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《红楼梦》中对服饰的细致描写,向世人展示了中国古代服饰文化的深刻内涵,表现出了中国古代人们的审美情趣和服饰的华美和精致,也表现出了时代的特色和特殊的民族文化。 1 南北交融和时代特色 《红楼梦》写成于乾隆年间,“康乾盛世”的繁荣盛况也筑就了《红楼梦》服饰的华美。小说中所描写的服饰无论是款式,还是面料抑或是色彩,都充分展现出了华美和富足,再加上作者出身名门,生长于江南政治经济和文化的中心南京,因此,《红楼梦》中的服饰不仅拥有很强的贵族气息,还向外展示着浓厚的江南色彩。小说所描述的衣料,诸如银鼠、洋缎等,多颜色艳丽而丰富。由于清朝是崇尚武学游牧民族女真族人所建立的,他们在推翻明朝建立满清政权之后,想要以满蒙文化同化汉人,因此,满清入关后强行推行满蒙文化,让汉人改留辫子、穿旗服,也因此引起汉人不满,让汉人产生了强烈的抵触情绪。在这样的背景下,清朝政府不得不做出妥协和让步,采纳了明朝遗臣金之俊“十不从”的建议,吸收了部分明朝冠服制度的特点,如结婚、死殓时女子都被允许着明代服饰。 《红楼梦》由于处于汉满文化的交融时期,因此女子服饰在保留了明朝服饰特点的基础上也吸收了满族服饰的特点,例如,双襟合领或双襟直领式服装这样亦满亦汉的服饰。小说第三回就对此种服饰有过描述:贾宝玉去庙里还愿时就身着这样的旗装“头戴束发嵌宝紫金冠,齐眉勒着二龙抢珠金抹额;穿一件二色金百蝶穿花大红箭袖,束着五彩丝攒花结长穗宫绦,外罩石青起花倭缎排穗褂;登着青缎粉底小朝靴”。而薛宝钗的服饰则有着汉族服饰的特点,“穿蜜合色棉袄,葱黄绫棉裙”。林黛玉的服饰也是一样有着汉族服饰的特点。其身着“半旧红绫短袄,膝下露出油绿绸撒花裤子,底下是掐金满绣的棉纱袜子”。此处的宝钗和黛玉所穿的服饰,如短上衣、长裙和套膝裤等,都是明代官宦人家等上流社会最为流行的服饰打扮。由于曹雪芹经历了家族的落败,迁居北方,因此北方的服饰文化也影响了他的文学创作,在他的小说中也有所体现。 综上所述,《红楼梦》中描述的服饰是现实生活的反映,但其又是经过作者艺术加工过的,因此其融合了南方和北方服饰的特点,具有鲜明的时代特色。 2 衣着服饰和身份地位 服饰文化与体现着阶级等级制度,由于人的身份和地位不同,其穿着的服饰也有所不同。在封建等级社会中,服饰象征着一个人的身份地位,代表着尊卑贵贱,因此中国古代在服饰上有着严格的规定,例如,唐朝就有规定,除帝皇可用赤黄外,其他臣民均不得使用。清朝的封建等级制度更加森严,其服饰也更加体现了这种区分。 在《红楼梦》中,贾母作为贾府核心人物,代表着封建社会地位极高的人,在第四十二回中提到,贾母穿着“青绉绸一斗珠的羊皮褂子”,虽然没有更为详细的描述,但是从衣料来看,其他人物并没有穿过这样的衣料,可见这样的衣料是极其珍贵的,除了贾母,别人都无权享有,其高贵的地位不言而喻。小说对贾宝玉的服饰描写也下足了工夫,如写他礼服着装时“头上戴束发嵌宝紫金冠,登着青缎粉底小朝靴”,单从这样的服饰打扮便可知其身份显赫,地位非凡。再如,小说中描写到宝玉服褂上加绣的名曰“起花”的八个彩团,其与故宫所藏的一朝袍的“起花”一模一样,这更是凸显出宝玉身份地位的非同寻常。此外,对于王熙凤的描写也是如此,《红楼梦》第三回中描写王熙凤出场时写道:“头上戴着金丝八宝攒珠髻,绾着朝阳五凤挂珠钗;项上带着赤金盘璃璎珞圈;裙边系着豆绿色宫绦,双衡比目玫瑰�;身上穿着缕金百蝶穿花大红洋缎窄裉袄,外罩五彩刻丝石青银鼠褂;下着翡翠撒花洋绉裙。”这样的穿着打扮彰显了王熙凤在贾府的显赫地位。 而相较于宝玉和凤姐,宝钗和黛玉的服装就低调含蓄得多。小说中对于宝钗衣着这样写道:“一色半新不旧的衣裙和上袄下裙,外罩比肩褂”,朴素淡雅。黛玉的衣着则只是,“素色小皮袄,配上浅灰色坎肩和粉红小花裙子,极为素雅,装扮也非常简单,仅有一赤金扁簪。”虽然黛玉也是官宦家的小姐,还受到贾母的宠爱,但是始终寄人篱下,因此需要低调含蓄,不露锋芒。宝钗则是因为安分,所以不露华贵,只是从她的金项圈中可以看到她的高贵地位。 小说中丫鬟的服饰也是很有讲究的。作为宝玉首席大丫鬟的袭人,其又是准姨娘,所以她的身份有别于其他的丫鬟,因此服饰也与其他丫鬟有所不同。《红楼梦》第二十六回中这样描述袭人的服饰;“穿着银红袄儿,青缎背心,白绫细折裙――不是别个,却是袭人”。虽然描写不多,但无论是从服饰的款式、面料,还是色彩上,都可以明显感觉其与其他的丫鬟的不同。 综上所述,在小说中,服饰装扮与人物的身份地位有着很大的关联性,从服饰的款式、面料和色彩就可以看出人物身份地位的高低。 3 衣着服饰和人物性格 衣着服饰与人物的性格联系密切,根据心理学的研究,人们的衣着服饰可以反映出人们的性格特征。就拿贾宝玉来说,小说中对他
【编者按】从清代人物画家改琦,到当代影视剧创作人员,对清代小说《红楼梦》中人物服饰形象的塑造,大都以明代汉装为模式。日久天长,大家也就对这一系列形象认可了,倘若有谁改为清代服饰,反而很难得到人们的认同。我们在这里探讨一下红楼梦中关于服饰的描述,似乎能看出些什么来。事实上,《红楼梦》是清代小说,文中虽对描写时代背景十分含糊,但书中的服饰形象,有一些是汉族历代传承的服饰,也有很多是清代人的穿着。如第四十九回中史湘云穿着“貂鼠脑袋面子大毛黑灰鼠里子里外发烧大褂子”。“里外发烧”是指衣服(冬装)外表和里面都用毛皮,清乾隆、嘉庆年间盛行。虽然目前“红学”研究人士对曹雪芹卒年至少有三种说法,可是1763年除夕也罢,1764年初春也罢,都是指乾隆二十八年或二十九年。据此我们可以认为,这种富人借名贵毛皮以显阔的里外发烧皮衣流行一时,正是曹氏自己亲身经历的。再有,黛玉初至荣国府时,见到王熙凤穿着“缕金百蝶穿花大红洋缎窄裉袄,外罩五彩刻丝石青银鼠褂”。第四十九回中的李纨穿着“青哆罗呢对襟褂子”。袭人要回家探亲时也是在“桃红百子刻丝银鼠袄子”外,再套上“青缎灰鼠褂”。“褂子”称谓虽说明代时已有,但明代方以智《通雅·衣服》中说:“今吴人谓之衫,北人谓之褂。”徐珂《清稗类钞·服饰》中说:“褂,外衣也,礼服之加于袍外者,谓之外褂,男女皆同此名称,唯制式不同耳。”赵振民《中国衣冠中之满服成分》索性认定:“中国古无‘褂’字……盖满制也。”结合明人所说的“北人”,也可以认为是山海关、张家口外人。应该说褂子是清代人对肥大上衣的习惯称谓。第五十一回写金桂的丫环宝蟾,穿一件“片锦(金)边琵琶襟小紧身”,琵琶襟是一种曲襟,转角之处呈方形,与清代缺袴袍一样,是较为典型的马上民族服式。琵琶襟马甲在清代流行。宝玉的服饰形象在书中多次出现,常描写为“穿一件二色金百蝶穿花大红箭袖”(第三回),或是“穿着秋香色立蟒白狐腋箭袖”(第八回),或是“穿着白蟒箭袖”(第十五回),还有“大红金蟒狐腋箭袖”(第十九回)。箭袖虽说明代已有,但是人们穿着不多,主要限于射手等。因为箭袖即马蹄袖,衣服袖身窄小,袖端头为斜面,袖口面较长,弧形,可覆住手背,以便不影响射箭且又可保暖。清代宫廷早期因极力主张“不废骑射”,因此将箭袖用于礼服,成了清代男服的典型制式。另外,绣蟒的袍,在明代时为职官常服,只有清代,才放宽穿着范围。《大清会典》中曾记亲王、郡王、贝勒以及侍卫、公主、命妇等人都可以穿蟒袍。区分等级的办法主要是衣上的蟒数和蟒的爪数(如四爪、五爪之分)。服装面料中几次涉及“洋”字,如第三回中王熙凤穿着“缕金百蝶穿花大红洋缎窄裉袄”,“下着翡翠撒花洋绉裙”,第四十九回中薛宝钗穿一件“莲青斗纹锦上添花洋线番丝的鹤氅”,均为舶来衣料。发型如第七十一回中,写迎春房里的丫环司棋梳着“鬅头”,这是一种蓬松的高髻。清代人文康写清代康熙末年雍正初年的《儿女英雄传》第三十八回中,即有“梳着大松的鬅头”之说。这说明《红楼梦》中服饰有不少直接描绘的就是清代服饰。束发冠第三回写宝玉头上戴着束发紫金冠,齐眉勒着二龙抢珠金抹额。按:明刘若愚《明宫史》水集“束发冠”条云:“其制如戏子所戴者,用金累丝造之,上嵌晴绿珠石。每一座有值数百金,或千余金,二千金者。四爪蟒龙在上蟠绕,下加额子一件,亦如戏子所戴,左右插长雉羽焉。凡遇出外游幸,先帝圣驾尚此冠,则自王体乾起,至暖殿牌子止,皆戴之。各穿窄袖,束玉带,佩茄袋、刀蜕,如唱《咬脐郎打围》故事。惟涂文辅、高永寿年少相称,其年老如裴--、史宾等戴之便不雅观。”据此可知,宝玉的一身打扮,颇似明代少年公子极华贵的装束。鹤氅第四十九回写黛玉罩了一件大红羽纱面白孤皮里鹤氅,薛宝钗是一件莲青斗纹锦上添花洋线番羓丝的鹤氅。按:“鹤氅”二字,见于古代典籍。《晋书·谢万传》云:“著白纶巾,鹤氅裘。”《世说新语·企羡》:“孟昶未达时,家在京口,尝见王恭乘高舆,被鹤氅裘。于时微雪,昶于篱间窥之,叹曰:‘此真神仙中人。’”《五代史·卢程传》云:“戴华阳巾,衣鹤氅,据几决事。”又据徐灏《<说文解字>注笺》云:“以鸷毛为衣,谓之鹤氅者,美其名耳。”可知鹤氅是一种以鸟毛为原料的毛织物,故名。但到底什么样式仍费解。唯明刘若愚《明宫史》水集“氅衣”条云:“有如道袍袖者,近年陋制也。旧制原不缝袖,故名之曰氅也。彩、素不拘。”这就说得比较清楚。大概样子像道袍,而不缝袖,所以披在身上像一只鹤。这种服装在明代宫中有之,当然勋臣贵族之家亦效仿焉。又,清曹庭栋《养生随笔》卷三“衣”类云:“式如被幅,无两袖,而总折其上以为领,俗名‘一口总’,亦曰‘罗汉衣’。天寒气肃时,出户披之,可御风,静坐亦可披以御寒。《世说》王恭披鹤氅行雪中,今制盖本此,故又名氅衣,办皮者为当。”所说基本一致。白狐皮第四十九回,黛玉罩了一件大红羽纱面,白狐皮里鹤氅。按:《史记·孟尝君列传》云:“孟尝君有一狐白裘,直千金。”足见,白狐皮历来是名贵的皮裘。明宋应星《天工开物》也说:“凡狐貉亦产燕、齐、辽、汴诸道。纯白狐腋裘价与貂相仿。黄褐狐裘值貂五分之一,御寒温体功用次于貂。”貂鼠皮第四十九回写史湘云穿着贾母与她的一件貂鼠脑袋面子、大毛黑灰里子大褂子,大貂鼠的风领围着。按:貂鼠皮也是极珍贵的皮料,被称为“关东三宝”之一。明宋应星《天工开物》介绍说:“貂产辽东朝鲜国。其鼠好食松子,夷人夜伺树下,屏息悄而射取之。一貂之皮,方不盈尺,积六十余貂皮仅成一裘。服貂裘者,立风雪中,更暖于宇下。眯入目中,试之即出,所以贵也。色有三种,一白者曰银貂,一纯黑,一黯黄。”清吴振棫《养吉斋丛录》载:“三品以上者始服朝衣,惟起居注衔者否认论;四品以上服貂褂,惟翰詹科道不论。其批本奏事,军机处章京及内廷行走之员,非四品亦准穿貂褂,自乾隆三十七年始。”福格《听雨丛谈》卷二“皮裘”云:“本朝惟外褂之毳向外,若袍袄皆向内也。亲王、郡王而外,不准服用黑狐。文职一、二、三品许服毳外貂镶朝衣,武职三品弗及也。文四品、武三品准服貂鼠、猞猁狲。五品至七品笔贴式、护军校准用貂皮领袖帽沿。八、九品官不许穿貂鼠、猞猁狲、白豹、天马、银鼠。若侍卫、翰詹科道、军机章京,无论品级,均照三品服色,其往口外寒冷地方出差之满州、蒙古、汉军官员,均准照常穿用貂鼠、猞猁狲,不拘品级也。”两说略有不同,但貂鼠皮非一般皮裘可比,于此可见,从贾府诸人把貂裘当作私居便服,说明他们穷极奢华到了何种程度。哆罗呢第四十九回,李纨穿一件青哆罗呢对襟褂子,宝玉穿一件茄色哆罗呢狐皮袄子。按:清朝初期、西欧国家使节来中国时,常向清帝进献哆罗呢绒。据《大清会典事例》记载:顺治十三年,荷兰国进物中有哆罗绒,康熙六年又进哆罗呢和哆罗绒。康熙九年,西洋国进哆罗绒。康熙二十五年,荷兰国又进哆罗呢和哆罗绒。雍正五年,西洋国又进大红哆罗呢,乾隆十七年又进各色哆罗呢。又,西方传教士艾儒略所著《西方答问》卷上谈及西方土产时曾说:“至于蚕丝、棉花、花草诸果品,种种皆同。所异者如绒缎之类,有锁袱、多罗绒,有金银丝缎,一匹值 一二百金。”乾隆时,**人泽元恺著汉文《琼浦偶笔》卷二记中国商人汪竹里语云:“近世大臣薨逝,朝廷有赐多罗被殡殓者,系西洋所贡,类如明镜。”又云:“呢即明镜也,唐山呼为哆罗呢,系西洋所产,故有番字识号。”以上资料,引自方豪《从<红楼梦>所记西洋物品来考故事的背景》一文,从这里可以看出,哆罗呢是舶来品,而且是价格昂贵的贡品,实际上就是一种阔幅的呢绒。凫靥裘第四十九、五十二回写宝琴所披凫靥裘,就是野鸭子头上的毛作的。按:凫靥裘的名称未见著录。据吴世昌考释,《西京杂记》载,司马相如在成都“以所着鹔鷞裘就市人阳昌贳酒,与文君为欢。”据《尔雅翼·释鸟》云:“鹔鷞,水鸟,盖雁属也。旧藏云:‘有凫鸳鸯,有雁鹔鷞’。高诱注《淮南子》云:‘长颈绿色,其形如雁。’”所以,鹔鷞裘很可能就是用鸭子的毛做成的。又,《晋书·武帝纪》云:“咸宁四年十一月辛巳,太医司马程据献雉头裘。帝以奇技异服,典礼所禁,焚之于殿前。甲申,敕内外有敢犯者罪之。”又,《南齐书·文惠太子传》云:太子“善制珍玩之物,织孔雀毛为裘,光彩金翠,过于雉头远矣。”此则进一步说明雉头裘是存在的,这是更接近于凫靥裘的一种鸟毛织物。抹额、昭君套第三回写宝玉头上戴着束发紫金冠,齐眉勒着二龙抢珠金抹额。第六回写凤姐家常带着紫貂昭君套。第四十九回写史湘云头上戴着一顶挖云鹅黄片金里大红猩猩毡昭君套。按:清平步青《霞外捃屑》卷十“齐眉、包帽、昭君套”条云:“《西云札记》卷一:今俗妇女首饰有抹额。此二字亦见《唐书·娄师德传》,又《南蛮传》,又韩愈《送郑尚书序》。《续汉书·舆服志》注,胡广曰:‘北方寒冷,以貂皮暖额,附施于冠,因遂变成首饰,此即抹额之滥觞。’按:以貂皮暖额,即群君套抹额,又即包帽,又即齐眉,伶人则曰额子。”又,樊彬《燕都杂咏》诗注云:“冬月闺中以貂皮覆额,名‘昭君套’。”据以上资料,宝玉所戴金抹额,乃首饰。凤姐及湘云所戴昭君套,乃施于冠的貂皮暖套,并非首饰。“昭君套”之名,当与王昭君出塞有关。天马皮、乌云豹第五十四回,袭人回家,凤姐命平儿将昨日那件石青刻丝八团天马皮褂子拿出来与了袭人。第五十二回,宝玉要到王子腾家去,贾母便命鸳鸯:“把昨儿那一件乌云豹的氅衣给也吧。”宝玉看时,金翠**,碧彩闪烁,又不似宝琴所披凫靥裘。只听贾母笑道:“这叫作雀金呢,这是哦罗斯国孔雀毛拈了线织的。”按:《清一统志》云:“沙狐生沙碛中,身小色白,皮集为裘,在腹下者名天马皮,颔下者名乌云豹,皆贵重。”据此,天马皮,乌云豹皆沙狐皮也,而下文又叫作“雀金呢”,不解。天马皮的珍贵,可从郝懿行《晒书堂笔录》中得到证明:“尤西堂言:‘在京师入朝时,见同官皆羊裘耳。今闻班行叶我不衣狐铅、天马、舍利孙者。’尢在康熙初,今百余年间,狐铅、天马已成为私居常服,又有骨种羊、草上霜矣。”猞猁狲大裘第五十三回,贾珍看着收拾完备供器,靸着鞋,披着猞猁狲大裘,命人在厅柱下石矶上太阳中,铺了个大狼皮褥子坐下,看各子侄们来领取年物。按:猞猁狲,又写作扯里狲、舍利孙,是一种稀贵动物,分布在我国东北等地,做皮衣,极珍贵。清戴璐《藤阴杂记》记载:“‘京堂詹翰两衙门,齐脱貂裘猞猁狲。昨夜五更寒彻骨,举朝谁不怨葵尊。’渔洋戏作,时康熙乙亥,任葵尊宏嘉奏三品以下禁服貂裘、猞猁狲也。一时服压韵之稳。赵恒夫吉士元夕诗:‘忆赐琼筵分次第,蝉貂炫服敢纷纶。’今京堂翰詹科道仍准貂,不知何年复旧。”又,郝懿行《晒书堂笔录》也说:“尤西堂言:‘在京师入朝时,见同官皆羊裘耳。今闻班行中无不衣狐铅、天马,猞猁狲者。’尤在康熙初,今百余年间,狐铅、天马已成私居常服,又有骨种羊、草上霜矣。”以上资料说明,猞猁狲是贵重皮裘。康熙初年,朝官穿猞猁狲者极少,以后穿的人渐多,于是三十四年乃有三品以下禁服貂裘、猞猁狲的限制。大概到乾隆中叶以后,统治阶级奢侈风气日盛,禁令渐弛,穿的人越来越多。贾珍是三品威烈将军,是不受禁令限制的。雀金呢第五十二回写贾母命鸳鸯把昨儿那一件乌云豹的氅衣给宝玉。鸳鸯答应了走去,果然取了一件来。宝玉看时,金翠**,碧彩闪烁,又不似宝琴所披凫靥裘。只听贾母笑道:“这叫作雀金呢,这是哦罗斯国拿孔雀毛拈了线织的。”按:吴世昌在《从马王堆汉墓出土的“羽毛贴花绢”到<红楼梦>中的“雀金呢”》一文中对雀金呢考之甚详。他旁征博引自汉至清初的历史资料,确认中国古代劳动人民利用鸟毛制的服装有十多种,大都制成裘以御寒,也有织成罗、缎、锦等奢侈品,供上层统治阶级妇女做衣裙之用。对于清初的资料,他仅引用了吴梅村的一首词云:“江南好,机杼夺天工。孔翠装花支锦烂,冰蚕吐凤雾绡空,新样小团龙。”来说明孔雀毛织物的存在,似稍嫌不足。清初叶梦珠《阅世编》卷八有一段记载,则比较翔实而且说明问题。这段记载说:“昔年花缎惟丝织成华者加以锦绣,而所织之锦大率皆金镂为之,取其光耀而已。今有孔雀毛织入缎内,名曰毛锦,花更华丽,每匹不过十二尺,值银五十余两。”这就证明孔雀毛织物确实存在,而且有一定规格,也有市场价格。不过《红楼梦》中说它是哦罗斯国的产物,则纯属附会之谈,不可信的。又,《国学丛刊》第四册载周肇祥《故宫陈列所纪略》一文中也说:“乾隆时孔雀毛织成蟒衣,......皆罕见之品。”可见解放前故宫陈列所里还有这种毛织成蟒衣的实物存在,这也是雀金呢确有的一个有力佐证。
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《红楼梦》中的服饰描写十分详细,充满了细节描写和隐喻。其服饰描写反映了清代封建社会的等级制度和礼仪规范,也反映了作者对社会现实的关注和批判。在《红楼梦》中,男女角色的穿着都有着严格的规定和标准。男性穿着白色长袍、黑色长裤、黑色长靴,领带、帽子、手套等细节都要符合礼仪规范,以彰显其身份地位。女性则分为嫁妆、日常服装和正式礼仪服装三种。
嫁妆通常是精致的绸缎衣裳、首饰,富有色彩和花纹;日常服装则以素雅为主,多以缎子、绢子为主;正式礼仪服装则更为浓重,以金银刺绣和宝石来装饰,显示主人的财富和地位。在描写细节方面,还有很多暗示和隐喻,如黛玉、宝钗的珠翠饰品体现出她们的身份和地位,而又因病而丧失的贾母描写中的“一根麻线”也反映了封建社会的不公和残酷。
通过对《红楼梦》中服饰描写的研究,我们可以了解到清代封建社会的礼仪规范和等级制度,反映出社会的严重阶级分化和不公平现象,也为我们今天的社会发展提供了参考和启示。
摘要:从服饰文化写起,描写了《红楼梦》中贾府人物的服饰文化。在《红楼梦》里作者很注重写人,每个角色都有各自的个性,不管是十二钗,就连一个小丫环和小斯也不雷同,而作者在对他们服饰描写上,做到从服饰看人,重人的外表,也重人的内心。服饰是人的第二皮肤,也是美的一种追求,美的一种张扬,美的一种延续,这里很注重对服饰的描写,把它和心灵、外在和智慧的美充分结合在一起,让人从视觉上感觉到它的美的同时也对每个人身份和命运有了相对了解。 主要文字:服饰文化、红色、贾府人物 服装是一种身份地位的象徵,一种符号,它代表个人的政治地位,和社会地位,使人人各守本份,不得僭越。因此,自古国君为政之道,服装是很重要的一项,服装制度得以完成,政治秩序也就完成了一部份。所以,在中国传统上,服装是政治的一部份,其重要性,远超出服装在现代社会的地位…… 按说服装,对人类来说,蔽体御寒是它的首要功能。但是人类服装文明,自走出了唯一实用目的时代以后,它的功能就复杂了,尤其在中国。自古,服装制度就是君王施政的重要制度之一。促使服装发挥它的功能,达到它“天下治”的目的,最重要的因素在服色。服色有两大功能:一是区别身份地位;二是表示所处的场合。古代政府对全天下的人,都有规定的服色,尤其,天子、诸候至百官,从祭服、朝服、公服至常服,都有详细规定,他们几乎是穿着制服,因穿制服的人,多属上层阶级,是人们企羡的对象,因此制服服色强烈地影响一般的流行服色。时代不断变迁,中国文化中不断加入外来文化,流行服色也会反过来影响制服服色,在这两种服色文化互相激荡的结果,产主了这段看似变化不大,事实上又有翻天覆地改变的服装史。古代的服装,依穿着场合,主要可分为:礼服、朝服、常服三类,每类又可分几种,原则是地位愈高的人,得以穿的种类愈多,可以用的颜色愈多。 明代建立之初,开国皇帝朱元璋认为元代服饰皆胡服,其男戴胡帽,女不服衣裳,“无复中国衣冠之旧”,于是朱元璋下令要恢复唐朝服制服,并把服饰规定写进了官修的《大明集礼》和《诸司职掌》中,到了洪武三年(1370年),明政府初步制定出冠服之制,对皇帝冕服、常服,后妃礼服、常服,文武百官常服、士庶服饰等进行了具体规定。至洪武二十六年(1393年),明代又对原定的冠服制度作了一次大规模调整,使明代的服饰集中了历史上汉族各王朝服饰中各具特色的部分,同时也使明代服饰成了“汉官威仪”的集大成者。明代服饰制度从开始酝酿到最后确立,前后经历了30年的时间。 由此可见,在明朝时服饰文化已经成为一种制度,而人们对服饰不再是一个单纯的包裹身体的东西,而是显示其身份地位和个人性格的代表。而在曹雪芹的《红楼梦》中则将这一特点表现的淋漓尽至。《红楼梦》原名《石头记》,后由空空道人改为《情僧录》东鲁孔梅溪则题曰《凤月宝鉴》,后因曹雪芹于悼红轩中批阅十载,增删五次,纂成目录,分出章回,则题曰《金陵十二钗》并题一绝云: 满纸荒唐言, 一把辛酸泪! 都云作者痴, 谁解其中味! 后人在其死后又将其改为《红楼梦》。《红楼梦》红楼生红,红色,在当时表示血色,是生命的象征,也在无形中代表了十二金钗的命运…… 贾府是18世纪中页的世家大族,他们的吃穿用度上表现出的与众不同让人眼前一亮。而《红楼梦》中贾府服饰的华丽、高贵、富丽堂皇,及人物性格、身份都暗示了他们今后的命运。服饰与人的关系从原始社会开始,人类从原始社会走过来,文明在不断发展,人也逐渐产生了对美的追求,当时服饰文化到了一个高度民主,也有了时代的前提。正逢曹雪芹家属织造世家,所织造的服饰属高档次的,专供给皇家的,所以他能看到并知道所有华丽的服饰及其做工、材质等,这为文章中能细致谈论服饰的美做了很好的铺垫。在制作和选料等上不同,在上面表现出的不仅是物质,更是有大量精神上的描写,在服饰上的感触相对别人而言有所不同。在《红楼梦》里作者很注重写人,每个角色都有各自的个性,不管是十二钗,就连一个小丫环和小斯也不雷同,而作者在对他们服饰描写上,做到从服饰看人,重人的外表,也重人的内心。服饰是人的第二皮肤,也是美的一种追求,美的一种张扬,美的一种延续,作者在这里很注重对服饰的描写,它把心灵、外在和智慧的美充分结合在一起,让人从视觉上感觉到它的美的同时也对每个人身份和命运有了相对了解。 从第三回林黛玉进府看到的一切开始写起,进府前,“她近日所见的这几个三等仆妇,吃穿用度,已是不凡,何况今至其家。”这里可以表现出黛玉心里在想连个丫鬟家丁穿着都如此不一般,自己母亲也曾说过贾府的富裕不同,让她想到现在已到贾府,里面的景象会更加高贵华丽,更能显示地位。而后又“忽见街北蹲着两个大石狮子,三间兽头大门,门前列坐着十来个华冠丽服之人。”而见到老夫人后,领进三人,只道是:“不一时,只见三个奶嬷嬷并五六个丫鬟,簇拥着三个姊妹来了,第一个肌肤微丰,合中身材,腮凝新荔,鼻腻鹅脂,温柔沉默,观之可亲。第二个削肩细腰,长挑身材鸭蛋脸面,俊眼修眉,顾盼神飞,文才精华,见之忘俗。第三个身量未足,形容尚小。其钗环裙袄,大家归了坐”在这里写的是三个姊妹的外貌与学习归来的装扮。从外貌上看出三个姊妹的大概性格,第一个温柔沉默、观之可亲;第二个顾盼神飞、文才精华;第三个形容尚小。而服装这里只是简单叙述了一下,钗环裙袄,几个字将其服饰描绘了出来。 这里说王熙凤的服饰,可以从第八回刘姥姥进府看到的写,在刘姥姥初见王熙凤时,见到平儿,被平儿的服饰所惊呆了,错认平儿是王熙凤。这里是这么说的:“刘姥姥见平儿遍身绫罗,插金戴花,花容月貌,便当是凤姐儿了,才要称‘姑奶奶’,只见周瑞家的说:‘他是平姑娘’。又见平儿赶着周瑞家的叫他‘周大娘’,方知不过是个有体面的丫头。”当时让六姥姥产生了错觉,愣在那里,后知是误会,可想而知,丫环穿着都是绫罗绸缎,主人穿着肯定更加华贵。后在周瑞家的引见下见到王熙凤“凤姐儿家常带着紫貂昭君套,围着攒珠勒子,穿着桃红洒花袄,石青缂丝灰鼠披风,大红洋绉银鼠皮裙,粉光脂艳”,那般雍容华贵,让刘姥姥惊在那里,过会才赶忙下跪。但她看到的只是她们的家常衣服,并没有见到见客的高贵服饰。 要说王熙凤的闪亮出场是在第三回,黛玉进贾府。老夫人在给黛玉介绍家中各人,过了好会,只听到爽朗的笑声传来,这时王熙凤出场了,说到王熙凤,是贾家的管家奶奶,装扮自然不同一般,而她姗姗来迟的原因也是为黛玉的到来去认真打扮了一番,这里且说黛玉眼中的王熙凤,“这个人的打扮与众姑娘不同:彩绣辉煌,恍若神妃仙子。头上戴着金丝八宝攒珠髻,绾着朝阳五凤挂珠钗;项上带着赤金盘螭璎珞圈,裙边系着豆绿宫绦,双衡比目玫瑰佩;身上穿着缕金百蝶穿花大红洋锻窄裉袄,外罩五彩刻丝石青银鼠褂;下着翡翠撒花洋绉裙。一双丹凤三角眼,两弯柳叶吊梢眉,身量苗条,体格风骚,粉面含春威不露,丹唇未启笑先闻。”这里看出她的精心打扮,和火辣辣的性格,也把她管家奶奶的高贵身份突现了出来。在这里把服饰工艺上的很多优良工艺及其复杂性都提及了,连她穿的衣服也是五色缂丝石青银鼠褂。五色缂丝在隋唐有、宋朝、清代稍有所保留,是用熟的蚕丝做纬,用生的蚕丝做经,彩色的是熟丝,单色的是生丝,用这个组成的花纹就叫缂丝。而当时的染色技术已经到了一个高峰,当时黄色是最高贵的颜色,皇室拥有,用一种蓝色的铜矿石来做成的燃料,是一种高色调的颜色,做出来的丝青色也很高贵的颜色,在当时仅次于黄色。在王熙凤额头上戴有昭君套,又叫齐眉。在王熙凤、宝玉还有贾母身上才能见这些颜色。但王熙凤却偏爱黄色,在后面的文章里她常以黄色服饰出场。 在书里提到了李纨身上穿的一件衣服,叫番羓丝,番是西藏生产的一种布料,羓就是像人们赶的肉条那样,皱皱巴巴,丝是藏族的一种服饰,毛毛嘟嘟的,看起来布料很是不好。这里说到这些也只为了说明李纨很穷,买不起高贵的服装。 而在这里不仅表现了各种不同类型人穿的服饰,更多的是复杂的工艺,晴雯夜补雀金裘就是一个很好的例子。雀金裘也就是孔雀毛做成的衣服,现在在南京故宫博物院收藏有一件。而在《红楼梦》中它珍贵在于这是贾母送给宝玉出门见客的衣服,是俄罗斯送来的礼物。但由于不小心被溅起的火心给烧出了一个洞,拿出去找俄罗斯的织补匠和国内的织补匠织补但是没人认识这种布料、更没人敢揽下这个活。在这种情况下,晴雯没办法只能抱病给织补,这里就成就了勇晴雯病补雀金裘的佳话。“晴雯先拿了一根比一比,笑道:‘这虽不很象,若补上,也不很明显。’先将里子拆开,用茶杯口大的一个竹共钉牢在杯面,再将破口四边用金倒刮的松松散散的,然后用针纫了两条,分出经纬,亦如界线之法,先界出地子后,依本衣之纹来回织补。补两针,又看看,织补又端详端详。无奈头晕眼黑,气喘神虚,补不上三五针,伏在枕上歇一会。宝玉在旁,一时又问:‘吃些滚水不吃?’一时又命:‘歇一歇。’一时又拿一件灰鼠斗蓬替她披上,一时又命拿个拐枕与她靠着。急得秦雯央道:‘小祖宗,你只管睡罢。再熬上半夜,明儿把眼睛抠搂了,怎么处?’宝玉见她着急,只得胡乱睡下,仍睡不着。一时只听自鸣钟已敲了四下,刚刚补完,又用小牙刷慢慢的剔出绒毛来。麝月道:‘这就很好,若不留心,再看不出的。’宝玉忙要了瞧瞧,说道:‘真真一样了。’”这里不仅把晴雯对宝玉的关心及甘为宝玉付出的情份表露无遗,亦把她对服装上的配色天赋充分表现出来,同时也展现出她心思缜密,看事物看得透彻,把雀金裘这么一个难补的衣服补得像完好的一样。如果晴雯出生在现代,应该是一个出名的服装大师。 在贾府中有一个丫头叫黄婴儿,是薛宝钗的小丫环。她手巧,会编织。好做小的饰物,擅编花蓝,打的络子很漂亮,为贾宝玉装玉用过。这里说到她对配色还有用什么样的线给他打络子他提出了很多方案,宝玉也提了很多方案,但最终还是宝钗出的主意,她说用金线编织,一是要络住那块玉,另一方面是用正统的颜色,但实为想用这种络子把贾宝玉牢牢套住。 在《红楼梦》里还有一个配色大师——贾母,她对颜色的搭配也是很有见解的。有文字记载说到贾母落过黛玉住的地方,她注意到黛玉窗外是绿色的竹子,而窗帘颜色也是绿色的,她让小司丫环们去找粉红色的软烟络给换上,让窗内的红和外面的景色的绿一下子就分开了。 在《红楼梦》里服装不全是用来保暖遮羞的,而是用来表现身份和性格的。而这种习俗不仅在当时表现明显,现在的人生活水平不段提高,对服装的要求也是越来越高,有的喜欢穿名牌服饰表现自己的富有,有的喜欢穿着时尚前卫表现自己的独特个性,有的喜欢乖巧可爱的装扮表现出自己的学生气及清纯,所有人在穿着打扮时都会依照自己的身份与性格来表达自己,也有句话说的是:“服装是看一个人心灵的第一扇窗。” 林黛玉到王夫人处时,见到贾宝玉,只见:“头上戴着束发嵌宝紫金冠,齐眉勒着二龙抢珠抹额;穿一件二色金百蝶穿花大红箭袖,束着五彩丝攒花结长穗宫绦,外罩石青起花八团倭锻排穗褂;登着青缎粉底小朝靴。面若中秋之月,色如春晓之花,鬓若刀裁,眉如墨画,面如桃瓣,目若秋波。虽怒时而若笑,即瞋视而有情。项上金螭璎珞,又有一根五色丝绦,系着一块美玉。”这是他出去见客的服装,后换了居家服,又见其冠带:“头上周围一转的短发,都结成小辫,红丝结束,共攒至顶中胎发,总编一跟大辫,黑亮如漆,从顶至梢,一串四颗大珠,用金八宝坠角;身上穿着银红撒红半旧大袄,仍旧带着项圈、宝玉、寄命锁、护身符等物;下面半露松花撒花绫裤腿,锦边弹墨袜,厚底大红鞋。”前面说王熙凤喜黄色,在这里宝玉则不同,他的服饰多以红色为主。这里的红没有偏离,这里的高贵没有偏离。这里的色彩都反映出一个贵族公子的家庭情况。前面也说了红色为血色,代表新生,纯正的红也是种很高贵的颜色。 在一次赏雪和梅的时候,白雪红梅,大家都穿斗蓬,通过这个来更加深刻的展示了不同身份的人在雪地赏花时的不同装扮。贾母围了个大斗蓬,带着灰鼠暖兜,坐着小竹轿,打着青绸油伞,鸳鸯琥珀等五六个丫环,每个人都是打着伞,拥轿而来。贾母一行出了夹道东门,一看四面粉妆银砌,忽见宝琴披裘站在山坡上遥等,身后一个丫环抱着一瓶梅花。贾母说了一句话:“你们瞧,这山坡上配上她的这个人,又是这件衣裳,后头又是这梅花,像个什么?“众人都笑道:”就像老太太屋里挂的仇十洲画的《双艳图》“贾母摇头笑道:”那画的那里有这件衣裳?人也不能这样好!”后来那个丫头回过头来,大家才知道那个丫环实际上是宝玉。 薛宝钗穿一件莲青斗纹锦上添花洋线番羓丝的鹤氅。 邢岫烟依是家常旧衣,并无遮雪之衣。这里可以看出她的贫困,没钱买新衣服和御寒的衣服。 李纨是个寡妇,着装很是朴素,仅穿一件青哆罗呢对襟褂子。 黛玉则是换上掐金挖云红香羊皮小靴,罩了一件大红羽纱面白狐狸里的鹤氅,束一条青龙闪绿双环四合如意绦,头上罩了雪帽,越发显得她的洁白与纯洁。 史厢云穿着贾母与她的一件貂鼠脑袋面子大毛黑灰鼠里子里外发烧大褂子,头上带着一顶挖云鹅黄片金里大红猩猩毡昭君套,又围着大貂鼠风领。里面是穿了一件半新的靠色三镶领袖秋香色盘金五色绣龙窄褃小袖掩衿银鼠短袄,里面短短的是一件水红装锻狐肷褶子,腰里紧紧束着一条蝴蝶结子长穗五色宫绦,脚下也穿着鹿皮小靴。 妙玉原是大家闺秀,后出家当了尼姑,所以穿的是素雅的百纳衣。 从这里看出每个人的爱好、个性、地位及出生的大不相同。 书里对颜色、做工是有所包贬的,红色、黄色、豆绿色、石青色是高贵的颜色!在王熙凤和贾宝玉的身上就出现了百蝶穿花服饰,但对王熙凤是有所贬的,她的裙是那个图案,在当时桃红色一般是穿在一些轻薄女子身上。但书里说到王熙凤“穿着桃红散花袄”,而当时桃红、粉红、水红都是有贬斥的。在袭人回家这段子里,王夫人和王熙凤给了他一些东西,王夫人送了袭人首饰、妆锻,(妆锻在这里是五品以上的贵族才能穿的,不是丫环家丁能够用在服装里的原料。)当时袭人在暗里是贾二爷的小老婆,王夫人在这里送她这些东西表现出她对袭人的认可,重在让她回去娘家能够有面子,也表示出她是有身份有地位的人。而王熙凤送了她一件皮衣服,虽显得高贵但又不是真皮,既在这里侧面的贬斥了袭人,理解为袭人看起来很高贵,其实只是个玻璃花瓶而已,名不符实。 整个《红楼梦》,通篇下来,里面最常用到的字是“红”字,所有的都围绕着一个字在写——红,里面说出了他们爱“红”的毛病味。比如贾宝玉住的是怡红院,去的地方等也都有个“红”字,他取了个字号叫怡红公子,还好吃女孩嘴上的烟脂,当然当时的化妆品都是天然无污染的。但《红楼梦》中唯独薛宝钗不爱红,不爱烟脂,不爱花,主要是因为她是属于正统型的人。而她身上的配饰都是金色的,全身都是贴金色的。 在《红楼梦》中的人物他们对社会有的一种反抗,大多追求的都不是正统的黄色,而是都用红色宣告了他们的精神,当时作者也是这种情绪,所以更多的是崇尚红色,也是《石头记》之所以后来要改为《红楼梦》的原因之一。 看了《红楼梦》,对里面人物的服饰有了更深一层的认识与理解。里面人物的服饰和性格是紧密相联不可分割的。在《红楼梦》里我能看到做为织造世家的曹雪芹在对人物服饰的描写上用了很严谨的词汇,也暗藏了很多隐讳。红袖,血泪,道出十二金钗悲惨命运,但最终都以悲剧落幕。 参考文献: [1]小说《红楼梦》曹雪芹 [2]红学官方网站
【编者按】从清代人物画家改琦,到当代影视剧创作人员,对清代小说《红楼梦》中人物服饰形象的塑造,大都以明代汉装为模式。日久天长,大家也就对这一系列形象认可了,倘若有谁改为清代服饰,反而很难得到人们的认同。我们在这里探讨一下红楼梦中关于服饰的描述,似乎能看出些什么来。事实上,《红楼梦》是清代小说,文中虽对描写时代背景十分含糊,但书中的服饰形象,有一些是汉族历代传承的服饰,也有很多是清代人的穿着。如第四十九回中史湘云穿着“貂鼠脑袋面子大毛黑灰鼠里子里外发烧大褂子”。“里外发烧”是指衣服(冬装)外表和里面都用毛皮,清乾隆、嘉庆年间盛行。虽然目前“红学”研究人士对曹雪芹卒年至少有三种说法,可是1763年除夕也罢,1764年初春也罢,都是指乾隆二十八年或二十九年。据此我们可以认为,这种富人借名贵毛皮以显阔的里外发烧皮衣流行一时,正是曹氏自己亲身经历的。再有,黛玉初至荣国府时,见到王熙凤穿着“缕金百蝶穿花大红洋缎窄裉袄,外罩五彩刻丝石青银鼠褂”。第四十九回中的李纨穿着“青哆罗呢对襟褂子”。袭人要回家探亲时也是在“桃红百子刻丝银鼠袄子”外,再套上“青缎灰鼠褂”。“褂子”称谓虽说明代时已有,但明代方以智《通雅·衣服》中说:“今吴人谓之衫,北人谓之褂。”徐珂《清稗类钞·服饰》中说:“褂,外衣也,礼服之加于袍外者,谓之外褂,男女皆同此名称,唯制式不同耳。”赵振民《中国衣冠中之满服成分》索性认定:“中国古无‘褂’字……盖满制也。”结合明人所说的“北人”,也可以认为是山海关、张家口外人。应该说褂子是清代人对肥大上衣的习惯称谓。第五十一回写金桂的丫环宝蟾,穿一件“片锦(金)边琵琶襟小紧身”,琵琶襟是一种曲襟,转角之处呈方形,与清代缺袴袍一样,是较为典型的马上民族服式。琵琶襟马甲在清代流行。宝玉的服饰形象在书中多次出现,常描写为“穿一件二色金百蝶穿花大红箭袖”(第三回),或是“穿着秋香色立蟒白狐腋箭袖”(第八回),或是“穿着白蟒箭袖”(第十五回),还有“大红金蟒狐腋箭袖”(第十九回)。箭袖虽说明代已有,但是人们穿着不多,主要限于射手等。因为箭袖即马蹄袖,衣服袖身窄小,袖端头为斜面,袖口面较长,弧形,可覆住手背,以便不影响射箭且又可保暖。清代宫廷早期因极力主张“不废骑射”,因此将箭袖用于礼服,成了清代男服的典型制式。另外,绣蟒的袍,在明代时为职官常服,只有清代,才放宽穿着范围。《大清会典》中曾记亲王、郡王、贝勒以及侍卫、公主、命妇等人都可以穿蟒袍。区分等级的办法主要是衣上的蟒数和蟒的爪数(如四爪、五爪之分)。服装面料中几次涉及“洋”字,如第三回中王熙凤穿着“缕金百蝶穿花大红洋缎窄裉袄”,“下着翡翠撒花洋绉裙”,第四十九回中薛宝钗穿一件“莲青斗纹锦上添花洋线番丝的鹤氅”,均为舶来衣料。发型如第七十一回中,写迎春房里的丫环司棋梳着“鬅头”,这是一种蓬松的高髻。清代人文康写清代康熙末年雍正初年的《儿女英雄传》第三十八回中,即有“梳着大松的鬅头”之说。这说明《红楼梦》中服饰有不少直接描绘的就是清代服饰。束发冠第三回写宝玉头上戴着束发紫金冠,齐眉勒着二龙抢珠金抹额。按:明刘若愚《明宫史》水集“束发冠”条云:“其制如戏子所戴者,用金累丝造之,上嵌晴绿珠石。每一座有值数百金,或千余金,二千金者。四爪蟒龙在上蟠绕,下加额子一件,亦如戏子所戴,左右插长雉羽焉。凡遇出外游幸,先帝圣驾尚此冠,则自王体乾起,至暖殿牌子止,皆戴之。各穿窄袖,束玉带,佩茄袋、刀蜕,如唱《咬脐郎打围》故事。惟涂文辅、高永寿年少相称,其年老如裴--、史宾等戴之便不雅观。”据此可知,宝玉的一身打扮,颇似明代少年公子极华贵的装束。鹤氅第四十九回写黛玉罩了一件大红羽纱面白孤皮里鹤氅,薛宝钗是一件莲青斗纹锦上添花洋线番羓丝的鹤氅。按:“鹤氅”二字,见于古代典籍。《晋书·谢万传》云:“著白纶巾,鹤氅裘。”《世说新语·企羡》:“孟昶未达时,家在京口,尝见王恭乘高舆,被鹤氅裘。于时微雪,昶于篱间窥之,叹曰:‘此真神仙中人。’”《五代史·卢程传》云:“戴华阳巾,衣鹤氅,据几决事。”又据徐灏《<说文解字>注笺》云:“以鸷毛为衣,谓之鹤氅者,美其名耳。”可知鹤氅是一种以鸟毛为原料的毛织物,故名。但到底什么样式仍费解。唯明刘若愚《明宫史》水集“氅衣”条云:“有如道袍袖者,近年陋制也。旧制原不缝袖,故名之曰氅也。彩、素不拘。”这就说得比较清楚。大概样子像道袍,而不缝袖,所以披在身上像一只鹤。这种服装在明代宫中有之,当然勋臣贵族之家亦效仿焉。又,清曹庭栋《养生随笔》卷三“衣”类云:“式如被幅,无两袖,而总折其上以为领,俗名‘一口总’,亦曰‘罗汉衣’。天寒气肃时,出户披之,可御风,静坐亦可披以御寒。《世说》王恭披鹤氅行雪中,今制盖本此,故又名氅衣,办皮者为当。”所说基本一致。白狐皮第四十九回,黛玉罩了一件大红羽纱面,白狐皮里鹤氅。按:《史记·孟尝君列传》云:“孟尝君有一狐白裘,直千金。”足见,白狐皮历来是名贵的皮裘。明宋应星《天工开物》也说:“凡狐貉亦产燕、齐、辽、汴诸道。纯白狐腋裘价与貂相仿。黄褐狐裘值貂五分之一,御寒温体功用次于貂。”貂鼠皮第四十九回写史湘云穿着贾母与她的一件貂鼠脑袋面子、大毛黑灰里子大褂子,大貂鼠的风领围着。按:貂鼠皮也是极珍贵的皮料,被称为“关东三宝”之一。明宋应星《天工开物》介绍说:“貂产辽东朝鲜国。其鼠好食松子,夷人夜伺树下,屏息悄而射取之。一貂之皮,方不盈尺,积六十余貂皮仅成一裘。服貂裘者,立风雪中,更暖于宇下。眯入目中,试之即出,所以贵也。色有三种,一白者曰银貂,一纯黑,一黯黄。”清吴振棫《养吉斋丛录》载:“三品以上者始服朝衣,惟起居注衔者否认论;四品以上服貂褂,惟翰詹科道不论。其批本奏事,军机处章京及内廷行走之员,非四品亦准穿貂褂,自乾隆三十七年始。”福格《听雨丛谈》卷二“皮裘”云:“本朝惟外褂之毳向外,若袍袄皆向内也。亲王、郡王而外,不准服用黑狐。文职一、二、三品许服毳外貂镶朝衣,武职三品弗及也。文四品、武三品准服貂鼠、猞猁狲。五品至七品笔贴式、护军校准用貂皮领袖帽沿。八、九品官不许穿貂鼠、猞猁狲、白豹、天马、银鼠。若侍卫、翰詹科道、军机章京,无论品级,均照三品服色,其往口外寒冷地方出差之满州、蒙古、汉军官员,均准照常穿用貂鼠、猞猁狲,不拘品级也。”两说略有不同,但貂鼠皮非一般皮裘可比,于此可见,从贾府诸人把貂裘当作私居便服,说明他们穷极奢华到了何种程度。哆罗呢第四十九回,李纨穿一件青哆罗呢对襟褂子,宝玉穿一件茄色哆罗呢狐皮袄子。按:清朝初期、西欧国家使节来中国时,常向清帝进献哆罗呢绒。据《大清会典事例》记载:顺治十三年,荷兰国进物中有哆罗绒,康熙六年又进哆罗呢和哆罗绒。康熙九年,西洋国进哆罗绒。康熙二十五年,荷兰国又进哆罗呢和哆罗绒。雍正五年,西洋国又进大红哆罗呢,乾隆十七年又进各色哆罗呢。又,西方传教士艾儒略所著《西方答问》卷上谈及西方土产时曾说:“至于蚕丝、棉花、花草诸果品,种种皆同。所异者如绒缎之类,有锁袱、多罗绒,有金银丝缎,一匹值 一二百金。”乾隆时,**人泽元恺著汉文《琼浦偶笔》卷二记中国商人汪竹里语云:“近世大臣薨逝,朝廷有赐多罗被殡殓者,系西洋所贡,类如明镜。”又云:“呢即明镜也,唐山呼为哆罗呢,系西洋所产,故有番字识号。”以上资料,引自方豪《从<红楼梦>所记西洋物品来考故事的背景》一文,从这里可以看出,哆罗呢是舶来品,而且是价格昂贵的贡品,实际上就是一种阔幅的呢绒。凫靥裘第四十九、五十二回写宝琴所披凫靥裘,就是野鸭子头上的毛作的。按:凫靥裘的名称未见著录。据吴世昌考释,《西京杂记》载,司马相如在成都“以所着鹔鷞裘就市人阳昌贳酒,与文君为欢。”据《尔雅翼·释鸟》云:“鹔鷞,水鸟,盖雁属也。旧藏云:‘有凫鸳鸯,有雁鹔鷞’。高诱注《淮南子》云:‘长颈绿色,其形如雁。’”所以,鹔鷞裘很可能就是用鸭子的毛做成的。又,《晋书·武帝纪》云:“咸宁四年十一月辛巳,太医司马程据献雉头裘。帝以奇技异服,典礼所禁,焚之于殿前。甲申,敕内外有敢犯者罪之。”又,《南齐书·文惠太子传》云:太子“善制珍玩之物,织孔雀毛为裘,光彩金翠,过于雉头远矣。”此则进一步说明雉头裘是存在的,这是更接近于凫靥裘的一种鸟毛织物。抹额、昭君套第三回写宝玉头上戴着束发紫金冠,齐眉勒着二龙抢珠金抹额。第六回写凤姐家常带着紫貂昭君套。第四十九回写史湘云头上戴着一顶挖云鹅黄片金里大红猩猩毡昭君套。按:清平步青《霞外捃屑》卷十“齐眉、包帽、昭君套”条云:“《西云札记》卷一:今俗妇女首饰有抹额。此二字亦见《唐书·娄师德传》,又《南蛮传》,又韩愈《送郑尚书序》。《续汉书·舆服志》注,胡广曰:‘北方寒冷,以貂皮暖额,附施于冠,因遂变成首饰,此即抹额之滥觞。’按:以貂皮暖额,即群君套抹额,又即包帽,又即齐眉,伶人则曰额子。”又,樊彬《燕都杂咏》诗注云:“冬月闺中以貂皮覆额,名‘昭君套’。”据以上资料,宝玉所戴金抹额,乃首饰。凤姐及湘云所戴昭君套,乃施于冠的貂皮暖套,并非首饰。“昭君套”之名,当与王昭君出塞有关。天马皮、乌云豹第五十四回,袭人回家,凤姐命平儿将昨日那件石青刻丝八团天马皮褂子拿出来与了袭人。第五十二回,宝玉要到王子腾家去,贾母便命鸳鸯:“把昨儿那一件乌云豹的氅衣给也吧。”宝玉看时,金翠**,碧彩闪烁,又不似宝琴所披凫靥裘。只听贾母笑道:“这叫作雀金呢,这是哦罗斯国孔雀毛拈了线织的。”按:《清一统志》云:“沙狐生沙碛中,身小色白,皮集为裘,在腹下者名天马皮,颔下者名乌云豹,皆贵重。”据此,天马皮,乌云豹皆沙狐皮也,而下文又叫作“雀金呢”,不解。天马皮的珍贵,可从郝懿行《晒书堂笔录》中得到证明:“尤西堂言:‘在京师入朝时,见同官皆羊裘耳。今闻班行叶我不衣狐铅、天马、舍利孙者。’尢在康熙初,今百余年间,狐铅、天马已成为私居常服,又有骨种羊、草上霜矣。”猞猁狲大裘第五十三回,贾珍看着收拾完备供器,靸着鞋,披着猞猁狲大裘,命人在厅柱下石矶上太阳中,铺了个大狼皮褥子坐下,看各子侄们来领取年物。按:猞猁狲,又写作扯里狲、舍利孙,是一种稀贵动物,分布在我国东北等地,做皮衣,极珍贵。清戴璐《藤阴杂记》记载:“‘京堂詹翰两衙门,齐脱貂裘猞猁狲。昨夜五更寒彻骨,举朝谁不怨葵尊。’渔洋戏作,时康熙乙亥,任葵尊宏嘉奏三品以下禁服貂裘、猞猁狲也。一时服压韵之稳。赵恒夫吉士元夕诗:‘忆赐琼筵分次第,蝉貂炫服敢纷纶。’今京堂翰詹科道仍准貂,不知何年复旧。”又,郝懿行《晒书堂笔录》也说:“尤西堂言:‘在京师入朝时,见同官皆羊裘耳。今闻班行中无不衣狐铅、天马,猞猁狲者。’尤在康熙初,今百余年间,狐铅、天马已成私居常服,又有骨种羊、草上霜矣。”以上资料说明,猞猁狲是贵重皮裘。康熙初年,朝官穿猞猁狲者极少,以后穿的人渐多,于是三十四年乃有三品以下禁服貂裘、猞猁狲的限制。大概到乾隆中叶以后,统治阶级奢侈风气日盛,禁令渐弛,穿的人越来越多。贾珍是三品威烈将军,是不受禁令限制的。雀金呢第五十二回写贾母命鸳鸯把昨儿那一件乌云豹的氅衣给宝玉。鸳鸯答应了走去,果然取了一件来。宝玉看时,金翠**,碧彩闪烁,又不似宝琴所披凫靥裘。只听贾母笑道:“这叫作雀金呢,这是哦罗斯国拿孔雀毛拈了线织的。”按:吴世昌在《从马王堆汉墓出土的“羽毛贴花绢”到<红楼梦>中的“雀金呢”》一文中对雀金呢考之甚详。他旁征博引自汉至清初的历史资料,确认中国古代劳动人民利用鸟毛制的服装有十多种,大都制成裘以御寒,也有织成罗、缎、锦等奢侈品,供上层统治阶级妇女做衣裙之用。对于清初的资料,他仅引用了吴梅村的一首词云:“江南好,机杼夺天工。孔翠装花支锦烂,冰蚕吐凤雾绡空,新样小团龙。”来说明孔雀毛织物的存在,似稍嫌不足。清初叶梦珠《阅世编》卷八有一段记载,则比较翔实而且说明问题。这段记载说:“昔年花缎惟丝织成华者加以锦绣,而所织之锦大率皆金镂为之,取其光耀而已。今有孔雀毛织入缎内,名曰毛锦,花更华丽,每匹不过十二尺,值银五十余两。”这就证明孔雀毛织物确实存在,而且有一定规格,也有市场价格。不过《红楼梦》中说它是哦罗斯国的产物,则纯属附会之谈,不可信的。又,《国学丛刊》第四册载周肇祥《故宫陈列所纪略》一文中也说:“乾隆时孔雀毛织成蟒衣,......皆罕见之品。”可见解放前故宫陈列所里还有这种毛织成蟒衣的实物存在,这也是雀金呢确有的一个有力佐证。
这个很宽范的,首先你要说明什么是服饰文化以及研究其的意义。然后你要确定要研究差别或者共性还是其他什么,从各个时期的服饰的变迁来说明服饰文化的变化。建议你选择西方对中方的影响,因为现代中国的服饰已经随意西方大流而发展,为什么会出现这样的现象呢?是好还是不好?再根据你的专业或者你写这篇文章的目的确立一个意义。
寓意,形体可以兼得 ——关于在创作实践中如何吸收中外服装史的经验启示的论文 从伏羲氏化蚕丝为穗帛,古埃及人利用亚麻织物制作围裙以及苏美尔人采用羊毛织物包缠在人体上,形成服装开始,似乎就暗示了中西方服装的发展历程,风貌形态将会有着千差万别的不同。 中西服装文化之间的内涵有很大的差别,中国服装文化是一种单源性的文化,在其形成过程中,与中国的巫觋和礼乐文化有密切的联系,注重形的内涵,具有浓厚的社会政治伦理倾向。在其发展进程中,因袭、守旧,继承性与连续性远大于变异性与创新性。西方服装文化是一种多源性的文化,在其形成过程中,将服装视作一门特殊的人体艺术,注重形式,认为形式即内容。在其发展过程中,时代特征明显,风格变化昭然。变异与创新性远大于继承与连续性。 以中国为代表的东方服装文化深受传统东方文化的影响。强调线形和纹饰的抽象寓意表达,透露出一种含蓄美。林语堂先生曾有深切的领悟,他说:“中装与西装在哲学上的不同之点就是,后者已在显出人体的线形,而前者在意遮隐之。”这使得中装与西装的直观静态之美产生了根本上的差别。追本溯源,西洋服装从诞生之日起就冲满了激进的思想与吸收外来文化的大度,所以说西方服装文化是一种多源性的文化。它的文化源于古希腊,古罗马文化,受当时的绘画,雕塑等造型艺术的影响至深,其审美视觉历来重视立体的造型。在西方的服装史上,13世纪初期就已确立了立体三维的裁剪方法。而三维裁剪的发明和运用成为了东西方服装的分水岭,从此,西方服装变得立体,外形变得富于变化,同时尽可能得让造型体现体形美。而以中国为代表的东方文化以含蓄为美,以朦胧隐约,藏而不露给人委婉含蓄的审美感受,通过款式,布局,色彩,线条给人整体的和谐之美,大量采用刺绣,飘带,图案和其他的装饰手法,表达丰富的寓意与想象。可以说中国人对服饰重装饰之美,讲究与环境和谐;西方人对服装造型之美,讲究与环境对比。东方服饰重“意”,西方服饰重“形”;东方表达含蓄,西方表达鲜明。东西方服饰完全是两种不同文化的反映,因而服饰文化特色的风格形成与民族风俗,历史文化的渊源有着紧密地联系。可见服装是一种文化,中西服装文化由于发生的地理环境、气候条件不同,在发展的过程中历史积淀的内容不同,中西服装文化之间的内涵有着很大的差别。 但在服装发展历史的漫漫长河中,我们时不时地会看到东西方服装风格的融合,而这种融合往往会绽放出一种夺目的光芒,乃至影响到整个社会。时至今日,东西方服装风格融合的实例仍屡见不鲜。 “丝绸之路”的开辟使得来自遥远东方中国的精美丝绸传入了古罗马,这让古罗马的贵族爱不释手,贵妇们更是不惜花费昂贵的价格来达到自己追求时尚的目的。欧洲中世纪的拜占庭式服装,继承和发扬了古希腊,古罗马的文明和艺术风格,同时糅合了东方精美华丽的刺绣图案,以丝绸为贵,为尚。中国的陶瓷和园林艺术深深影响了18世纪欧洲的艺术风格——洛可可。那玲珑剔透,华丽雕琢的瓷器和园林建筑迎合了法国宫廷的审美情趣,被吸收融会于法国的艺术乃至欧洲的艺术中。尤其是中国陶瓷上的精描绘画,镶金嵌银,极尽曲线绕转之美的装饰,直接影响了洛可可艺术风格。这种风格不仅体现服装上,还体现在了建筑,绘画等艺术门类上。 1910年,俄国芭蕾舞团在巴黎的公演引发轰动,其色彩瑰丽,外形新颖的芭蕾舞衣,为服装设计开创了新局面。从而欧洲形成了一股东方热潮,设计师纷纷将中国,日本,俄罗斯和印度的设计特色与古希腊,古罗马的古典披垂式风格熔于一炉,创造出了美不胜收的各式服装。 上世纪60年,时装设计大师伊夫.圣.洛朗(Yves Saint Laurant)发表了“中国风”系列。涉及灵感来自清代官府中的凉帽和马褂。70年代,东西方服饰文化进一步互相撞击,互相融合,高级时装一统天下的时代宣告结束,时装朝着更加民主化,大众化,多样化,国际化的方向发展。日本设计大师高田贤三,三宅一生运用东方传统服装的平面裁剪,设计出不强调合体的曲线的宽松肥大的服装。这种非构筑式设计,与西方的构筑式窄衣结构截然不同,但在当时反体制思潮和石油冲击的大背景下,为世人提供了一种新的选择,抓住了消费的新契机。他们的设计很快广为流传,两位来自东方日本的时装大师从此登上巴黎时装乃至世界时装的舞台。 而就在去年,身着2004/2005秋冬Yves Saint Laurent Rive Gauche高级成衣的模特伴随着中国电影《花样年华》的背景音乐缓缓走来。各色鲜艳的仿旗袍式立领垫肩缎质套装、用蝴蝶系着盘扣子旗袍套长裤、龙纹云纹中国图腾、用缇花、织锦、刺绣等各种布料及编织技巧,展现极度奢艳亮丽的中国风情。如今闻名于世的美国设计师Tom Ford运用奢侈的中国风为YSL画下重量级的句号。 东西方服饰文化与着不同的优势和魅力,同时也存在着不足与偏颇。例如巴洛克,洛可可时期强调人体体形的紧身胸衣给女性身体的正常机能带来了严重的危害。而宽袍大袖始终贯穿于3000多年的中国服装史,时常给人以呆板,停滞不前,少有变化,创新的感觉。十分巧合的是,19世纪末20世纪初,东西方服装都发生了革命性的变革。在变革中,两者又有着相反的发展倾向。东方服装由松变紧,宽袍大袖吸收了西方三维的立体裁剪,使服装变得贴体,轻便,改良旗袍正是中西合璧最经典的完美体现;而西方则摒弃了造作,扭曲性的人体美,把女性从损害健康的紧身胸衣中解放出来。但相同的都是为了适应新的生活,东西方都改变了繁琐的装饰和累赘的服装结构。 由此可见,中国古代表达寓意的宽袍大袖,西方强调人体之美的服装造型两者并无绝对的孰优孰劣的对比。事实证明,将东方精美华丽的刺绣赋予西方立体合身的服装上展现出了耀眼的光彩。当今,世界各地的服装元素互相融合,互相碰撞是历史发展的必然趋势。作为将会从事于中国服装设计行业的我们,不仅要把握开放的时代契机,紧跟国际时尚潮流,更要努力保护,发扬中国服装的传统特色。让东方服装的寓意和西方服装的形体可以兼得且形态更加丰富多变,让将来的国际时尚舞台绽放出绚丽灿烂的中国光芒!
Abstract: Dress culture is a cultural phenomenon unique to human beings. As it has different aesthetic ideas, different dressing concepts and different dress etiquette in China and west, it forms Chinese and western dress culture of the different connotation and characteristics. This thesis is divided into four major sections. The first part describes the different features of Chinese and western dress and why people wear clothing. The second part describes cultural differences between Chinese and western clothing. The third part gives an analysis of Chinese and western dress culture. The last part describes Chinese and western dress aesthetic culture and dress concept. Based on the analysis, the thesis finally draws a conclusion. Chinese and western dress culture each has rich connotation and distinct characteristics, which are precious cultural legacy which is left by human ancestors and are the world culture heritage. At the same time, we treasure our own civilization of five thousand years instead of belittling ourselves. It is significant to promote and develop our unique costume culture. We are confident and make contributions to realizing the rejuvenation of our Chinese nation and enriching the clothing culture of the whole world. Key words: Chinese and western clothing; culture;differences;aesthetic culture and clothing concepts 摘要摘要摘要摘要::::服饰文化是人类特有的文化现象。由于中西方各民族的审美观念、着装理念和服饰礼仪的不同,从而形成了不同内涵、不同特色的中西方服饰文化。本文共分为四部分。第一部分主要介绍了中西服饰的不同特征以及为什么人要穿衣服,第二部分写中西方服饰的差异,第三部分写导致中西方服饰文化差异的原因,第四部分则写中西方服饰审美文化和着装理念。通过以上简单的论述,最后得出结论,中西方服饰文化各具有丰富的内涵和鲜明的特色,她们都是人类祖先留下来的宝贵文化遗产 ,是世界文化的瑰宝。与此同时,我们应该珍惜自己五千年的文明而不是贬低自己的文明。促进和发展我们独特的民族服饰文化具有重要的意义。为了实现我们中华民族的文化复兴和丰富整个世界的文化,让我们自信起来吧! 关键词关键词关键词关键词::::中西服饰;文化;差异性;审美文化与着装理念Introduction Costume culture, carried by costume, is a respect of our physical and spiritual life and a mixture of our psychological activities like consciousness, emotion, idea and ideal. The rapid development of advanced technology makes multiculturalism stand out and also makes conflicts between China and the West increase. In that case, it becomes more and more important to recognize the similarities and differences of costume culture between China and the West. Nowadays, the whole world is, to some extent, dominated by the western costume culture, which has wound its way into the daily life of the whole world, together with technology, life style and values from the West. Quite popular in China, it’s nominally called “internationalization” or “globalization”. In recent years, the costume industry of China has developed swiftly. The “international” costume, featured by the western costume culture, has become a pretty important part of our daily life. However, as our economy takes off, international status rises and living standard improves, a wave of national costume culture resurgence is rising. Moreover, people from the West pay more and more attention to the giant dragon in the East——China. Western costume designers constantly introduce Chinese costume cultural elements to their latest designs. Those phenomena arouse a series of thoughts: what distinguishes Chinese costume culture from the western one? Are there any similarities between them? What kind of costume culture will we Chinese hold as the mainstream in the future, the so-called “international” western one, the Chinese one or the fusion of the two? To obtain the answers to these questions, we are supposed to study and contrast carefully the characteristics and developing processes of them, and then draw some regularity. To contrast the costume culture between China and the West, it is necessary for us to master a good knowledge of the Chinese and western costume cultural 1 Chinese and western dress The different features of Chinese and western dress China is known as “Xia” as it’s a land of propriety, and it’s also known as “Hua” with the beauty of its costume. (①《左传》p83) Our national costume is Hanfu. It originated in the Yanhuang era, formed in the Spring and Autumn Period and officially took form in Han Dynasty. That’s the reason why it’s called “Hanfu”. Since then, in spite of historical evolutions of all ages, their basic characteristics have never changed. Hanfu, on the whole, can be divided into four developing stages: Zhou Han Hanfu, Wei Jin Hanfu, Sui Tang Hanfu and Song Ming Hanfu. Zhou Han Hanfu was featured by dignity and simplicity, while Wei Jin Hanfu by chic and elegance, Sui Tang Hanfu by dignified, graceful, elegant and poised style. Hanfu in Song and Ming Dynasties epitomizes the characteristics of the past-simple, dignified, elegant, etc. In Qing Dynasty, Hanfu was forbidden by the government and disappeared from the land of China. The main features of Chinese clothing are focusing on the right collar’s overlap, the band deducted hidden, big sleeves, no buttons and using string binding, giving the impression of free and easy flowing. These characteristics are obviously different from those of other ethnic costumes. Hanfu is divided into uniform and common clothing. With strict standards, uniform is dressed on formal occasions while the common clothing, without long sleeves, is very convenient to people’s daily life. However, the western clothing is different form the Chinese clothing. The West belongs to Marine civilization, it emphasizes the subjective and objective separation and that we should rationally treat clothing, advocate releasing personality, stress dress effect and be good at showing beautiful the posture of the body. Besides, we use various clipping, color collocation means to perfect bodily curve and give a person with visual comfort in the modeling. A suit, also known as a business suit, comprises a collection of matching clothing consisting of: a coat﹙commonly known as a jacket﹚,a waistcoat﹙optional﹚﹙USA vest﹚for men, a pair of trousers﹙USA pants﹚, or for women, a shirt or trousers. A suit is generally accompanied by torment, a shirt and tie or for women, a blouse. Why people wear clothingChinese people are concerned more about its social function of helping to rule a country well than that of keeping warm or decorating. It has a lot to do with ruling a country to regulate the dressing way of the common people. Nevertheless, the westerners pay more attention to its wealth value and function. Therefore, people put on clothing for functional and social reasons. The functional reason The first use of clothing is to resist the cold and cover the body. Functions of clothing include providing the human body protection against extremes of climate (extreme heat, icy winters, and drenching storms) and protection against insects, noxious, chemicals, and contact with abrasive substances. In sum, clothing protects human beings against anything that might injure the naked, unprotected human body. The social reason Clothing also delivers social messages to other humans. Social messages sent by clothing, accessories, and decorations can involve social status, occupation, ethnic and religious belief, marital status, cultural degree and sexual availability, etc. For example, only Roman citizens can wear “Toga” in Rome while dragon robe can only be dressed by the emperor in China.
关于红楼梦的论文,1500字要求:格式标准,原创
就给5分你就想要篇3000字的,还论文?想什么呢?
《红楼梦》研究论文“开篇不读《红楼梦》,纵读诗书也枉然。”、“开口不谈《红楼梦》,此公缺典定糊涂。”,《红楼梦》是中国古典小说的巅峰之作,它涉及面广,被誉为“中国封建社会的百科全书”,意义深刻,其在民间的流传之广、影响力之大也是其它古典小说难以比拟的。从思想内容看,《红楼梦》是非常成功的。它以贾府的盛衰变迁为背景,以贾宝玉和林黛玉的爱情悲剧为主线,对封建社会中种种矛盾的揭示,反应出那个时代社会的罪恶及其不可避免的分崩离析的命运。作品以栩栩如生的对人物的细致刻画及其尖锐的矛盾冲突鲜明的表现了被压迫阶级和统治阶级的尖锐斗争,揭露了腐朽害人的封建制度必将衰亡的事实,如贾府的最终衰落;赞颂了勇于反抗的新生力量,如晴雯、鸳鸯的的斗争,宝玉终不愿做克绍箕裘的孝子,终离家出走;揭发了封建主义的罪恶,如司棋、晴雯的牺牲,四儿、芳官被赶出贾府,宝黛的爱情悲剧,十二女统归薄命司;褒扬了自由、平等的新生思想,如宝玉民主主义思想的发展简直是对封建社会正统思想“男尊女卑”的颠覆,宝黛爱情早以不是停留在《西厢记》中张生、崔莺莺郎才女貌、一见钟情之类的陈词滥调之上,更多的是思想上的认同——对四书五经的排斥等。表明封建社会对人性的残害以成为一个尖锐的社会问题,说明曹公的创作早已走上了现实主义的道路。《红楼梦》中最吸引人的地方要算是对人物之间性格矛盾的细致刻画,曹公将这些冲突巧妙的连接起来,情节感人,扣人心弦,从而彻底的暴露出封建礼教制造的种种恶果,有力的鞭挞了旧社会的罪恶,将一个又一个悲剧赤裸裸地揭穿出来,进而完成《红楼梦》不可避免的悲剧结局。对于环境的描写更是为《红楼梦》这一伟大不朽作品的成功起到了推波助澜的作用。在贾宝玉心中,女儿是世界上最可爱、最可敬、最纯洁的人。无论在那个方面都远在男人之上,所以是“人上之人”,这一点尽人皆知不必废话。同时,宝玉更进一步的认为女儿是不能出嫁的,否则便变了质。由纯洁无暇的自由身、被压迫者转变为压迫者,固然可恨,也反映出那个时代的可悲,大观园自然而然的成为保护女儿们的庇护所,希望女儿们永远过着无忧无虑的日子,以免染上男子龌龊的气味(电视剧中女主角常说的“天底下男人没一个好东西”,由此一定程度上符合事实),男人自然是不能进入的(除宝玉和稚嫩的贾兰外,其他男性最多也只进入怡红院,而高鹗的伪作中,贾琏、王大夫竟大摇大摆迈进潇湘馆,荒唐!),园中的逍遥日子近乎完美,继而为查抄大观园的悲剧发生起到了对比和铺垫的作用,让人感伤极深,不禁潸然泪下。而第三十二回“诉肺腑心迷活宝玉”后,宝黛爱情的成熟则标志着僵持局面的基本形成:家长方面坚持薛宝钗,而贾宝玉不愿放弃林黛玉,贾府的决策者——贾母也陷入了犹豫当中。随后的人情世故的变化对宝黛爱情悲剧的发生起到了画龙点睛的作用:各种矛盾爆发,贾家渐渐以无法维持,贾宝玉走什么路子转而成为挽救贾家的最后一根救命稻草,只有稳重大体、家境富裕的薛宝钗才能扶持宝玉走上封建主义所谓的正路就顺理成章了。曹雪芹在《红楼梦》中塑造了不少典型人物。如平等待人的宝玉、成熟端庄的宝钗、多愁善感的黛玉、满腹心机的凤姐、逆来顺受的迎春、憨厚可爱的史湘云、情傲孤高的妙玉、善良朴实的刘姥姥等等,每个人物的性格、每桩人事和人情,都描绘的十分细腻、十分真实。宝玉是一个敢于反抗的典型。宝玉的性格是及其难得的,受周围出身低下的丫鬟们影响,作为一个封建社会的公子哥儿,却讨厌士大夫。统治者与被压迫者,本是对立的阶级,而贾宝玉却站在被压迫者一边,几乎有些恋母情结的他,很少有主子架子,以伺候丫鬟为乐。摆在封建地主阶级少爷贾宝玉面前的有两条路,一是去研究四书五经做官,否则便同丫鬟、“戏子”门在一起,走下坡路,他选择了其二,十分尊重和体贴女性。另一特点便是不遵守封建制度的一般规矩,不愿与官宦往来,只要将怡红院门一关,那便是一个世外桃源。对于反对四书五经与科举这样原则性的问题,即使是宝钗、湘云劝他注意仕途经济他也立刻回斥,虽然他的恋爱婚姻问题依然等待家长为他做主,但毕竟是历史的局限、阶级的局限,“一个人不可能抓着自己的头发里看地面”,作者也给予一定的肯定。林黛玉则是另一个精神反叛的典型。她幼时丧母、弃父进京,从不像薛宝钗那样以扼杀自己的个性为代价来讨好众人做一个所谓的封建淑女,也不像贾探春那样抛弃亲情以保证封建主子的威仪,更不像王熙凤那样灭绝人性来满足自己的权利欲。她至纯至善、崇尚真情却要独自面对这个充满虚伪、邪恶、贪婪、嫉妒、淫欲、阴险和野心的社会;她父母双亡、寄人篱下,而命运却没有给予她丝毫同情;她坦读《西厢记》,酒后任意挥洒自己的才华。面对这样的环境,她怎能不多愁善感?不是小气、心胸狭窄,只是为唯一的知己---宝玉献出了全部,怎能不患得患失?只是百年后,孰知葬花悲?而与以上两者不同的是,薛宝钗则是封建礼教思想下的一个正面悲剧。她十分推崇那些封建思想,把其当作日常生活的行为准则和追求的最高理想,完全沉浸在为自己编织的网中她遵守作为一个封建淑女所有规则,刻意求工的要求自己成为典范,甚至到了不惜一切的地步,不做一件封建礼教所不允许的事。她把自己全部的爱藏于心中,一切去等待家长的抉择乃至支持黛玉和宝玉的结合。然而,就是这样一个遵守封建礼教的少女,最终却并没有的属于自己的爱情,反倒给予她的是一个悲惨的宿命。进一步的证实封建礼教的虚伪性。王熙凤在<<红楼梦>>中是一个迷恋金钱和权力、自尊心极强的女人。其实她是一个对平等和幸福的追求者,面对无耻的贾瑞,她选择了将他置之死地而后快,而她有不得不承认自己在贾琏在自己生日时出去偷情这件事上所做的是错误的。封建男权蹂躏了无数女子,要求女性遵守所谓的三纲五常,把原本的夫妻的转化成妻妾矛盾,逼得凤姐去迫害尤二姐等原本无辜的人,但在那个时期,这不是可悲、可怜反倒是可恶、可恨、该千刀万剐的。男权的衰落并没有给这位女强人带来空间与理解,贾府衰亡的一切责任竟都归咎于她,是“哭向金陵事更哀”的凄凉。《红楼梦》无论是在题材、体裁、形式、内容、思想等方面都是一部现实主义力作。曹公以优秀的文笔,将种种背景、各色人物、各种事件巧妙地贯穿起来,结构严谨,层层递进,紧凑而完整几乎牵一发而动全身,不愧为一部既可读、又耐读的经典名著。
“千红一窟(哭)” 之黛玉泪提到《红楼梦》,人们总会想到多愁善感的林黛玉;而一提到林黛玉,人们总会想到她随时都可能流下的眼泪。可以说,曹雪芹怀着深挚的爱意和悲悯的同情,用过去与未来、现实与虚幻、哲理与诗情,饱蘸着血与泪塑造出来的林黛玉,是《红楼梦》里一位完美的富有诗意和理想色彩的悲剧典型。 为了突出林黛玉的悲剧性格,作者将黛玉的前世,设计为一株浸满泪水的仙草。这也许预示她将要用一生的哀愁来还回泪。多会泪还完了,那生命也可以终结了。她一生下来,就有“先天不足之症”;会吃饭时便吃药,而且不许哭,不能见外人。命运对她残酷至极:少年丧母,不久又丧父,只有孤苦伶仃地长期寄人篱下。“两弯似蹙非蹙笼烟眉,一双似喜非喜含情目,态生两靥之愁,娇袭一身之病。泪光点点,娇喘微微。闲静似娇花照水,行动如弱柳扶风。心较比干多一窍。”一出场,她就给我们一种“病态美”,却也符合她的悲剧命运。 “黛玉方进入房时,只见两个人搀着一位鬓发如银的老母迎上来,黛玉便知是他外祖母。方欲拜见时,早被他外祖母一把搂入怀中,心肝儿肉叫着大哭起来。当下地下侍立之人,无不掩面涕泣,黛玉也哭个不住。一时众人慢慢解劝住了,黛玉方拜见了外祖母。”这才刚进贾府就哭的稀里哗啦,为从未谋面的亲人,也为自己凄苦的命运。“是晚,宝玉李嬷嬷已睡了,她见里面黛玉和鹦哥犹未安息,她自卸了妆,悄悄进来,笑问:“姑娘怎么还不安息?”黛玉忙让:“姐姐请坐……”袭人在床沿上坐了。鹦哥笑道:“林姑娘正在这里伤心,自己淌眼抹泪的说:‘今儿才来,就惹出你家哥儿的狂病,倘或摔坏了那玉,岂不是因我之过”“因此便伤心,我好容易劝好了”。袭人道:“姑娘快休如此,将来只怕比这个更奇怪的笑话儿还有呢!若为他这种行止,你多心伤感,只怕你伤感不了呢。快别多心”,这一段,其实也体现了黛玉多愁善感的个性。 在小说中,她哭了不下n次。有时真是让人难以理解。吃也不愁吃,穿也不愁穿,瞎哭什么呀!但仔细想一下,答案也就明了。黛玉父母早亡,上无兄长疼爱,下无弟妹怜惜;千里投亲,寄人篱下,孤苦伶仃之感日益膨胀。虽有贾母疼爱,但贾母对外孙女的疼爱比起对孙子、孙女的来自然又差了一层。尤其是当这两种疼爱冲突时,贾母当然~~~这怎能叫人不伤心呢?在大观园中,黛玉虽然可与众姐妹一同读书写字,吟诗抚琴,饮酒观花,玩笑游戏,可自己的悲哀又怎能与他们诉说?她唯一信得过的知己便是贾宝玉。对宝玉她可以喜怒不隐,言笑无忌,以最激烈的态度相对。唯其信任宝玉,在宝玉面前她才有十足的霸气;自己愁了,恼了,烦了,可以把这些情绪一股脑儿泼到宝玉身上,而不管宝玉是否冤枉,是否承受得了。她对宝玉是至亲至爱,宝玉对她也是一片深情。但,那个封建的时代害了所有人。即使两人真心相爱,也不可能成亲;就算成亲,也不会幸福。黛玉不了解这一点,所以拼命追求,哭得乱七八糟。更何况,每日相伴黛玉的诗书琴花等,又最是牵愁引恨之物,黛玉又是一个早慧早熟者,平白无故还要自寻烦恼,哪里还经得起这些物事的招惹。愁肠百结又无人诉说,怎能不受煎熬!终日哀伤愁思,怎能不伤身体!久病缠身,怎能不使她这弱柳娇花过早凋萎! 我想,黛玉之泪,包含了太多忧愁和辛酸。人,最早都是很孤独的。所以才需要家人、朋友、恋人来陪伴。可黛玉朋友不多,没有父母,找不到恋人,孤独极了。再加上那个时代本来就是千红一哭的,所有女性都逃不了悲剧的命运。其实,没人陪你、没人懂你,是很惨的……
这个很宽范的,首先你要说明什么是服饰文化以及研究其的意义。然后你要确定要研究差别或者共性还是其他什么,从各个时期的服饰的变迁来说明服饰文化的变化。建议你选择西方对中方的影响,因为现代中国的服饰已经随意西方大流而发展,为什么会出现这样的现象呢?是好还是不好?再根据你的专业或者你写这篇文章的目的确立一个意义。
1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因 摘 要 中西戏剧都有悠久的历史,无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧,都起源于民间,并与原始人祭祀神灵,欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史,它发展快,成就高,在世界上的影响很... 类别:毕业论文 大小:95 KB 日期:2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合 摘 要随着全球化的来临,中国与外界的交流越来越频繁,特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界,如同一个大家庭,参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因,各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是... 类别:毕业论文 大小:85 KB 日期:2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理 摘 要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增,同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现,跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道,这种文化差异时而会造成... 类别:毕业论文 大小:96 KB 日期:2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 摘 要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征:儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗,宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰,以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线,在思想上追求人格的完美,以“谦谦君... 类别:毕业论文 大小:90 KB 日期:2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力 摘 要自古以来,中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区,礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响,目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别:毕业论文 大小:88 KB 日期:2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性 摘 要自古以来,中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区,礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响,目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别:毕业论文 大小:85 KB 日期:2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异 摘 要中国悠久历史5000年,西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化;西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天,中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国... 类别:毕业论文 大小:100 KB 日期:2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨 摘 要在经济蓬勃发展的今天,旅游业风风火火地发展起来了,作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来,且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世,这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机,但世界上酒店发展规模空前,...
Abstract: Dress culture is a cultural phenomenon unique to human beings. As it has different aesthetic ideas, different dressing concepts and different dress etiquette in China and west, it forms Chinese and western dress culture of the different connotation and characteristics. This thesis is divided into four major sections. The first part describes the different features of Chinese and western dress and why people wear clothing. The second part describes cultural differences between Chinese and western clothing. The third part gives an analysis of Chinese and western dress culture. The last part describes Chinese and western dress aesthetic culture and dress concept. Based on the analysis, the thesis finally draws a conclusion. Chinese and western dress culture each has rich connotation and distinct characteristics, which are precious cultural legacy which is left by human ancestors and are the world culture heritage. At the same time, we treasure our own civilization of five thousand years instead of belittling ourselves. It is significant to promote and develop our unique costume culture. We are confident and make contributions to realizing the rejuvenation of our Chinese nation and enriching the clothing culture of the whole world. Key words: Chinese and western clothing; culture;differences;aesthetic culture and clothing concepts 摘要摘要摘要摘要::::服饰文化是人类特有的文化现象。由于中西方各民族的审美观念、着装理念和服饰礼仪的不同,从而形成了不同内涵、不同特色的中西方服饰文化。本文共分为四部分。第一部分主要介绍了中西服饰的不同特征以及为什么人要穿衣服,第二部分写中西方服饰的差异,第三部分写导致中西方服饰文化差异的原因,第四部分则写中西方服饰审美文化和着装理念。通过以上简单的论述,最后得出结论,中西方服饰文化各具有丰富的内涵和鲜明的特色,她们都是人类祖先留下来的宝贵文化遗产 ,是世界文化的瑰宝。与此同时,我们应该珍惜自己五千年的文明而不是贬低自己的文明。促进和发展我们独特的民族服饰文化具有重要的意义。为了实现我们中华民族的文化复兴和丰富整个世界的文化,让我们自信起来吧! 关键词关键词关键词关键词::::中西服饰;文化;差异性;审美文化与着装理念Introduction Costume culture, carried by costume, is a respect of our physical and spiritual life and a mixture of our psychological activities like consciousness, emotion, idea and ideal. The rapid development of advanced technology makes multiculturalism stand out and also makes conflicts between China and the West increase. In that case, it becomes more and more important to recognize the similarities and differences of costume culture between China and the West. Nowadays, the whole world is, to some extent, dominated by the western costume culture, which has wound its way into the daily life of the whole world, together with technology, life style and values from the West. Quite popular in China, it’s nominally called “internationalization” or “globalization”. In recent years, the costume industry of China has developed swiftly. The “international” costume, featured by the western costume culture, has become a pretty important part of our daily life. However, as our economy takes off, international status rises and living standard improves, a wave of national costume culture resurgence is rising. Moreover, people from the West pay more and more attention to the giant dragon in the East——China. Western costume designers constantly introduce Chinese costume cultural elements to their latest designs. Those phenomena arouse a series of thoughts: what distinguishes Chinese costume culture from the western one? Are there any similarities between them? What kind of costume culture will we Chinese hold as the mainstream in the future, the so-called “international” western one, the Chinese one or the fusion of the two? To obtain the answers to these questions, we are supposed to study and contrast carefully the characteristics and developing processes of them, and then draw some regularity. To contrast the costume culture between China and the West, it is necessary for us to master a good knowledge of the Chinese and western costume cultural 1 Chinese and western dress The different features of Chinese and western dress China is known as “Xia” as it’s a land of propriety, and it’s also known as “Hua” with the beauty of its costume. (①《左传》p83) Our national costume is Hanfu. It originated in the Yanhuang era, formed in the Spring and Autumn Period and officially took form in Han Dynasty. That’s the reason why it’s called “Hanfu”. Since then, in spite of historical evolutions of all ages, their basic characteristics have never changed. Hanfu, on the whole, can be divided into four developing stages: Zhou Han Hanfu, Wei Jin Hanfu, Sui Tang Hanfu and Song Ming Hanfu. Zhou Han Hanfu was featured by dignity and simplicity, while Wei Jin Hanfu by chic and elegance, Sui Tang Hanfu by dignified, graceful, elegant and poised style. Hanfu in Song and Ming Dynasties epitomizes the characteristics of the past-simple, dignified, elegant, etc. In Qing Dynasty, Hanfu was forbidden by the government and disappeared from the land of China. The main features of Chinese clothing are focusing on the right collar’s overlap, the band deducted hidden, big sleeves, no buttons and using string binding, giving the impression of free and easy flowing. These characteristics are obviously different from those of other ethnic costumes. Hanfu is divided into uniform and common clothing. With strict standards, uniform is dressed on formal occasions while the common clothing, without long sleeves, is very convenient to people’s daily life. However, the western clothing is different form the Chinese clothing. The West belongs to Marine civilization, it emphasizes the subjective and objective separation and that we should rationally treat clothing, advocate releasing personality, stress dress effect and be good at showing beautiful the posture of the body. Besides, we use various clipping, color collocation means to perfect bodily curve and give a person with visual comfort in the modeling. A suit, also known as a business suit, comprises a collection of matching clothing consisting of: a coat﹙commonly known as a jacket﹚,a waistcoat﹙optional﹚﹙USA vest﹚for men, a pair of trousers﹙USA pants﹚, or for women, a shirt or trousers. A suit is generally accompanied by torment, a shirt and tie or for women, a blouse. Why people wear clothingChinese people are concerned more about its social function of helping to rule a country well than that of keeping warm or decorating. It has a lot to do with ruling a country to regulate the dressing way of the common people. Nevertheless, the westerners pay more attention to its wealth value and function. Therefore, people put on clothing for functional and social reasons. The functional reason The first use of clothing is to resist the cold and cover the body. Functions of clothing include providing the human body protection against extremes of climate (extreme heat, icy winters, and drenching storms) and protection against insects, noxious, chemicals, and contact with abrasive substances. In sum, clothing protects human beings against anything that might injure the naked, unprotected human body. The social reason Clothing also delivers social messages to other humans. Social messages sent by clothing, accessories, and decorations can involve social status, occupation, ethnic and religious belief, marital status, cultural degree and sexual availability, etc. For example, only Roman citizens can wear “Toga” in Rome while dragon robe can only be dressed by the emperor in China.
隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.