叠词的英译论文开题报告

*本文根据笔者的课堂笔记整理（fu zhi zhan tie）而成一、Texture of the Sentence Structure and Word 丨Texture质构（texture）是指句子的精细结构，位于句子整体结构的更下一层。2.词序(Word Order)客观世界的三维空间经过语言的记录和表达转变为了一维的线性结构，这就带来了句子质构的词序问题。英语的词序较之汉语来说相对更加灵活。例如，英语的状语放在句子开头、中间或结尾都可以；而在汉语中状语倾向于紧跟在被修饰成分的前面，时间状语以及地点状语常置于句子开头。 would have been difficult to find a happier child than I was as I lay in my crib at the close of that eventful day and lived over the joys it had brought me.在这个发生了许多事情的日子即将结束的时候，我躺在小床上，回顾一天的快乐，恐怕再也找不到比我更幸福的孩子了。 are several reasons why Kissinger no longer appears to be the magician the world press had made him out to be, an illusion which he failed to discourage because, as he would admit himself, he has a tendency toward megalomania.全世界的报界曾把基辛格渲染成魔术师般的人物，而他也没有能阻止报界的这一做法，因为正如他自己承认的，他有一种自大狂的倾向。但现在他不再给人这样的印象了，这里有几个原因。词序是英汉翻译最基本的问题，因为几乎所有的汉语表达都是不断地按时间顺序或逻辑顺序对英语源文本进行词序重组（re-arrange)汉语中方式副词一般置于动词前，而结果副词一般置于动词之后，且经常用短语或句子表达。 vainly protested against the new tax law.他们对新税法提出抗议，但没有作用。, to his delight, he was allowed to take a walk around the wood.有时，他被允许在小树林附近走走，对此他感到很高兴。 had spent 25 years working toward but never getting the position of a real 年里，他一直想争取当上一名真正的经理，但始终未能如愿。汉语词序较为固定的原因在于汉语较之英语缺乏词形上的变化，因而语态、时态、情态以及衔接都有赖于词序来表达。这在汉英翻译中也值得注意。.如果对手让你生气，那说明你还没有胜他的把握。It can be inferred that you lack confidence in a victory over your rivals from the fact that you're irritable against .人生短短几十年，不要给自己留下什么遗憾，想笑就笑，想哭就哭，该爱的时候就去爱，无需压抑自己。Be sure that you have never had any regrets in your life, which only lasts for a few decades. Laugh or cry as you like, lover when you should, and it is meaningless to oppress yourself.二、「分离状语/附属状语」、「叠词/词复」译法丨Disjunctive Modifier/Adjunctive was remarkably silent when the order girls all talked and ."What good do they do for the common people?" he reportedly asked.上述两例中的remarkably以及reportedly都很难归类到表方式的修饰成分中，一般将其归为分离式修饰成分（Disjunctive Modifier），与附属式修饰成分（Adjunctive Modifier）对应。2.分离状语译法一般来说，分离状语最好译为单独的短语或独立的从句，和句子中的其他成分区分开。而附属状语可以紧接被修饰成分。 is suggestively silent.他一声不吭，似有隐衷。 enforcement cannot responsibly stand aloof.司法部分如对此不闻不问，那就是失责， like port protection in America remain grossly underfunded, and US borders remain disturbingly porous.由于在进出港施行保护措施严重缺乏资金，美国的边境仍然漏洞百出，令人感到不安。 was visibly anxious.看得出来，他很紧张。 we feel faceless and unidentified, it is temptingly easy to do things we otherwise wouldn't.在没有人认识我们，也没有人知道我们的身份的时候，我们会情不自禁地想做一些本来不会做的事。 negotiations were marked all the way by haggling over face-saving details.整个谈判过程一直在为具体细节争论不休，其实只是为了要保住面子。3.叠词（Repetition Words)与词复（Word Repetition）概念叠词在汉语中十分常见，常用于动词，增强语言的动态感；也可以用于名词，表示复数。不同形式的叠词也会有不同的语义效果，对于AABB式叠词，如跌跌爬爬、蹦蹦跳跳，动作的时间更长，更加接近于状态的表达；而对于ABAB式叠词，如估计估计，议论议论，动作时间更短，动态感更加明显。为了译出汉语中叠词的修辞效果，汉英翻译也常常使用英语中的头韵(alliteration)，谐音(assonance)，尾韵(consonance)，半谐音(semi-assonance),押韵(rhyme)或重叠词(reduplicative words).年年岁岁花相似，岁岁年年人不同。Year after year the flowers look alike but people are changing all the .看看又有什么关系呢？What does it matter if I take a look?3.他闪闪烁烁，不作肯定答复。He hemmed and hawed, giving no definite .表演场地让赛车塞得满满的。Exhibition floors were chock-a-block with racing and sports cars.词复（Word Repetition）也可以用在英汉翻译中，增强译文的美感。 father watched him across the gulf of years and pathos which always must divide a father from his son.他父亲看着他跨过漫漫岁月和悠悠哀愁的鸿沟——那条必然会把父子隔开的鸿沟。三、连词(Conjunction)选讲:不只是“和”and是英语中最常用的连词（Conjunction,Copulative),用以连接单词、词组，从句甚至不同的整句。在语法意义上，and所连接的成分是并列的(parallel).基本用法是连接一系列动作，名词的并列以及列举。 mighty desert is burning for the love of a blade of grass, who shakes her head and laughs and flies away.无垠的沙漠热烈追求一叶绿草的爱，她摇了摇头笑着飞开了。2.战争与和平war and , B, C and D甲、乙、丙和丁实际上，and也可以用以连接非并列成分.and连接的成分并不等同，而是作为一个整体表义，或者是两个成分有隐含的从属关系 beam and scale 天平 and cream 浇了奶油的水果 and water 掺了水的牛奶 and saucer 带托碟的茶杯 face is milk and roses.她的脸色白里透红。 has been prime minister and foreign minister for ten years.他担任首相兼外交大臣已有十年。当and重复连接同一个词时，目的是为了突出差异而不是起强调作用 are friends and 1: 朋友多的是/我们的朋友遍天下（false)Version 2:朋友和朋友不一样，有真朋友，也有所谓的朋友(true) can find doctors and doctors.大夫和大夫可不大一样（意思是有些大夫比其他大夫更好）在口语中的用法 and/ nice and/fine and口语中good and/nice and/fine and用来代替very，而不是表示“……又好又……” was good and angry.他非常生气。 wish your eyes would always flash like that, for it looks so nice and manly.我希望你的眼睛老是那样的炯炯有神，这样看上去很有大丈夫气概。2.用and代替 will try and finish the task.我会设法完成任务。 stay and have supper,won't you?Version 1：请你留下来并且吃晚饭好吗 ？(false)Version 2：留下来吃过晚饭再走，好吗？(true)注：and 后面的请求（have supper）是前面的请求（Please stay）目的，同时在逻辑上是吃完晚饭再走，翻译时有必要用解包袱法译出and前后隐含的语义关系 的其他用法1.完成时and过去时(perfect+past)用and连接一个完成时和过去时常常隐含了指责的意思're been and bought such a pair of shoes.你怎么会去买这么一双难看的鞋?'s been and taken my dictionary?谁这么讨厌，竟然把我的字典拿走了！ who has gone and told him about it?谁这么缺德，竟然告诉了他？'ve gone and woken him. He's so tired out.你怎么搞的，竟然把他吵醒了。他可是累坏了。2.用于强调, we still have shortcomings, and very big ones too.但是我们还有缺点，而且是很大的缺点。 can express his ideas in English, and effectively.他能用英语表达他的想法，而且说得很清楚。 is not easy to carry such a heavy load, and during the dog days.拿这么重的东西本来就不是什么易事，况且是在三伏天。3.用在否定句中表部分否定and not 的否定意义只能修饰到and前后的其中一个成分 cannot go to Beijing and not see the Great Wall我若是到北京去，那就得去看长城。、 one can read it and not be moved.没有人读了它不受感动的。 couldn't see you, and not love you.见到你，我不可能不一见钟情。修饰成分的语义关系1.对比（此时and可视为语气较弱的but） if not forever, and failure is not total.成功不是永远的，而失败也不意味着一切都完了。 has wronged me, and I wish to do her justice.她冤枉了我，可我还是希望对她做到仁至义尽。2.引出结果 straight for a mile or so and you'll see a church at the left side.一直往前走大约一英里，你就会看到左边有一座教堂。 found sleep impossible and rose from bed.他睡不着，于是干脆起来了。 the fear of death, and you are put into possession of your life.征服了对死亡的恐惧，你才真正拥有生命。3.隐喻和象征(metaphors)这种情况下在and之后的成分往往是前者连带的象征含义，常见的译法是“犹如，像”，当然也有其他灵活的译法。 and bears often worry their keepers.伴君如伴虎。 and roses have thorns about them.真理和玫瑰一样都有刺。4.引出目的、原因、时间、同位语、让步成分、插入语等.(让步) Rich and poor,all must die.无论贫富，人总有一死。2.(时间)The earth rotates and it revolves.地球一边自转一边公转。3.（原因）Aluminum is used as the engineering material for planes and spaceships and it is both light and tough.因为铝质地轻，韧性强，所以常用作飞机和宇宙飞船的材料。4.（插入对话）—He was a miser.​ —And how!——他是个小气鬼。——可不！：不只是时间状语从句when作连词时常用在时间状语从句中，最基本的译法是“当……的时候”。实际上在翻译时常常把这种明显的时间标志略去，与此同时when的含义也远远不止死板的“当……时”。 we were having a class some stranger rushed in.我们上课的时候有个陌生人冲了进来。（when在此是介绍背景） were having a class when some stranger rushed in.我们正在上课，有个陌生人冲了进来。（when在此强调突然性） conflict began,when it soon appeared which was the stronger of the two.搏斗开始了，很快就决出了胜负（when表示随后，即时间上的顺承）的其他用法when也可以用在让步状语、条件状语从句中。 gain of lying is not to be trusted by anyone, nor to be believed when you speak the truth.如果说说谎有什么好处的话，那就是得不到任何人的信任，而且即使说了真话，也没有人相信了。 paid when she could have entered free.尽管她可以免费入场，但她还是买了票。（本句when的让步语义是配合情态动词的虚拟语气实现的） you have driven a Jaguar once, you won't want to drive another car.只要你开过一次捷豹，你就不想再开别的车了。四、定语（Attributive）选讲1.定语的信息压缩（information condensed in the attributive modifier)在英语中，"attributive+modified"的结构既可以承载较少的信息，也可以压缩大量的信息在定语中。在汉语中，前者也有对应的用法，而后者有时会存在表义的困难。 weather 暖和的天气warm clothes 寒衣 graphic account 生动的描述a graphyic writer 文笔生动的作家 increase of traffic deaths is a warning.交通（事故）造成的死亡人数 crowd shouted in ragged unison.人们此起彼伏地喊着。 spite of the investigative effort, gaps remain.尽管我们做了很多努力去调查，还是有几个环节连不上。由于英语中定语存在信息压缩的现象，翻译时给出适当的阐释(elaboration)，将压缩的信息释放出来是必要的。2.定语的转译根据定语与其修饰成分的语义关系，定语常可以灵活地转译为其他成分，最常见的是转译为状语。 apparent cause of his illness was excessive drinking.表面看来，他生病是由于喝酒过多。 wanted to find a lonely place to shed private tears.她想找个没人的地方，自己一个人哭一场。更具体的分类如下:1.作为原因 behaved with guilty caution and rather enjoyed stealing a march on Doctor Ed.他心中感到内疚，所以举止小心谨慎，但为能偷偷地抢在埃德大夫之前颇为得意。 is an accumulated pile of pebbles along the banks of the river.沿河两岸，鹅卵石积聚成堆。2.作为目的 is the speech he made at the appreciation banquet.这是他在答谢宴会上讲的话。 supervisor was probably pacing up and down with a dismissal speech rehearsed.他的上司大概在一边踱步，一边构思着用什么话解雇他。3.作为方式 Roosevelt listened with bright-eyed smiling attention, saying nothing, and applauding heartily with the rest.富兰克林·罗斯福目光炯炯，满脸笑容，聚精会神地听着；他没说什么，只是跟着大伙开心地鼓掌喝彩。 sideways, the closing-line of her lips formed the almost geometric precision, the perfect curve ever found in arts of design.从侧面看，她双唇紧闭的线条之间不露纹丝空隙，精确得几乎和几何学上的图形一样，这样完美的曲线只有在艺术设计中才能看得到。4.作为结果 leaped to his feet, moving with surprising agility.齐默尔曼纵身跳了起来，动作敏捷得让人感到吃惊。 don't like the sleepy warmth of that classroom.那间教室暖洋洋的，让人昏昏欲睡，有些人不喜欢。5.与修饰成分并列 lips and chin had a gentle firmness.她的嘴唇和下巴既柔和又坚决。 were sitting in the library in unfriendly silence.周围的人们对他们很不友好，都不做声。, in wretched suspence, could only say something indistinctly of his concern and observe her in compassionate silence.达西一时摸不着头脑，只得含含糊糊说了些安慰的话，默默无言地望着她，心里很是同情。3.定语修饰的颠倒现象英语和汉语修饰成分(modifer)和被修饰成分(modified)颠倒的情况十分常见。 budget 收支平衡 Washington 华盛顿官方 triangle 三角恋爱 updates 最新的技术 Chinese spaceflight 中国载人航天飞行 world is still engaged in a massive armaments race designed to insure continuing equivalent strength among potential adversaries.世界仍在进行大规模的军备竞赛，目的是为了潜在的对手之间继续保持力量的平衡。 moon through the rifted clouds looked down upon what had been the camp.月亮透过云间的缝隙，照在原先的营地上。4.汉英翻译中的定语处理英语中"attributive+modified"的结构十分常见，在汉英翻译时可以考虑将其他句式结构转译为定语+被修饰成分的结构，获得更地道的表达效果。.越来越多的人接受了这一想法。Version 1: More and more people begin to accept the 2: Ther