商务英语毕业论文翻译文本

在横跨看上去缩小着的地球的机构之间，相当瞬间接触的时代，为什么人们应当考虑文化的差距？简言之，是因为文化实质上影响找人类的全部行为[文献5，6]。例如，文化曾一直被定义为“头脑的软件”[7]。豪夫斯泰德在文化方面的广泛的研究[文献8]，曾有助于把文化类型的一个最通俗的理论进行了概念化。这可以从1980 年以来，在社会科学引证中报告的文化的重要性的1000多例证来证实。他对文化的研究方法，初步确认了四个根本价值的尺度：（1）个人主义与集体主义；（2）大和小权力的距离感；（3）强势和弱势无常的位置变换；以及（4）男女性别差异（以后再加上，第五个尺度：长期和短期走向）

在一个相对地即时的连络时代中在横过的组织那表面上地收缩地球, 为什么一应该全然考虑文化的距离吗? 只是因为文化情绪事实上所有人类行为 [5,6]. 为例子, 文化有是定义当做 ''软件那思想''[7]. 在文化方面的 Hofstede 的 [8] 广泛的研究有帮助使有概念最流行的理论之一文化的类型, 当做证据被井超过 1000个引证从文化的结果在社会科学中报告自从 1980 以后的引证. 他的方法到文化最初 iden-tified 四在下面的价值尺寸: (1) 个人主义对集体主义 ,(2) 大的对小力量距离, (3)强壮的对弱不确定避免, 和 (4) 男子气对妇女特质 (第五个尺寸, 长的- 对短期的定方位是附加的更迟).

通信频率的评估是指在4个星期内需要出口部经理们指示外国供应商的通信的频率,他们提供与外国供应商通过电话,传真,电子邮件,写信的频率的信息.一个从"很不频繁"到"很频繁"的五等级的测量(标准)被用来测量外国供应商对应的联系频率的意识.也是用这个测量系统得出来的调查数据同样提供了他们与外国供应商通过电话,传真,电子邮件,写信的频率的信息.文化差异是通过Hall’s HC vs. LC 文化分级来评估.调查者被要求指出外国供应商的原藉,然后跟据Hall's分类,把这些人分成LC和HC(见图表1).因为美国是LC文化,当它的出口商与来自另外的一个LC文化的外国供应商进行贸易时,他们能在微小的文化差异下进行,另一方面当他们与来处HC文化的供应商贸易时,他们会有很大的文化差异.希望能帮到你.

在一个似乎在不断变小的世界里，全球的公司之间都在建立相对来说即时接触的时代里，为什么会有人还要考虑文化距离呢？无非就是因为文化实际上会影响人类行为的所有方面。例如，文化曾被解释为“大脑的软件”。Hofstede对文化的深入研究有助于将最受欢迎的文化类型理论概念化，《社会科学语录》中的“文化后果”专栏中的证据显示，他的理论自1980年以来已被引用过一千多次。他对文化的研究方式最初做了四种价值划分：(1) 个人主义与集体主义；(2)权力大小之间差距；(3) 强弱非确定因素的避免；(4) 男女（第五个层面，后来又增加了长短期倾向）。大意是这样吧，不一定准确，仅供参考

时代的相对瞬时之间的联系各组织似乎缩小全球，为什么如果我们认为文化的距离呢？原因很简单文化的影响几乎所有的人类行为[ 5,6 ] 。为了例如，文化被定义为''的软件牢记'' [ 7 ] 。霍夫斯泰德的[ 8 ]广泛的研究文化帮助概念化的一个最流行的理论文化类型，证明以及1000多个引用从文化后果在社会科学引文自1980年以来。他的做法，以文化最初iDEN的通行四个基本价值方面： （ 1 ）个人主义对集体主义， （ 2 ）大与小功率的距离， （ 3 ） 强与弱不确定性回避， （ 4 ）男性与女性（五分之一层面，长期与短期方向是增加更新） 。==============================================================================================================================害我搞半天

自己翻译的，望采纳！Implication and euphemismThe meaning may be correctly conveyed in business negotiations; however, it sometimes can hardly be accepted by the corresponding side, and no good results can be achieved. The pragmatic strategy of implied euphemism places an emphasis on “the implied meaning beyond words”, conveying the connotation. For example, I agree with most of what you said. It implies that there is something in what you said that I cannot agree with. It is kind of euphemistic disagreement strategy. Another example is by saying you should have put forward this move much earlier. It implies some criticism that you should not change the program so late. This strategy can be adopted in business negotiations under some situation. Encountering something confidential or tacit or facing purposefully unfriendly behaviors or in an embarrassing situation that unfit for explicit statement, we can succeed in keeping both sides from losing faces, avoiding direct conflict and creating friendly atmosphere by handling it with implied application of ambiguous pragmatic strategy provides language with much flexibility. It can dim the output information, avoiding being excessively definite to make the negotiation plunger into a deadlock and leaving enough space for conciliation, and leaving the negotiators with much freedom. The ambiguous pragmatic strategy can also convey sufficient information with comparatively less cost, and makes efficient judgment and management about complicated matters. For example, if the corresponding side said “our business policy is very clear, and our enterprise credit is also known to all.” The negotiator should not make direct disapproval in order to fall into a disadvantageous position and avoid getting into trouble with him. The ambiguous pragmatic strategy can also acts as a renderer, defeating the other side from mentality. In addition, we can adopt the frequently-used if-clause active strategy to elicit the other side’s intentions. For example, to be frank with you, if it weren’t for our good relations, we wouldn’t consider making you affirm offer at this price. There are a lot of obscure words and phrases for us to choose in business negotiations. They are if, perhaps, probably, maybe, seem, as if, as far as I can tell, I’m afraid, It is said that, sort of, to some extent, etc. These ambiguous phrases can help negotiators to handle embarrassing negotiations, and help negotiations proceed smoothly. The observation of the politeness principle and the application of the pragmatic function of ambiguous languages can not only deliver the “conversational implicature” clearly but also avoid arbitrariness to the greatest extent. Sometimes it can convey the conversational impliacature of refuse without hurting the other’s feeling by using explicit refuse, and finally show one’s own intention, making one’s utterance more appropriate and elegant.