. J. Ali, A. Fernandez-Pañella, C. T. Seagle, et al.

链接：

摘要

新技术突破了1太帕以上高压物理学的前沿，导致了新发现，为凝聚态物质理论和先进数值方法提供了严格测试。然而，绝对确定压力状态的能力仍是一个挑战，需要良好校准的压密基准材料。

为了得到了金和铂的准绝对、高精度、压密状态方程，研究组在国家点火装置和Z机器上进行了无冲击动态压缩实验，并推导出两个实验约束的太帕条件下的压力标准。

建立极端压力的精确实验测定将有助于更好地将实验与理论联系起来，为提高人们理解这些极端条件下的物质反应而铺路。

Abstract

New techniques are advancing the frontier of high-pressure physics beyond 1 terapascal, leading to new discoveries and offering stringent tests for condensed-matter theory and advanced numerical methods. However, the ability to absolutely determine the pressure state remains challenging, and well-calibrated pressure-density reference materials are required. We conducted shockless dynamic compression experiments at the National Ignition Facility and the Z machine to obtain quasi-absolute, high-precision, pressure-density equation-of-state data for gold and platinum. We derived two experimentally constrained pressure standards to terapascal conditions. Establishing accurate experimental determinations of extreme pressure will facilitate better connections between experiments and theory, paving the way toward improving our understanding of material response to these extreme conditions.

化学 Chemistry

CO2 electrolysis to multicarbon products in strong acid

强酸中电解CO 2 生成多碳产物

作者：Jianan Erick Huang, Fengwang Li, Adnan Ozden, Armin Sedighian Rasouli, F. Pelayo García de Arquer, Shijie Liu, et al.

链接：

摘要

二氧化碳电还原（CO2R）作为一条将碳排放转化为有价值的化学品和燃料的颇有前景的途径，正被积极研究中。

然而，投入二氧化碳中有效还原的比例通常很低，对于多碳产品来说小于2%；在碱性和中性反应器中，其余部分与氢氧化物反应生成碳酸盐。

酸性电解质可以克服这一限制，但在这些条件下，析氢占主导地位。研究组报道称，在电化学活性位点附近浓缩钾离子会加速CO2活化，使酸中的CO2有效。

研究组在pH<1的铜上实现了CO2R，单次CO2利用率为77%，在电流密度为 A/cm2、全电池电压为 V时，对多碳产品（乙烯、乙醇和1-丙醇）的转化效率为50%。

Abstract

Carbon dioxide electroreduction (CO2R) is being actively studied as a promising route to convert carbon emissions to valuable chemicals and fuels. However, the fraction of input CO2 that is productively reduced has typically been very low, <2% for multicarbon products; the balance reacts with hydroxide to form carbonate in both alkaline and neutral reactors. Acidic electrolytes would overcome this limitation, but hydrogen evolution has hitherto dominated under those conditions. We report that concentrating potassium cations in the vicinity of electrochemically active sites accelerates CO2 activation to enable efficient CO2R in acid. We achieve CO2R on copper at pH <1 with a single-pass CO2 utilization of 77%, including a conversion efficiency of 50% toward multicarbon products (ethylene, ethanol, and 1-propanol) at a current density of amperes per square centimeter and a full-cell voltage of volts.

地球科学 Earth Science

Antarctic surface temperature and elevation during the Last Glacial Maximum

末次冰盛期南极地表温度和海拔

作者：Christo Buizert, T. J. Fudge, William H. G. Roberts, Eric J. Steig, Sam Sherriff-Tadano, Catherine Ritz, et al.

链接：

摘要

极地冰芯中的水稳定同位素是古气候重建中广泛使用的温度指标，但在东南极洲的校准仍具有挑战性。

研究组利用钻孔测温和七个冰芯的积雪特性，重建了南极末次冰盛期最大地表冷却的幅度和空间格局。

南极西部地区相对于前工业化时期降温约10 。南极东部地区降温4-7 ，这与包括冰芯空气含量数据所显示的地形变化影响在内的全球气候模型结果一致，但比用水稳定同位素校准的现代空间梯度所显示的要小。

冰川期南极逆温改变使该预测与水同位素观测相一致。

Abstract

Water-stable isotopes in polar ice cores are a widely used temperature proxy in paleoclimate reconstruction, yet calibration remains challenging in East Antarctica. Here, we reconstruct the magnitude and spatial pattern of Last Glacial Maximum surface cooling in Antarctica using borehole thermometry and firn properties in seven ice cores. West Antarctic sites cooled ~10 C relative to the preindustrial period. East Antarctic sites show a range from ~4 to ~7 C cooling, which is consistent with the results of global climate models when the effects of topographic changes indicated with ice core air-content data are included, but less than those indicated with the use of water-stable isotopes calibrated against modern spatial gradients. An altered Antarctic temperature inversion during the glacial reconciles our estimates with water-isotope observations.