汽车手动变速器论文文献

我也想要!!呵呵 帮忙发给我参考一下吧

Scott Perl, Albuquerque, . A: Auto racers have told us the main advantage in filling tires with nitrogen instead of ambient air is that nitrogen tends to maintain more consistent tire pressure over a wide range of temperatures. As friction between the tire and pavement drives up the temperature, air with varying amounts of moisture content responds differently and can cause inconsistencies in tire pressure. While racing drivers are more likely to notice the advantages of nitrogen than everyday drivers, we haven't heard of any disadvantages to using it. Skeptics question the practice, noting that ambient air is about 80% nitrogen and that it expands and contracts at the same rate as pure nitrogen. A number of readers say there's no appreciable difference in how the tires will react if filled with nitrogen, especially in everyday use. Q: Is it safe to use cruise control in rain or on wet pavement? -- Scott Brake, Westminster, Calif. A: Car makers often warn that cruise control should be used only in light traffic on open roads and in good weather. There have been reports of accidents involving cruise control when the car lost traction -- or hydroplaned -- in slippery conditions. Some car makers warn that the steady throttle of cruise control -- like keeping one's foot on the gas -- could cause the wheels to spin when they hit a wet or icy patch of road. Car-company representatives say the cruise- control warnings reflect the fact that drivers should be particularly vigilant when conditions are less than ideal, and cruising along on what amounts to partial autopilot tends to lull some drivers into a false sense of security. Q: If an automobile manual suggests a certain weight oil (such as, 5W-30), would adding a quart of a different weight oil (say, 10W-40) between complete oil changes damage the car's engine? -- Gil Ehrenkranz, Potomac, Md. A: Probably not. But today's engines generally are more precisely engineered than those of 20 or 30 years ago. Many of us at some point have topped off our cars with whatever oil happened to be available without causing damage -- at least not that we know of. Auto makers, however, say modern engines can be more sensitive to a change in oil weight, and using the wrong oil, even in small amounts, can hurt an engine's performance and even cause harm. Q: What is a sequential manual transmission? How does it differ from an automatic or a standard manual transmission? -- Harry J. Jaffe, Germantown, Tenn. A: A sequential manual transmission is a gearbox that requires gear changes to be made in order (first to second to third), instead of having a shift pattern with a lever that allows the driver to skip gears. Motorcycles have used such transmissions for decades and racing cars began using them years ago because they allow quicker shifts. Shifting is usually done through levers, buttons or switches. The sequential transmissions advertised today -- mainly in high- performance cars such as Ferraris, Aston Martins and some BMWs -- are technically manual transmissions, except that the clutch and the gear changes are controlled electronically. The advantage is that gear changes can be made more quickly and precisely than a human shifting the old-fashioned way. Traditionalists say the downside is that they simply aren't as much fun to drive and require less driver skill. 意思：斯科特Perl,阿布奎基,.答:汽车赛车已经告诉了我们的主要优势和氮气充填轮胎代替周围的空气是氮倾向于保持更一致的胎压在很大的温度范围内。作为之间的摩擦力的轮胎与路面驱动温度,空气和变化不定的含水量反应,会导致不一致的轮胎压力。虽然赛车驾驶员更容易注意到的优点优点长处的优势,我们比每天氮、磷、钾和还没有收到任何缺点,使用它。怀疑论者质疑的实践,指出空气是大约80%,氮、磷、钾和热胀冷缩速度一样纯氮。大量的读者表示没有欣赏不同的轮胎会如何回应如果充满了氮,尤其是在日常使用。问:它安全巡航控制在雨中或在潮湿的路面吗?斯科特制动、威斯敏斯特宫——。答:汽车制造商经常警告巡航控制应该只用在光路交通开放的好天气。据报道,事故的巡航控制时,车失去牵引力——或者hydroplaned——在滑的条件。一些汽车制造商发出警告,稳定的油门巡航控制——就像一脚的气体——可能导致车轮旋转时,他们打湿或冰的补丁的道路。Car-company代表说,克鲁斯-控制警告反映驾驶员应特别警惕时,条件是少于理想,独自徘徊在什么等于趋于平静一些局部自动驾驶产生了一种虚假的安全感。问:如果一个汽车手册显示有一定的重量油(例如,5W-30),将增加一夸脱的不同,10W-40油(重量)之间的完整的机油变化损害的汽车引擎?吉尔Ehrenkranz、波,——事宜。答:大概不会。但是今天的引擎通常是更精确的工程比20或30年前。我们中的很多人已经超过了我们的汽车和任何可用的石油发生不损坏,至少不是我们所知道的。汽车制造商,然而,现代的引擎,可以更敏感的改变时,油,使用错误的重量,即使在少量的油,能伤害一个引擎的性能,甚至造成伤害。问:什么是一个序列手操作的传动系统。它如何与一个自动或手动传输标准吗?Jaffe >,德国——哈利。答:一个序列机械式变速器齿轮箱,是需要改变是为了(第二次到第三个),而不是有一个工作模式与杆,让车手可以跳过齿轮。使用这种传输摩托车赛车的几十年就开始使用他们,因为他们允许更快年前。通常是通过转移杠杆,按钮或开关。今天的顺序传送——主要是在广告表现等车,阿斯顿·马丁和一些不佳,手动变速器宝马—技术,除了那个离合器和齿轮的变化是控制电子签名。好处是齿轮的变化,可以作出更快速、准确地比人类将传统的方式。传统说不利的是,他们根本不一样的乐趣来驱动,需要更少的司机的技能。还有一篇：Cars in AmericaCars are an important part of lifein the United States. The car made the UnitedStatesanationon helped to make the United States what it is are three main reasons why the car became so popular in the United States. First of all the country is a huge one and Americans like to move around in it. The cars provide the most comfortable and cheapest form of second reason that cars are popular is the fact that the United States never really developed an efficient and inexpensive form of public transportation. Long-distance trains have never been as common in the United States as they are in other parts of the world. Nowadays there is a good system of air service provided by planes. But it is too expensive to be used third reason is the most important one, though. The American spirit of independence is what really made cars popular. Americans don't like to wait for a bus, or a train or even a plane. They don't like to have to follow an exact the freedom a car gives them is what Americans want most to decrease of gas supplies has caused a big problem for Americans. But the answer will not be a bigger system of public transportation. The real solution will have to be a new kind of car, one that does not use so much PollutionEach year there is an increasing number of cars on the roads as millions of new cars are produced. One out of six Americans works at making cars, driving trucks, building roads or filling up gas. Americans couldn't live without cars!Most Americans would find it hard to imagine life without a car. However, some have realized the serious problem of air pollution caused by cars. The polluted air becomes poisonous and dangerous to way to get rid of the polluted air is to make a car without pollution. But to build a clean car is easier said than done. Progress in this field is way is to replace car engines with something else. Inventors are now working on steam cars as well as electric cars. Many makers believe that it will take years to develop a practical model for prevent the world from being polluted by cars, we have to make some changes in our lives. Americans, for example, have to cut down on the number of their total are encouraged to use bicycles, which are thought to help keep the air this change does not come easily. A large number of workers may find themselves without jobs if a car factory cioses down. Thus the problem of air pollution would become less important than that of unemployment. Although cars have led us to a better life, they have also brought us new problems.意思：美国的汽车汽车是美国生活的重要组成部分。汽车使得美国成为轮子上的国家，它也帮助美国成为现在的样子。汽车在美国如此盛行有三个主要原因。首先这个国家地域辽阔，而美国人喜欢在其间来回走动。汽车提供了最舒适最便宜的交通方式。汽车如此盛行的第二个原因是美国从未真正发展过有效廉价的公共交通这一事实。美国的长途火车从未像世界上其它地方那么普及。如今飞机提供了空中服务的良好体系。但是飞机太贵了，不能频繁使用。而第三个原因是最为重要的。美国人的独立精神是使得汽车盛行的真正原因。美国人不喜欢等公共汽车、火车甚至飞机。他们不喜欢必须遵循精确的时间表。汽车给予他们的自由正是美国人最想得到的。汽油供给的减少已经给美国人带来了巨大的问题。但答案不是发展更大型的公交体系。真正的解决方式必须是一种新型的汽车，那种不需要使用很多燃料的汽车。汽车污染上路的汽车数量逐年增长，同时，每年都会生产出几百万辆新车。在美国，每六个人中就有一个从事与汽车相关的工作：造车、开车、修路、加油等等。离开汽车，美国人无法生活!大部分美国人简直无法想象没有车的生活会是什么样子。但是一些人也已经意识到汽车造成的空气污染已成为严重的问题。被污染的空气具有毒性，并且危害健康。解决空气污染的方法之一就是制造无污染汽车。但是生产清洁汽车说来容易做来难。目前，这一领域的进展十分缓慢。另一个方法就是使用其他东西替代汽车发动机。发明家正在研制蒸汽汽车和电车。但是许多厂家认为我们可以使用的实用型汽车的诞生可能还需要几年时间。要想阻止全球化的汽车污染，我们需要对自己的生活方式做出适当的改变。例如，在美国，需要缩减汽车总量。鼓励人们使用有助空气清洁的自行车。但这种改变不能一蹴而就。一旦汽车工厂关闭，就会有大量工人失去工作。与失业相比，空气污染似乎就不再那么重要了。尽管汽车为我们带来了更加舒适的生活，同时，它也带来了新的问题。

广本雅阁发动机电控系统故障的诊断与检测的参考文献有哪些、高端豪车新车都面临抖动，高端车压缩比大，对燃油要求高，国内的燃油是特性，发动机厂家的技术是按照主流燃油颜值，对于乙醇燃油没有研究。其实不是发动机的问题，只要使用清洁剂清洁一次就可以，遇到这样情况不用着急，按照油箱大小加入1到2个司有普燃油添加剂，跑完一两箱燃油，D档位之前的抖动就好了。

3000-4000字？！我劝你还是先找到英文文献再来百度问翻译的事情吧，这不是一般的翻译量啊，一般的上班的或者在学校的学生哪有时间给你翻译啊？再说在百度上问到的免费翻译你觉得可信么？给你推荐一家专业的翻译公司吧，沈阳美东旭翻译公司，他们是来自美国的翻译公司，有15年翻译行业经验，拥有积累多年的术语库，并且如果你有需要的话，可以为你提供以英语为母语的专业外籍人士进行翻译和校对哦，希望能对你有帮助。

[编辑本段]图书信息书 名: 汽车市场营销作 者：王琪出版社： 机械工业出版社出版时间： 2009-2-1ISBN: 9787111258278开本： 16开定价: 元[编辑本段]内容简介本书从介绍汽车市场营销的基本概念和基础知识出发，紧密结合中国及世界汽车市场现状，全面系统地阐述了汽车营销基础、汽车市场营销环境分析、汽车企业市场营销管理、汽车市场调研与预测、汽车消费市场与消费者行为分析、汽车产品策略、汽车价格策略、汽车分销策略、汽车促销策略、汽车营销实务、二手车与汽车零配件营销业务以及国际汽车市场营销等汽车市场营销方面的内容。全书共分十二章，通过本书的学习，可以使学习者较为系统、全面地掌握汽车市场营销的基本理论和主要内容。本书在最后还附有精选的汽车营销案例以供学习者加深相关知识的运用和理解。本书既可以作为普通高等院校交通运输及汽车服务工程等相关专业的本科生的教材使用，也可供汽车市场营销从业人员参考阅读。[编辑本段]图书目录前言第一章 汽车营销基础第一节 汽车工业在国民经济中的地位与作用第二节 经营与销售第三节 汽车市场第四节 汽车市场营销第五节 营销因素与市场营销组合复习思考题第二章 汽车市场营销环境分析第一节 汽车市场营销环境概述第二节 汽车市场营销宏观环境分析第三节 汽车市场营销微观环境分析第四节 我国汽车市场的形成与发展第五节 人世对我国汽车市场营销环境的影响复习思考题第三章 汽车企业市场营销管理第一节 汽车企业战略规划第二节 汽车企业市场营销管理第三节 汽车市场营销计划复习思考题第四章 汽车市场调研与预测第一节 汽车市场营销信息系统第二节 汽车市场调研第三节 汽车市场预测复习思考题第五章 汽车消费市场与消费者行为分析第一节 汽车消费市场分析第二节 汽车消费者购买模式分析第三节 私人汽车消费者购买行为分析第四节 组织购车用户购买行为分析复习思考题第六章 汽车产品策略第一节 汽车产品及组合第二节 汽车产品的寿命周期及应用策略第三节 汽车品牌与商标策略复习思考题第七章 汽车价格策略第一节 汽车价格概述第二节 汽车产品定价方法第三节 汽车产品定价策略复习思考题第八章 汽车分销策略第一节 汽车销售渠道第二节 汽车分销渠道中的中间商第三节 汽车营销模式复习思考题第九章 汽车促销策略第一节 汽车促销与促销组合第二节 汽车人员促销第三节 汽车广告促销第四节 汽车公共关系促销第五节 汽车营业推广促销复习思考题第十章 汽车营销实务第一节 汽车营销及管理人员的基本要求第二节 4S店汽车营销模式第三节 汽车销售的基本法则和技巧复习思考题第十一章 二手车与汽车零配件营销业务第一节 二手车的鉴定与评估第二节 二手车营销业务第三节 汽车零配件营销复习思考题第十二章 国际汽车市场营销第一节 国际汽车市场的特点第二节 国际汽车市场营销环境分析第三节 国际汽车市场营销方式第四节 国际汽车市场营销策略复习思考题附录 汽车营销案例案例一：奇瑞促销——为汽车“黑马”插上腾飞的翅膀案例二：上海大众帕萨特的定价策略案例三：广州本田的汽车专卖店销售模式案例四：上海通用的客户关系管理（cRM）的实施案例五：北京现代的促销策略案例六：奔驰营销的成功之路案例七：汽车“定制式”营销模式案例八：别克汽车的中国成功之路案例九：卡玛斯汽车销售新渠道的推出案例十：丰田汽车进入美国汽车市场的营销策略参考文献参考资料：图书

1发动机排放技术的应用分析2微型车怠速不良原因与控制措施3柴油机电子控制系统的发展4我国汽车尾气排放控制现状与对策5发动机自动熄火的诊断分析