信息化管理论文1500字

计算机信息技术的管理摘要：大量的信息数据被储存到计算机中，如何建立一个稳健的信息系统是一个需要研究的话题。本文概述了信息系统以及通常的信息系统结构，还有信息的载体技术，网络与数据库，只有合理的利用这些技术，才能够挖掘出信息的价值。关键词：信息系统；数据；计算机1. 信息系统从技术上说就是为了支持决策和组织控制而收集（或获取）、处理、存储、分配信息的一组相互关联的组件。除了支持决策、协作和控制，信息系统也可用来帮助经理和工人分析解决问题，使复杂性可视化，以及创造新的产品，从商业角度看，一个信息系统是一个用于解决环境提出的挑战的，基于信息技术的组织管理方案。通常用“信息系统”这个词时，特指依赖于计算机技术的信息系统。2. 信息系统结构国际标准化组织ISO在1979年提出了用于开放系统体系结构的开放系统互连(Open SystemInterconnection, OSI)模型。这是一种定义连接异种计算机的标准体系结构。OSI参考模型有物理层、数据链路层、网络层、传输层、会话层、表示层和应用层七层，也称七层协议。 作业控制层次结构。主要为DPS(Data Processing System,数据处理系统)或称TPS(Transaction Processing System,交易处理系统)，负责收集各项可用于管理的数据，处里日常例行的交易数据，并产生报表以支持组织的作业控制活动，即MRS。此类系统基本上是一种孤岛式的功能性文件系统，通常在信息系统发展的早期进行自动化时产生，可用来代替人工处里繁复的结构化数据。而此层次结构的管理人员也可以应用DSS(Decision Support System, 决策支持系统)完成相关决策工作。 知识管理层次结构。主要是KWS(Knowledge Work System, 知识工作系统)与OS(Offi ceSystem, 办公室系统)，负责累积知识与协助运用知识以提高组织的竞争力。而此层次结构的管理人员也可以应用DSS完成相关决策工作。 管理控制层次结构。主要为MRS(Management Reporting System, 管理报告系统)，即狭义的MIS(Management Information System, 管理信息系统)，集成各个DPS所收集各项的数据，提供组织管理信息，反应部门现况，其内容通常是部门功能导向，用来解决各种结构性问题，可以产生综合摘要与例外报表以提供中阶管理人员使用，通常是一个大型的集成架构。而此层次结构的管理人员也可以应用DSS完成相关决策工作。 策略规划层次结构。主要为EIS(Executive Information System, 主管信息系统)或称ESS(Executive Support System, 主管支持系统)，提供组织状况，支持高层决策，是一种计算机化系统，支持、提供高级主管所需的决策信息，并支持主管规划、分析和沟通所需的能力，重点在于追踪、控制与沟通。又分成组之状况报道系统与人际沟通支持系统。而此层次结构的管理人员也可以应用DSS完成相关决策工作。 DSS是一种协助人类做决策的信息系统，协助用户规划与分析各种行动方案，常用试误的方法进行，通常是以交谈式的方法来解决半结构性或非结构性的问题，但其所强调的是支持而非代替人类进行决策。3. 计算机技术计算机的发展，在各行各业引发了信息革命，而这些都归功与计算机网络的发展与计算机数据处理的发展 网络。由于计算机网络的快速发展，使企业经营，科学研究与计算机集合的更加的紧密。计算机网络用通讯介质把分布在不同的地理位置的计算机、计算机系统和其他网络设备连接起来，以功能完善的网络软件实现信息互通和网络资源共享。这些功能有效的提升了企业经营的效率，与科学研究的速度。根据组织的结构，还有使用计算机的用途不同，在计算机的网络结构也有所不同，不同的用途，有不同的计算机网络拓扑结构，拓扑结构是网络的链路和节点在地理上所形成的几何结构，并用以表示网络的整体结构外貌，同时也反映各个模块之间的结构关系。根据通讯的方式不同计算机网络的拓扑结构可分为点对点传输结构和广播传输结构两大类，而根据通信距离不同可分为局域网和广域网两种。数据库技术在计算机中，信息是以数据的形式被存储的，而企业的商业活动，或者是业务也是以数据的形式被存储到计算机中。总之，信息系统的管理，就是数据的管理，对于海量数据来说，我们不能够用简单的文件去管理这些数据，因为用文件去管理，会存在性能瓶颈。应该有更新的技术去代替它，为此，数据库诞生了。数据库系统是对现实世界中的业务数据的存储，它有快速访问，整合业务数据的能力，由于数据库技术的发展，有些数据库 系统还支持数据挖掘功能。数据库的挖掘数据功能，能够预测未来的数据走向，起到一种数据预测的效果。要建立一个好的数据库系统，首先要建立实体联系模型(E-R模型)，它是对现实世界的一种抽象，它抽取了客观事物中人们所关心的信息，忽略了非本质的细节，并对这些信息进行了精确的描述，它属于数据库系统的逻辑设计，其次是做数据库系统的物理设计，最后是数据库系统的实施与维护

企业的信息化有三个层面的内容，第一个层面是数据的信息化，第二个层面是流程的信息化，第三个层面是决策的信息化。据不完全统计，我国企业中实现上网的只占所有企业的20-30％，全部实现CAD、OA、MIS系统的企业不足10％，作为企业电子商务最核心的ERP系统，目前已实现的企业仅占％。我国加入WTO，如何提高企业信息化水平，提高国际竞争力，成为各方关注的焦点。科技部徐冠华部长在全国科技工作会议上提出，“十五”期间科技部将拿出8亿元资金组织实施制造业信息化工程，并在去年对宝钢、一汽等19项大企业信息化项目安排国债贴息支持的基础上，继续把企业信息化建设作为国债贴息重点支持的专项，力争用5年时间在国家重点企业中基本实现信息化。长期以来，政府十分重视企业管理信息化工作，将此作为“以信息化带动工业化”战略中的重大举措，大力推动企业，尤其是国有大中企业，积极采用企业资源计划(ERP)、供应链管理(SCM)和客户关系管理(CRM)等先进信息化管理系统。为指导该项工作的健康发展，2001年我们在江苏省计划发展委员会的支持和参与下，对省内100多家大中型企业管理信息化的应用现状和今后打算进行了问卷调查，并对重点企业进行了深入地实地考察。现将存在的主要问题和建议的措施和途径作简要介绍。一、当前企业管理信息化存在的主要问题1．相当数量企业对实施先进信息化管理系统的重要性认识不足，实施此类系统的主动性不强，系统实施仍然处于自发状态，存在一定盲目性。2．企业改制和现代企业制度建设进程比较缓慢，企业的落后管理模式与信息化管理系统的先进管理理念相冲突，观念更新、企业业务流程重组和组织重组的任务非常繁重。3．企业信息化管理系统的软件市场较为混乱，市场制度建设滞后；软件价格高，对环境要求高，超出相当数量企业的经济承受能力和管理基础环境；软件商的服务与企业的要求有较大差距，在实施过程中，企业需要依赖于软件商提供更全面和完善的服务，但大多数软件商提供的服务仍然停留在“以我为主”的理念，缺乏实施信息化管理系统的专业咨询机构。这样，在系统实施过程中企业缺少可依赖和可靠的指导者、权益维护者和风险分担者，不利于系统的推广应用。此外，还缺乏软件开发人才和应用人才。调查中，有60％的企业认为缺乏相关技术人才和人才流失是制约系统应用的关键因素；软件开发人才的缺乏，同样制约了管理系统软件的“本土化”进程。5．政府对信息化管理系统应用的引导和支持不够系统、不够有力。存在多头管理的情况，计委、经贸委、科技管理部门等都分别有自己的鼓励和扶持政策，相互协调不够。二、推进企业管理信息化的措施和途径针对上述情况，为实现企业管理信息化的战略目标，应进一步明确推动先进信息化管理系统应用的最终目标是提高企业的竞争力，而政府的推动应侧重于营造有利于系统应用的行业和社会环境，这是设计政策措施的总体思路。政府推动企业管理信息化的措施和途径有以下三个方面：1．通过有效的政府行为，进行直接倡导和推动——政府举措(1)进一步明确推动企业管理信息化的战略意义，将推动系统应用纳入发展规划，并切实加以落实。(2)政府适当投入，建立并逐步完善支持系统应用的宣传、交流、研究的信息沟通系统。（3)努力培养积聚软件开发的相关人才。教育部最近在全国批准一批高校成立软件学院，就是这方面的重大举措。(4)积极鼓励、推动软件开发商、用户与学术界的联合或合作，研究和开发适合我国国情和具有竞争力的先进的管理系统软件产品。(5)建立并逐步完善支持先进管理系统应用的培训系统。为此，可以采用选拔、委托，授权中介机构或直接组织等形式，利用社会资源，并需要精心规划和设计。(6)建设系统应用的示范工程。注意对示范工程的跟踪评价并引入滚动机制，确保示范工程的示范性。(7)要有直接的政策激励(直接政策激励通常包括政府补贴、政府采购、税收优惠和贷款安排等)。这类激励政策可能在短期内产生较明显的效果，但亦可能产生负面效应，因此只能将其作为推动系统应用的辅助手段。此外，要采取措施确保有限资源的合理使用。2．通过行政影响软件供应商行为——供应商行为(1)建立和维护开放高效的行业环境，限制地方保护等形式的不公平竞争，在开业、融资，人才供给、信息获得、研究咨询等各个环节，通过社会、市场系统的不断完善，营造良好的投资环境。(2)研究和建立行业和行业行为规范。成立由政府部门、专家、软件商和用户代表组成的行业指导委员会，为规范行业行为、促进行业健康发展提供制度和组织保证。(3)加大扶持力度，鼓励有自主知识产权、“本土化”软件的开发。这类软件一经市场检验、受用户欢迎，政府可以考虑以信息提示、企业和品牌宣传、产品推荐、后续研发支持等形式予以扶持。(4)积极推进管理软件领域的国际合作。鼓励软件企业通过软件成熟度 (CMM)标准的国际认证，为国产软件进入国际市场奠定基础。(5)建立高水平的系统应用的咨询机构。要求专业咨询机构具有较好的跨学科的知识结构，除了能给予企业以正确的系统实施方法的指导外，还能根据不同企业的特点给予系统规划、流程重组、软件选型、风险控制、项目组织实施等全过程的帮助。政府还可以通过行业指导委员会等积极推进面向系统有效应用的咨询服务。3．通过政府影响管理系统用户的行为——用户行为(1)加快企业改制和现代企业制度建设步伐。先进软件系统在企业的有效应用直接要求企业在战略、组织、文化等深层面的变革与之相适应，重要的是要保证事业责任心强、注重学习、勇于和善于领导变革的领导者走上岗位，并使他们具备推动变革必要的权力和影响力。(2)积极推进企业管理现代化和提高管理系统建设水平。政府对企业，特别是国有企业在管理现代化方面的投入应给予充分肯定，除财务指标外，企业管理系统建设方面的进步亦应考虑作为其业绩考核的一个重要方面(3)充分认识和遵循先进信息化管理系统应用的规律。“一把手”要有高度的责任感和使命感，要积极试点推进企业首席信息执行官制度。 Enterprises there are three levels of information-based content, the first level of the data, the second level is the level of information flow, and the third level of decision-making information. According to incomplete statistics, China's enterprises to realize the Internet is only 20-30% of all enterprises, all of the realization of CAD, OA, MIS system, less than 10% of the enterprises as the core enterprise e-business ERP systems, business has been achieved only . China's accession to the WTO, how to improve the level of enterprise information to improve the international competitiveness has become the focus of attention. Ministry of Science and Technology in the National Conference on scientific and technological work, "15" during the Ministry of Science and Technology will come up with 800 million yuan of funds and organize the implementation of manufacturing information engineering, and Baoshan Iron and Steel in the last year, FAW 19 large enterprises, such as information technology projects arrangements to support the bonds based on the discount to continue to the construction of enterprise information as the focus of treasury bonds to support the special discount, and strive to 5 years at the national key enterprises of the basic information. A long time, the Government attaches great importance to the work of business management information, as "using information technology to stimulate industrialization" strategy a major initiative to promote the enterprises, especially state-owned large and medium-sized enterprises, active use of enterprise resource planning (ERP), supply chain management (SCM) and customer relationship management (CRM) and other advanced information management systems. As a guide the healthy development of the work, we are in 2001 in Jiangsu Province plans to develop the Committee's support and participation of the province more than 100 large and medium-sized enterprise management of information technology applications and future intention to conduct a survey of key enterprises conducted a thorough site investigation. The main problems and proposed measures and means for a brief introduction. First, the current information-based business management major problems 1. Considerable number of enterprises on the implementation of advanced information management system of sufficient understanding of the importance of the initiative to implement such a system is not strong, the system is still in the spontaneous state of implementation, there is a certain blindness. 2. Enterprises and the process of building a modern enterprise system is relatively slow, lagging behind the management of enterprise information management model and advanced management system, the concept of conflict, the concept of updated business process reengineering and organizational restructuring of the task is very heavy. 3. Enterprise information management systems software market is more chaotic, the market system lag; software prices high, the environmental requirements, in excess of a considerable number of economic enterprises and management of the foundation bearing capacity of the environment; software service providers and enterprises a wide gap between the requirements of , in the implementation process, companies need to rely on software to provide a more comprehensive and improve its services, but the majority of software vendors to provide the services remain in the "we" concept, the lack of implementation of information management system of professional advisory body . In this way, the implementation process in the system to rely on enterprises and lack of reliable guidance, and the rights of defenders and risk-sharing, the system is not conducive to the popularization and application. In addition, the lack of software development and application of human resources professionals. Survey, 60% of enterprises believe that the lack of relevant skills and brain drain is a key constraint system factors; the lack of software development talent, the same constraints of the management system software "localization" process. 5. Government's information management system not enough guidance and support system is not vigorous enough. The existence of multi-management, Planning Commission, Economic and Trade Commission, science and technology, management and so on, respectively, have their own policies to encourage and support each other not enough coordination. Second, to promote information-based enterprise management measures and means In response to these circumstances, to achieve the enterprise management of information technology strategic objectives, should be further advanced information management system the ultimate goal is to improve the competitiveness of enterprises and the Government should focus on promoting an environment conducive to the industry system and social environment, which is the design of policies and measures of general idea. Government to promote information-based enterprise management measures and means of the following three aspects: 1. Through effective governmental action, to engage in direct advocacy and promotion - government initiatives (1) further defined the promotion of enterprise management of the strategic significance of information, will promote the system into development planning and effective implementation. (2) the appropriate inputs, establish and gradually improve the support system of advocacy, communication, research the information communication system. (3) software development efforts to foster the accumulation of the relevant professionals. Ministry of Education recently approved a number of colleges and universities in the establishment of the National Software Institute is a major initiative in this regard. (4) to actively encourage and promote software developers, users and academia joint or co-operation, research and development for China's national conditions and the competitiveness of advanced management system software products. (5) establish and gradually improve the system to support the application of advanced management training system. To this end, the selection can be used to commission, authorized intermediaries or direct form of organization, use of social resources and the need for careful planning and design. (6) the construction of the demonstration project application. Attention to the follow-up evaluation of demonstration projects and the introduction of a rolling mechanism to ensure that the model demonstration project. (7) have a direct policy incentives (direct policy incentives typically include government subsidies, government procurement, tax incentives and loan arrangements, etc.). This type of incentive policies in the short term may have more pronounced effect, but may also have a negative effect, it can only promote the system as a means of supporting applications. In addition, it is necessary to take measures to ensure the rational use of limited resources. 2. Through administrative acts of the impact of software vendor - supplier behavior (1) the establishment and maintenance of an open and efficient trade environment, restrictions on the form of local protection of unfair competition in business, finance, personnel supply, information access, research all aspects of consultation, through the community, improve the market system, to create a good investment environment. (2) research and the establishment of trade and industry codes of conduct. Set up by government departments, experts, software vendors and users of the industry representatives of the Steering Committee, to regulate the industry and promote the healthy development of the industry to provide an institutional and organizational guarantees. (3) to increase support and encourage their own intellectual property rights, "native" software. Once this type of software testing market by users, the Government may consider information tips, business and brand awareness, product recommendation, follow-up to support the form of R & D support. (4) actively promote the management of international cooperation in the field of software. Software companies to encourage the adoption of software maturity (CMM) standards for international certification for the domestic software to lay the foundation to enter the international market. (5) the establishment of high-level advisory body system. Requirements of the professional advisory body to have good inter-disciplinary knowledge structure, in addition to enterprises can be given the correct implementation of the guidance system, but also the characteristics of different enterprises in accordance with systematic planning, process reengineering, software selection, risk control, project and so the whole process of organization and implementation assistance. Government through the Steering Committee and other industry-oriented system to actively promote the effective application of the advisory services. 3. The impact of management systems through the user's behavior - user behavior (1) to accelerate enterprise restructuring and the pace of modern enterprise system. Advanced software systems in the enterprise demands the effective application of the direct business strategies, organizational, cultural, and other deep-level corresponding changes, it is important to ensure that the cause of a strong sense of responsibility, learning, courage and leadership changes at the leadership path positions, and they have the necessary power to drive change and influence. (2) actively promote the modernization of enterprise management system and improve the level of management. Government enterprises, especially state-owned enterprises in the management of the modernization of the input should be fully affirmed, with the exception of financial indicators, the enterprise management system should also consider the progress of its performance as an important aspect of (3) fully understand and follow the advanced information management system for the application of the law. "Top leaders" have a high sense of responsibility and mission, the pilot must actively promote the system of corporate Chief Information Officer.