it is too long and taks too time
工程管理\x0d\x0aengineering management\x0d\x0a工程管理\x0d\x0a词典\x0d\x0a[化] engineering management; schedule control\x0d\x0a例句:\x0d\x0a优秀的工程管理和设计能力，负责监督工程设计和质量。\x0d\x0aHe has outstanding ability of engineering management and design and isresponsible for supervising engineering design and quality.
问题一：工程管理 用英语怎么说 工程管理 engineering management 工程管理 词典 [化] engineering management; schedule control 例句: 优秀的工程管理和设计能力，负责监督工程设计和质量。 He has outstanding ability of engineering management and design and isresponsible for supervising engineering design and quality. 问题二：工程管理用英语怎么说 project management 问题三：工程管理用英文怎么说？ Project Management for sure. 问题四：工程管理专业这个用语如何用英语翻译 工程管理： E梗gineering Management 是请问不是项目管理，或者工业工程啊，我上大学的时候没听说过工程管理啊。 Project Management.项目管理 Industry Engineering.工业工程。 问题五：工程管理英语翻译 1. 本文是以传统项目的‘设计-投标-建设’模式为背景撰写的。 2.在主要设计的重大事件中，如果矛盾得以协调并及时知会各方，那这是可行的。 3.需要核对预算与工程范围是否一致，以使工程重回正轨；或者，如果额外资金能够得到批准的话，向业主证明这些额外费用是合理的。 个人观点，仅供参考。 问题六：工程部用英语怎么说 Engineering Department 或者 Engineer骸ng Division 问题七：工程管理实用英语翻译 你在等我的那些属于你的岛屿航行。 安东尼得胜 颤动。一条精美的线。错综复杂。 富有感染力的幸福的话 难道你没看见我正在做梦吗？ 总你的从长柄刷上吹掉灰尘 问题八：管理工程的英文翻译是什么 Management engineering 问题九：施工管理或施工管理员的英语怎么说 施工管理 Construction supervision/management 施工管理员 Construction supervisor 问题十：工程管理学硕士用英语怎么说 工程管理学硕士 Master of Engineering Management 简称MEM
“项目”的英文：project
一、读音：英 ['prɒdʒekt] 美 ['prɑːdʒekt]
二、意思是：n. 计划；工程；项目；课题；专题研究；住房工程
三、词汇搭配：
动词+～
abandon〔give up, throw up〕 one's project 放弃计划
carry out〔draw up〕 a project 实行〔制订〕计划
conceive a project 草拟方案
finance〔initiate, undertake〕 a project 资助〔提出,制订〕计划
colossal〔feasible〕 project 宏大〔可行〕的计划
housing project 建房计划
扩展资料
词汇用法：
1、project用作名词是“计划”的意思,转化为动词则作“规划”解,用作及物动词,接名词或代词作宾语,可用于被动结构。
2、project作“伸出,突出”解时,可用作不及物动词,常与from连用; 也可用作及物动词,接名词或代词作宾语。
3、project还可作“投射”解,用作及物动词,接名词或代词作宾语。宾语后常接介词into, onto,意为“将…投影于…上”。引申可作“设想自己处身于”“将某事归罪于某人”解。
《与国际接轨的全过程工程造价控制》The entire process of international integration of project cost control 《浅谈建筑施工企业项目成本管理》 On the construction enterprise project cost management"
不光是题目吧，还要翻译摘要捏
1、Town land managementWith the development of urbanization construction in China, a large amount of land use management problem also will rise, and this will hinder the further development of urbanization. Make development plan, is well the premise condition of urban construction and basic work2、Town construction engineering quality managementConstruction engineering quality is engineering construction investment of the three major goals, quality fit and unfit quality, in relation to the lives and property of the people safe. Building engineering is a special kind of products, it can not like other industrial products that removed maintenance. Therefore, the construction engineering quality process control is very important.3、Regional development strategy researchStrategic management theory with the time continuous development and development. This article from the strategic management history evolution new trend, strategic management tools to the new development of the two aspects of the strategic management development new trend, hope for strategic management theory and practice plays a promoting role4、Regional economic characteristic analysisOur country is a vast, the development of a large population and areas around the great powers in the physical, economic, and social conditions, regional development no significant difference in China is to balance the basic national conditions.
可以找清北医学翻译，这家收费不贵，价格也合适。
问题一：毕业论文外文翻译是什么意思？有什么要求？ 外文翻译要求：（1）选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。（2）选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。（3）外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文互章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。 问题二：请问一下本科毕业论文里面的翻译是什么东东？ 你好的！ 那篇翻译是国外人写的论文之类的！ 你仅仅需要找到一份相关的英文原文进行翻译即可！ 找的原文不是类似的！ 而是，只要相关就成！ ==================论文写作方法=========================== 论文网上没有免费的，与其花人民币，还不如自己写，万一碰到人的，就不上算了。 写作论文的简单方法，首先大概确定自己的选题，然后在网上查找几份类似的文章，通读一遍，对这方面的内容有个大概的了解！ 参照论文的格式，列出提纲，补充内容，实在不会，把这几份论文综合一下，从每篇论文上复制一部分，组成一篇新的文章！ 然后把按自己的语叮把每一部分换下句式或词，经过换词不换意的办法处理后,网上就查不到了,祝你顺利完成论文! 问题三：毕业论文 译文 是什么意思 一般论文只需把摘要和题目翻译成英文即可，如果说译文的话，或许是要全文翻译的英文场照。你直接问下老师就好了 问题四：论文是什么意思 编辑本段简介 学术论文就是用来进行科学研究和描述科研成果的文章，简称为论文。它既是探讨问题进行科学研究的一种手段，又是描述科研成果进行学术交流的一种工具。它包括学年论文、毕业论文、学位论文、科技论文、成果论文等，总称为学术论文。 编辑本段论文格式 1、论文格式的论文题目：（下附署名）要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。 2、论文格式的目录 目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录） 3、论文格式的内容提要： 是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。 4、论文格式的关键词或主题词 关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作计算机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。 主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题分析，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。（参见《汉语主题词表》和《世界汉语主题词表》）。 5、论文格式的论文正文： （1）引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。 〈2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容： a.提出问题-论点； b.分析问题-论据和论证； c.解决问题-论证方法与步骤； d.结论。 6、论文格式的参考文献 一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在研究和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。 中文：标题--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期） 英文：作者--标题--出版物信息 所列参考文献的要求是： （1）所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。 （2）所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息 问题五：毕业论文说有雷同是什么意思 论文雷同是指有些段落和已经发表的重复，就是说你有些段落，是抄的，要改成自己的话，保持学术独创性。 第一步：初稿一般重复率会比较高(除非你是自己一字一句写的大神)，可以采用万方、papertest去检测，然后逐句修改。这个系统是逐句检测的，也就是说你抄的任何一句话都会被检测出来。这种检测算法比较严格，从程序的角度分析这种算法比较简单。因而网上卖的都很便宜，我测的是3万字，感觉还是物美价廉的。(注意：1 这个库不包含你上一届研究生师兄的大论文，修改一定注意. 2 个人建议如果学校是用万方检测，就不要去检测维普之类的 先把论文电子版复制一份，保存一份。看检测结果，其中一份复制的备份论文，把检测出重复的部分能删了先删了，把不能删的，15字以内改一改，最好是加减字符，不要改顺序，改顺序没太大用，参考文献删掉一部分，不能删的话，先改下，英文文献可以15个字符换一个词。把修改过的上交，重新过系统检查。保存的原论文稍做改动上交纸质版。那个系统很麻烦的，很多没看过没应用过的文献都能给你加上，可见中国人抄袭的功夫，都是互相抄，但是为了保证论文的完整性和表述的准确性，不要随意改动，上交的纸质版，一定要斟酌，一般检查完就不会再过检测系统了，所以纸质版的不用担心。 第二步：经过修改后，重复率大幅下降了。这时你可以用知网查了，知网查重系统是逐段检测的，比较智能。检测后再做局部修改就基本上大功告成了，我最后在网上用知网查是4%，简单修改后，在学校查是1.5%。 注意：记住，最忌讳的是为了查重，把论文语句改得语句不通、毫无逻辑，这样是逃不过老师的，哈哈，大家加油！ 关于知网相关抽查规定： 有规定的，可以进行第一次修改，修改之后通过就可以答辩，如果第二次不通过就算结业，在之后4个月内还要交论文或者设计的。这个是在抄袭30%的基础上的。 如果抄袭50%以上的话，直接结业 在之后4个月内还要交论文或者设计的。1．被认定为抄袭的本科毕业设计（论文），包括与他人已有论文、著作重复总字数比例在30%至50%（含50%）之间的，需经本人修改。修改后经过再次检测合格后，方可参加学院答辩。再次检测后仍不合格的，按结业处理。须在3 个月后提交改写完成的毕业设计（论文），检测合格后再参加答辩。2．被认定为抄袭的本科毕业设计（论文），且与他人已有论文、著作重复总字数比例超过50%的，直接按结业处理。须在4 个月后提交改写的毕业设计（论文），检测合格后再参加答辩。 知网系统计算标准详细说明： 1．看了一下这个系统的介绍，有个疑问，这套系统对于文字复制鉴别还是不错的，但对于其他方面的内容呢，比如数据，图表，能检出来吗？检不出来的话不还是没什么用吗？ 学术不端的各种行为中，文字复制是最为普遍和严重的，目前本检测系统对文字复制的检测已经达到相当高的水平，对于图表、公式、数据的抄袭和篡改等行为的检测，目前正在研发当中，且取得了比较大的进展，欢迎各位继续关注本检测系统的进展并多提批评性及建设性意见和建议。 2．按照这个系统39%以下的都是显示黄色,那么是否意味着在可容忍的限度内呢?最近看到对上海大学某教师的国家社科基金课题被撤消的消息,原因是其发表的两篇论文有抄袭行为,分别占到25%和30%. 请明示超过多少算是警戒线？ 百分比只是描述检测文献中重合文字所占的比例大小程度，并不是指该文献的抄袭严重程度。只能这么说，百分比越大，重合字数越多，存在抄袭的可能性越大。是否属于抄袭及抄袭的严重程度需由专家审查后决定。 3．如何防止学位论文学术不端行为检测......>> 问题六：毕业论文一二三稿指的是什么意思 实在抓不准的话，去找国涛期刊 通过撰写毕业论文，提高写作水平是干部队伍“四化”建设的需要。党中央要求，为了适应现代化建设的需要，领导班子成员应当逐步实现“革命化、年轻化、知识化、专业化”。这个“四化”的要求，也包含了对干部写作能力和写作水平的要求。 提高大学生的写作水平是社会主义物质文明和精神文明建设的需要。 问题七：毕业论文的abstrac是什么意思 abstract 摘要的意思。 论文要有中文摘要，也要有英文摘要（abstract） 问题八：毕业论文是什么意思？英文文献翻译，急需 毕业论文Graduation thesis 问题九：毕业论文中的外文翻译可以在什么网站找到？非常感谢！ 学校的数据库，中国知网应该都有，根据专业也可以选择国外比较有名的数据库，推荐几个我用过的吧 ABI，ACM，ASTP，American Chemical Society ，Blackwell Science-Blackwell synergy EBSCO综合类，强烈推荐，Engineering Index 工科是离不开EI的，IEEE 电子类必备，HighWire Press，ISI学术权威 ，National Technical Information Service 个人比较喜欢的，推荐 问题十：毕业论文外文翻译是什么意思？有什么要求？ 外文翻译要求：（1）选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。（2）选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。（3）外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文互章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
毕业论文外文翻译是在网上找到一篇与你论文主旨相关的英文文章，然后自己翻译过来，篇幅必须长一点，因为一般毕业设计都要有字数限制。
本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译基本规范：
一、要求
1、与毕业论文分开单独成文。
2、两篇文献。
二、基本格式
1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主（Journals from English speaking countries）。
2、毕业论文翻译是相对独立的，其中应该包括题目、作者（可以不翻译）、译文的出处（杂志的名称）（5号宋体、写在文稿左上角）、关键词、摘要、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。
3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式要求完全一致。
4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去，但在文献翻译的末页标注：图表、致谢及参考文献已略去(见原文)。（空一行，字体同正文）
5、原文中出现的专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可不翻译，并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。
三、毕业论文（设计）外文翻译的内容要求
外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关，外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。译文末尾要用外文注明外文原文出处。
原文出处：期刊类文献书写方法：[序号]作者（不超过3人，多者用等或et al表示）.题（篇）名[J].刊名（版本）,出版年，卷次（期次）：起止页次。
原文出处：图书类文献书写方法：[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地：出版者,出版年.起止页次。
原文出处：论文集类文献书写方法：[序号]作者.篇名[A].编著者.论文集名[C]. 出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页次。
要求有外文原文复印件。
扩展资料：
文献翻译要求
1、翻译要注重专业、准确
文献翻译涵盖许许多多的学科，每一学科都有自己的专业术语。比如，从事专利文献翻译的译者必须对相关专业术语有着深入的了解和清楚的把握，这样才能用专业、准确、规范的语言翻译出来。
2、翻译要注重知识更新
文献翻译涉及到各种学科，这些学科的发展是与时俱进的。因此，译员也要与时俱进，随时掌握最新的知识，这样才能更好地胜任翻译任务。
3、翻译要注重本地化
无论是将国外的文献翻译进来，还是将国内的文献介绍出去，翻译时都必须注意语言的本地化，符合目标语言的习惯。
4、翻译要注重语言严谨、流畅
文献翻译一方面讲究语言的严谨科学，逻辑的连贯严密，另一方面它也注重文字尽可能的优美流畅。因此，这类翻译对译者的目标语言使用能力是一种挑战。
参考资料：百度百科-文献翻译
在毕业论文写作过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，尤其是研究生同学，一般导师都会要求阅读一定数量的英文文献，这是因为许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。
如何写开题报告，如何写文献综述，如何阅读外文文献，可以说，阅读一定数量的外文文献是毕业论文写作的必经之路。
要求如下：
1、前言
简要说明写作的目的，有关的概念以及综述范围，说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点，所要解决的问题等。一般以 100～200 字为宜，使读者在读完前言后对有关问题获得一个初步的轮廓。
2、主体
主体部分是全文的主要部分，具体写法以能较好地表达综述的内容为准则。通常根据内容的多少，将主体部分分为几段，每段有小标题。
可按年代顺序综述。也可按不同的问题进行综述，还可按不同的观点进行比较综述，不管用那一种格式综述，都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较，阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向，以及对这些问题的评述。
主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。
主体部分每一段落的开始应是综合提炼出来的观点，即论点；接着是文献所提出的实验结果或调查事实，即论据，可见主体部分是按论点和论据组织材料的。
总之，综述主体部分是以综合概括的论点开头引路，继之以诸家的资料、实验结果为论据展开层次论证。所以，综述也是一种论证文章的体裁，只是论点与论据都是前人文献所提供。
如果前人的观点分散或不甚明确，则需作者整理概括，成为开头。在论述某些观点时，作者可有倾向性，但对相反的观点也应简要如实列出。对存在的矛盾和问题应充分如实描述。
3、总结
常见的方式有：
①扼要的概括、精练主题部分的主要内容；
②介绍尚待解决的问题及对前景的展望；
③某些篇幅较小的综述，也可以省略结束语。
4、参考文献
通常凡引述的资料和主要的论点都应注明文献出处，以便使读者检索查阅。所引文献应以近 3 年内者为主；另外，未公开发表的资料不宜作为参考文献。
在我国许多期刊希望列出重要的参考文献，一般限为 20～30 条为宜；但国际上许多生物医学期刊的综述文章，其参考文献甚多，全篇所列文献常达数百条之多。参考文献的著录格式国内尚不统一，应按各刊「投稿须知」要求撰写。
扩展资料：
1、如何查询国内专利文献
可通过中国国家知识产权局(）和中国专利信息中心（）网站上的「专利检索」。
可以免费检索全部中国专利信息（有文摘）。如需获取专利全文，则需前去中国国家知识产权局查阅，也可通过 CSDL 馆际互借和原文传递系统代为办理。
2、如何查询国外专利文献
科学院用户可首先选择查询 Web of Knowledge 中Derwent Innovations Index (德温特世界专利索引)，它是检索专利的权威数据库，收录全球了 40 多个专利机构的 900 万条基本专利，1800 万项专利，该库大部分有文摘，小部分有全文。
3、其它可供利用的网上免费数据库
欧洲专利局专利数据库：
http://ep.espacenet.com/ （免费 文摘）
美国专利商标局专利数据库：
（免费 文摘、全文）
WTO知识产权组织：
（免费 文摘）
IBM专利数据库资源：
（免费 文摘、部分全文）
更多请参见中国专利信息网上的（国外）专利网站：
到万方瞧瞧，我去那里找过论文，可惜没下载下来，在淘宝上看到了《翰林书店》店铺，店主帮我下来的，第一次这样操作，不错。
Research on the construction safety management of Civil EngineeringIn recent years, the construction accident in civil engineering in our country often occur. This not only caused casualties, also caused great loss of national property, and resulting in a very bad social influence. Therefore, in our country, the construction units in the civil engineering construction projects, shouldstrengthen the construction safety management, all aspects ofsecurity control for engineering, to prevent dangerous accidentsin the end it all. The cause of the civil engineering constructionaccidents are in many aspects. In order to enhance security,should be combined with the characteristics of construction projects and the enterprise's internal and external conditions, the rational allocation of production factors, optimization of management process. In order to realize the construction safetymanagement, construction units should establish a safety management system of a project, it should be carried out from the following aspects:A construction safety consciousness, cultivate the modern safety science theory, occurrence of unsafe human behavior causedcasualties. To implement safety management, it should becombined with psychology, behavioral science to strengthen the education and training of employees in production safety,improve the consciousness of safe production, so as to guide the safety production behavior of employees. For the construction enterprises should strengthen safety awareness and educationproject personnel, developing the regular safety education to the construction personnel involved in the project, and to carry outsecurity work. Three level education to the new participate in the work of the operating personnel; often transform types of employees, should be safety training for new types of work, makeoperation personnel matters needing attention can be familiar with the safe operation of the. In order to make safe productionconsciousness win support among the people, enterprisemanagement personnel but also in engineering project, using a variety of promotional tools to start a variety of education,cultivate the construction personnel safety consciousness. Andin the management of enterprises, the production safety systemthought to. Leaders at all levels and enterprises in issuing the project production task, should also carry out safety productionmeasures. Such as the production safety requirements to the construction personnel, so conducive to safe thought into the production of management, let each employee has consciously in the psychological sense of security.Two, the establishment of management system for safety in production in addition to strengthen production safety education and awareness of construction project staff, should alsoestablish a safety management system, protect the system from the construction enterprise safety in production of. In order toavoid the frequent occurrence of sudden accident, the construction enterprise should according to the project, to develop a comprehensive, the system of safety management,and invest the necessary manpower and funds to ensure the implementation of the project. Ensure the production safetyconstruction from the system implementation, the project section of construction enterprises should establish the safety inspectionsystem, and regularly to the project construction of the security check. Make a clear record of project construction process,record the dangerous post, and regularly check the work. Self evaluation and construction team every week to organize asafety activities, the project department to make regular safetyevaluation for project production. Construction enterprises in theconstruction of civil engineering, in order to establish a safety management system, need to make corresponding technical measures for safety management system, a comprehensivescientific standard for project.Therefore, the safety work of construction enterprise project technical measures should be prior to commencement of works.As for engineering and technical measures should be strict examination and approval, the approval before implementation. If the design changes during construction, corresponding safety technical measures should be coordinated with the adjustment,will follow. The safety technical measures enacted personnel andparticipation, should fully understand the project as the construction scheme, construction environment, the actualoperation has, and combined with relevant laws and regulations or the security policy to establish safety technical measures,which can ensure the safety measures. In civil engineering construction of large, corresponding safety technical measuresshould be formulated more comprehensive and more specific,must be carried out through the whole process of construction,and mainly covers to other engineering safety. To establish the system of safety management, construction enterprises should also be strict safety procedures.As before the construction of the project, technical personnel should to the technical measures for the construction personnelwork. Such as technical personnel issue written materials relatedto the construction personnel, and the implementation of safety technical measures of construction workers to regularly check;when technicians found construction personnel in violation oftechnical measure behavior, to give timely corrected. When theconstruction personnel technical mistakes when amended and supplemented immediately. In order to ensure the safety ofconstruction enterprises to implement, should take theseinspection of production safety measures the formation of rules and regulations, require employees to strictly abide by, so to ensure safety production system. At the same time, the construction enterprises can also follow the specific constructiondevelopment situation, formulate a set of safety technical measures linked to reward and punishment system, to strictly abide by the department or individual production safety, strictsecurity checks to reward, and if there are penalties for violations of the phenomenon. At the same time should have a goodproduction safety supervision work, and sent to the specialized production safety supervision work. When there is potential safety hazard factors in project development, should be timely analysis and inspection and make treatment immediately, so thatthe safety management to implement, implement the specificsystem, ensure the feasibility of production safety. The range ofcivil engineering projects involved in the construction processmore widely, because the factors which affect the engineering safety more. But in the construction process, the occurrence of safety accidents is often unexpected, with occasional andunexpected strong. These come unexpectedly accidents, serious damage often caused casualties and property.Three, strengthen the safety production and environment management in civil engineering construction process,environment is an important factor influencing the construction safety. So in order to guarantee safety in production, enterprises should be to strengthen the management of construction site. As in the construction site, the unnecessary equipment and surplus materials, should be timely treatment. In the pile construction materials in order to keep the construction site, the patency of the road accident, ensure to timely rescue, this is to protect the safety measures to realize. And construction enterprises shouldstrictly abide by the rules and regulations, which occurred on theconstruction site of the waste, garbage bag, cement, waste materials and other items should be clear, it can keep the siteclean, to create a civilized construction environment for safe construction. Create a safe production environment construction enterprises, should also be reflected in the risk disposal of equipment. For some such as the construction of electricity,dangerous equipment, cloth rod is used, should by the competent department of enterprise safety approval approval,the approval before they can be put into use after. And in the process of construction of civil engineering, a comprehensive analysis of the conditions of construction project. Some of the effects of environmental factors of the quality of construction, totake timely measures, and to conduct a comprehensivespecification, so that can realize the safe construction quality engineering to create good conditions.
Civil engineering in the long history of mankind "science and technology" as a system of civil engineering activity a substantial production processCivil engineering and construction of engineering science and technology it refers to the engineering construction collectively objects, namely, ground, built in underground engineering facilities also refers to water used materials, equipment and inspection in design, construction, maintenance, repair, etcAs an important basis for civil engineering discipline is the important attribute: comprehensive social economic and practical technology with human society advances art unity and development of civil engineering has been turned into a large-scale integrated disciplines and have many branches such as: the railway engineering construction engineering construction bridge engineering specialty structure of water and wastewater engineering of port engineering environment engineering disciplines such as water conservancy project consists of six major in civil engineering, architecture, city planning and civil engineering construction environment and water drainage engineering and equipment engineering road and bridge projectThrough a semester civil engineering introduction lessons I have deeply felt civil engineering covers a wide appreciates the previous achievements also realized as a civil engineer major responsibility, of course, we can't make brilliant achievements is immersed in the immobilized we shall also keep pace with The Times to go to think to dig the imagination to innovation in China's future as a civil engineer I want with civil engineering history with China's national conditions and the situation of the world talk of civil engineering road of the future!
该计划包括六件两跨连续梁的断面图所示。 1 。考虑到预应力混凝土连续梁桥通过在桥梁工程中通常有不同的部分，因此，高度测试梁是50厘米和30厘米的中期支持和中跨部分，分别和线性变化本节之间的高度是通过中期支持和中跨一节。 设计混凝土配合比确定试验和错误。为了提高加工的混凝土，高效减水剂（高效减水剂）的使用，最后组合混凝土1:0.35:0.98:2.52:0.012 （水泥：水：砂：粗骨料：高效减水剂） 。钢纤维用于在本研究中有一个形状的连接端。基本材料特性混凝土见表1 。基本材料特性预应力肌腱和钢筋列于表2 。
土木工程的key哀，速度，
你是哪个省的啊 看看如果可以的话 可以给你一份全面的
我也是土木的 我这里有很多啊 在把详细的说说我给你找个
我把我写的那篇给你吧 反正我也交了C) Civil Engineering Research Institute of Gansu, opportunities and threat analysis 1. The opportunity to analyze the external environment since 1992, China's construction market has expanded gradually standardized, project bidding system and the construction supervision system and gradually implement and perfect, engineering consulting With the new business development, engineering consulting industry policy and legal environment for continuous improvement. Shiliu Da Party clearly pointed out to encourage and develop the third industry, accelerate the development of services for the China Engineering Consulting provides policy support. Countries are committed to development of related laws and policies to build a fair, just, open and orderly market, so that the legal system and market standardized management processes faster, thus carrying out engineering consulting business to create a good competitive environment. Whole range of services to increase market demand, "one-stop" service demand horizon. The previous range of various types of engineering consulting services to include only projects a certain stage, or even just for a single phase of the part of the project legal often require different stages of project construction to select a different consulting firm, which makes the whole project consulting services a lack of integrity. And now because of investment diversification and engineering service needs of the construction process is the all-round development of the whole process, Gansu Research Institute of Civil Engineering works as a comprehensive scientific consulting firms precisely to meet this "one-stop" service needs . Construction market business opportunities. With the national key project construction and other types of investors to increase investment, engineering consulting industry is faced with unlimited business opportunities. Over the next 10 years, China's housing construction peak, 15 to reach 5.7 billion during the expansion, by 2005 China's urban per capita housing area will reach 22 o'clock. To promote urbanization. Well-known American economist, Nobel Prize winner Joseph E. Stiglitz at the World Bank conference in terms of: the 21st century the most important influences on human process, there are two things: First, China's urbanization, the second is a new technological revolution. China's urbanization rate in 2020 should reach 50%. 2. Analysis of the external threats to the environment in adverse market conditions. Currently engineering consulting industry peers competition between the increasing pressure, with disorderly competition between the industry, mainly because: the industry access to the policy is relaxed, a large number of new entrants making a relatively large number of engineering consulting firm, and the annual increase rapidly, out of less. Engineering Consulting Company homogenization between the serious, obvious differences between competitors. Various types of engineering consulting fees difficult to implement, keep the prices down to compete very prominent. Market demand for those who choose engineering consulting firm conversion relatively easy. Social identity degree of disadvantage. Engineering consulting industry in the whole community to the status and role of the lack of knowledge and its degree of recognition is also far from enough. In developed countries (such as the United Kingdom, United States, Germany, etc.), engineering consulting services engineering staff are mostly the elite belong to the high intelligence and complex talent and their intelligence services to obtain from the value of knowledge consistent with their high returns. However, the province's engineering consultants have not been duly recognized in society and the government, the most representative is the industry has called for an increase in fees and charges. The relative concentration of customers. In accordance with a small number of key principles, engineering consulting company's main business by a small number of key customers to provide these critical services to customers in the engineering consulting fees have greater bargaining power, can often presses is relatively low. Gansu Research Institute of Civil Engineering and is currently on the frequently encountered such a situation. The threat of potential entrants. China's accession to WTO, with the entry into force of government commitment, China's engineering consulting industry is already beginning to confront the threat of international engineering consulting firm. Many of the world-renowned large-scale engineering consulting organizations, are trying to expand their business in China through a variety of ways. At present, the world's top 200 engineering consulting company, has more than 150 assigned to China, these companies market their operational capability, management level and in such aspects as funding account for a large advantage. With the further liberalization of China's engineering consulting market, the country's various protection measures for the gradual abolition, these companies will inevitably beings, with our engineering consulting firms to snatch the market, and thus by potential entrants to become competitors. The threat of replacement. In accordance with national laws and regulations to allow owners of long-term construction projects, such as a large business or real estate investment company that has a dedicated construction management team, a relatively sound institutional system, the quality of personnel was also higher under the premise of free to complete the construction certain stages of work, rather than entrusted to a professional engineering consulting firm. (D) of Gansu Academy of Marketing Science in Civil Engineering Problems in the Civil Engineering Research Institute of Gansu Province in the development of engineering consulting industry, the market has done a lot of efforts and achieved some good results, but under the conditions of market economy, marketing, engineering consulting inadequate grasp of the activities of law, lack of scientific marketing idea. Currently, Gansu Academy of Marketing Science Civil Engineering There are following problems: 1, senior marketing management in place, lack of marketing mechanism is currently the Civil Engineering Research Institute of Gansu high-level management positions, there is no marketing functions, shown in Figure 1, this senior management of absence has brought a lot of harm. First of all, the lack of marketing mechanisms, the Gansu Research Institute of Civil Engineering, Engineering Consulting Marketing completely spontaneous marketing stage in order to survive, seemingly full of marketing, but in reality various departments like marketing, does not command a battle. Secondly, the marketing advantages of individual secondary sector can not be used for the whole institution, the enterprise's overall marketing functions of the greatly reduced. Affect the efficiency of selling many of the problems can not be resolved at a high level of hospital-wide adverse impact on marketing performance, marketing, lack of direction guidance. 2. Market positioning is unknown, competitive advantage can not play two different business units in different markets to develop a single business consulting market, internal conflicts, marketing resources can not be focused on the use of hospital-wide can not form a competitive advantage. 3. Weak corporate brand awareness, organizational culture is not conducive to the development of enterprises due to the current practice of Gansu Research Institute of Civil Engineering, the project responsibility system, each employee in the market are the equivalent of an independent consulting firm, and sometimes criticize each other for personal gain or strife, organizational culture is not conducive to long-term development of enterprises and brand image of the set. 4. The industry's products less competitive in Gansu Civil Engineering consulting services with scientific research institutes, consulting services for all single-qualification due to the low barriers to entry, the nature of a large number of private companies have joined, leading to homogenization of severe service products, is facing fierce competition in the market . 5. Consulting service quality due to the lack of unified management of organizations in the technical quality of sector work is usually routine in-house office, there is no technical management and quality management functions, and thus the two units of the depth of consulting services, lack of standard width.可以的话采纳我的
这个要靠你自己找了,你可以上万方网找,还有那也可以找的.但你们学校必须买那样的数据库.