中美文化差异英语论文范文

中美文化差异英语论文范文

中西方国家均拥有悠久的历史和传统，在各自的 文化 上有其独特的内涵。下文是我为大家整理的关于文化差异英语论文的 范文 ，欢迎大家阅读参考! 文化差异英语论文篇1 文化差异对 英语学习 的影响 一、引言 在英语学习过程中很多人努力学习语音、词汇和语法等语言方面，却忽略了文化因素在语言学习过程中的重要作用，致使许多人虽具备一定的语言能力但在英语交流中仍会遇到许多困难。缺乏对文化因素重要性的认识已严重影响了英语学习。 文化因素对语言的影响很早便引起了国内外学者的关注，如20世纪80年代我国着名学者胡文仲就认为：“语言是文化的一种表现形式，不了解英美文化，要学好英语是不可能的。”但在多年的英语教学中文化因素仍未受到足够的重视，因此，本文将从中西方的 传统文化 、习俗文化和价值体系三方面的差异来探讨文化差异对语言的影响。 二、文化差异对语言的影响 要想学好英语不仅需要掌握语音、语义和语法等语言本身的技能，还需要注重文化差异对语言学习的影响。语言和文化是不可分割、互相依存的整体，语言是文化的表现形式和载体，同时又受所属文化的制约。若不能充分了解西方文化就无法真正学好英语。 众多学者已充分研究了文化的内涵，如戴炜栋和张红玲认为，文化研究发展至今，一个最具概括性、广为接受的观点认为文化是一个群体的生活方式，它包括人自出生后所学到的一切，如语言、言行方式和内容、信仰，以及人们赖以生存的物质和精神基础。张婧则认为，不同的民族所处的地理环境和历史环境不同，因而对不同的事物和经历有着不同的编码分类;不同的民族因不同的宗教信仰，也导致了他们独特的笃信，崇尚和忌讳心态;不同的民族因其发展的特殊历史过程也产生了本民族自己的历史 典故 、 传说 轶事。本文主要关注中西方在传统文化、习俗文化和价值体系三方面的差异及其对语言的影响。 (一)传统文化上的差异 中西方国家均拥有悠久的历史和传统，在各自的文化上有其独特的内涵。由于受到不同的历史和传统的影响，中西方国家在各自漫长的历史长河中所沉淀形成的传统文化亦不尽相同，因此，我们在 学习英语 时除了要学好语言，更要关注语言所属的文化内涵。正如刘长江所言，文化教学应与语言教学同步融合。 由于历史和传统的差异，中西方人们对于同一事物的理解和感受也有区别。如“龙”在中西方的传统文化中的内涵便迥然不同。“龙”是中华民族的图腾，我们引以为豪的自称“龙的传人”。在中国传统文化中“龙”是吉祥、幸福的象征，人们多用“龙腾虎跃”或“龙凤呈祥”等词形容吉庆的气氛。 但西方文化往往把“龙(dragon)”视为邪恶势力的象征，寓意凶残。在西方传统文化中“dragon”指的是一种长有双翅且会吐火的怪兽，因此，它与凶暴直接联系在一起。 (二)习俗文化上的差异 中西方文化差异尤其典型地体现在习俗文化方面。不同国家的习俗文化反映在各自的社会生活和交际活动中，如称谓、礼仪、恭维、致谢等方面。若不能充分了解中西习俗文化上的差异则会严重影响彼此的交流。 如在称谓方面中西方的习俗文化便有着极大的差异。中国人由于受到宗法观念的根深蒂固的影响遵循讲礼节、尊长辈的习俗。俗话说：“子不言父名，徒不言师讳。” 因此，在中国，孩子倘若对长辈或教师直呼其名会被认为不懂礼貌，将会受到家长的责罚。而在西方的习俗文化中西方人称呼除父母外的其他人时大都直呼其名，以示友好和亲近。这一点在美国尤为普遍，甚至初次见面就用名字称呼。这一差异的原因在于中国人尊崇长幼有序、尊卑有别，而西方人则崇尚人人平等、追求自由。 (三)不同价值体系间的差异 价值观念被普遍认为是文化的核心所在，不同文化背景中人的价值观念必然会有所不同。而价值观念又对人们现实生活中的言语表达产生重要的影响，因此，语言也往往折射出一个民族的价值观念。中西方价值观念的差异也直接反映在语言表达上，尤其典型地体现在诸如，禁忌、隐私等方面。 如中国人的价值观念注重社会群体间的亲密友好关系，因此，将询问对方的年龄、收入、婚否等情况视为是对对方的关心，但这些问题在西方人眼中却是一种禁忌，在他们的价值观念中这些均为个人的隐私，因此，避而不谈。再如中国人碰到熟人打招呼常会问“你去哪儿”或“你吃饭了吗”等，以示对对方的关心和双方的亲密友好关系，但这在西方人眼中却大有窥探隐私之嫌。 三、结语 英语学习中语言与文化密切相关，如高宝虹所言，在语言学习中，文化充当着极其重要的角色，语言的使用要受该语言所属民族文化制约。因此，中西方文化的差异必然影响英语语言的学习。尽管已有学者对此进行了探讨，但对文化因素的忽视仍未得到有效的改善。张友平曾指出，外语教学不应当仅仅是语言教学，还应当包括文化教学。因此，我们学习英语不仅要学习语言本身，还要熟知语言的文化背景，只有这样才能真正地将英语学以致用，准确顺畅地将其应用于对外交流之中。 参考文献： [1]胡文仲.文化差异与外语教学[J].外语教学与研究，1982(8):45-51. [2]戴炜栋，张红玲.外语交际中的文化迁移及其对外语教改的启示[J].外语界，2000(2)：2-8. [3]张婧.文化知识在英语教学中的作用[J].教学与管理，2009(2):84-85. [4]刘长江.谈外语 教育 中目的语文化和本族语文化的兼容并举[J].外语界，2003(4):14-18. [5]高宝虹.交际化外语教学中的文化认知观[J].外语与外语教学，2003(8):33-38. [6]张友平.对语言教学与文化教学的再认识[J].外语界，2003(3):41-48. 文化差异英语论文篇2 浅析英汉文化差异对语言的影响 [摘要]语言文字是人类社会进行交际的重要 方法 ，同时也是文化的重要载体。各个民族的语言在受到民族自身社会文化影响的同时，又反映着各自民族本身的文化内涵。如果某一个民族的人们不了解另一个民族的文化因素和文化内涵，就很难进行顺利的交流。因此，我们得把语言知识和文化知识结合起来，交际才能顺利地进行。因此，文化差异对翻译的影响不容低估。 [关键词]文化差异 宗教信仰 历史典故 风俗 所谓翻译不仅是对语言进行的转换过程，同时也是对文化进行传递的过程。研究对外汉语教学的专家赵贤州先生说：“跨文化交际之所以成为可能，正是人类享有某些共通的文化信息;而跨文化交际之所以产生某些偏差，是因为双方不能共享另一些有差异的文化信息”。本文着重从生存环境，宗教信仰、历史典故和风俗三个方面论述英汉文化差异对翻译的影响。 一、生存环境的差异对翻译的影响 生存环境的差异对翻译的影响可以说是基础的，显而易见的，同时又是根深蒂固的。对习语的运用是英汉民族生存环境的差异，是语言运用中的一个非常重要的表现。习语的产生、运用和人们的劳动生活有着很密切的联系。例如，在汉民族的文化中，中国人们印象中的东风是很温暖的，只有西北风才是很寒冷的。而英国地处西半球，海洋性气候，西风则是 报告 春天消息的，看如下例子：How many winter days have I seen him，standing blue-nosed in the snow and east wind? (在很多冬日里我总看见他，鼻子冻得发红发紫，站在飞雪和东风里。)钱哥川在《翻译漫谈》一书中认为此句的east wind，译成汉语时应该是西风或北风，这正是地理环境与我们生存环境不同的原因造成的文化气氛的不同。又如，在中国人眼里，夏天总是和酷暑炎热联系在一起，“烈日炎炎似火烧”“骄阳似火”是常常被用来描述中国夏天的词语。而英国的夏季则是温暖明媚舒适的，是一年中最舒服最宜人的季节，就像我们中国的春天一样。显而易见，英汉两个不同的民族，由于地理环境上的不同，生存环境存在差异，观察客观事物、反映客观世界的方式和角度是不一样的。因此，翻译千万不能只照词典上的词义逐词逐句的翻译，否则不能达到有效顺利的沟通。 二、宗教信仰和历史典故对翻译的影响 英汉文化在宗教信仰与历史典故上也存在着很大的差异。这对翻译有很大的影响，我们要有深刻的认识。西方人大多信__，认为上帝(god)可创造一切，因而有“God helps those who help themselves”(上帝帮助自助的人) 的说法。而中国人信奉佛教、道教，多有“玉帝”“观音”“菩萨”“慈悲为怀”等词汇。在中国文化中，有各种各样的历史典故，如“盘古开天”“牛郎织女”“卧薪尝胆”等等。在西方的文化里，很多历史典故都来源于古希腊和罗马神话，还有圣经 故事 。请看下面例句：Being a teacher is being present at the creation，when the clay beings begin to breathe.基督__，上帝创造了人，而人又来自尘土。所以，英语中creation指“上帝”。而clay指“上帝创造的人”。理解了creation和clay这两个词的宗教内涵后，就可以把其译为：老师是创造的见证人，目睹着生命呼吸成长。可见英汉文化中不同的宗教信仰贯穿在其各自的语言表达交流之中。如果译者缺少对对象文化个性的深刻认识，就难以理解 句子 的文化内涵，这将对译文的准确性产生影响，从而达不到有效沟通。 三、风俗上的不同对翻译的影响 英汉民族在习俗上有很大的差异，这对翻译必然有一定的影响。中国人把“龙”当成是吉祥的神物，有着伟大的力量，所以龙在中国文化里是至尊无上的帝王的象征，因而有“望子成龙”的说法，但是在英美国家却把龙当作是喷烟吐火的凶残怪物。相反的，中国人把猫头鹰当做不吉祥的象征，而英语中却说as wise as an owl，把猫头鹰当做智慧的象征。类似的例子在英汉交流中，我们经常会发现，给人很新异的感觉，这就是风俗上的不同导致根深蒂固的文化差异，译者在翻译的过程中一定要深刻意识到这一点，考虑风俗对翻译的影响，能使英汉民族进行有效交流。 四、结语 不论是卓越的翻译家还是出色的译评专家，都应该是具有两种文化意识和精通两种语言的真真正正的文化人。交流促进理解，沟通有助于进步，翻译则是交流与沟通的桥梁，让我们真正做好翻译的工作，架起英汉沟通的桥梁，为英汉交流做出应有的贡献。 【参考文献】 [1]崔建京.中学英语教学中的英美文化渗透[J].大连教育学院学报,2003(6). [2]张培基.英汉翻译教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004. [3]包惠南.文化语境与翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2001. [4]彭保良.从文化差异的角度看英汉翻译中词义的确立[J].中国翻译,1998(1):25. [5]邓炎昌,刘润青.语言与文化――英汉语言文化对比[M].外语教学与研究出版社,1989:159.

中美文化基本差异：中国观念与美国观念对比分析 集体主义：一般而言，中国和其他亚洲文化反映了社会科学家称为“集体主义”的取向。这些文化比较注重群体合作和个人谦虚。 个人主义：相反，美国人通常表现出一种个人主义取向。他们更重视独立性。自我实现即使不是一种期望，但至少更容易被人们接受。美国人更重视不受外部制约的“自由”。 社会关系：中国人的社会关系比美国人更加正式，等级更分明。中国人似乎非常习惯于等级分明的结构，他们可基于自己在结构中的位置和惯例确定自己的行为方式。 美国人则更侧重于非正式和平等关系。美国人通常和社会地位相同的人在一起最自在；他们不太重视社会等级。 友谊：与美国人相比，中国人更可能拥有少数终生挚交，他们彼此之间交情深厚，愿意相互提供任何形式的帮助。 美国人可能有许多“朋友”和熟人，这些朋友和熟人随着时间的推移而变换，彼此之间承诺的义务有限。 义务 在中国人之间，与他人的关系通常意味着彼此之间的义务。 与此相反，美国人倾向于回避相互依赖的关系以及可能导致长期义务的局面。 任务取向与关系取向：中国人侧重于关系取向。保持和谐的关系比完成任务更重要。 相比之下，美国人侧重于任务取向。完成工作通常比关系更重要。 和谐与“事实”：中国人所受的教育通常是避免直接冲突、公开批评和具有争议的话题。他们希望在周围的人中保持和谐，给别人留“面子”。相反，美国人通常愿意直接面对问题、提出批评、讨论具有争议的问题，并坚持自己认为是“事实”的意见。他们对“面子”并不在意。 法律、规章和条例的作用: 在交往方面，中国人通常更信任人际关系，而不太信任书面规则和程序。 而美国人一般认为书面规则适用于每一个人，并且能够产生公正、合理的程序和决定。 时间观念：中国人比较怀旧，也比较注重未来。 美国人通常对过去不太感兴趣，他们注重的是眼前的情况。 指定身份与获取身份：在中国的传统中，个人在社会中的地位很大程度上基于继承特征，例如年龄、性别和家庭，但这种情形正在发生变化。 对于大多数美国人，个人地位主要基于自己的成就，包括受教育程度和事业上的成功。 此篇作为我的“中国文化漫谈”系列文章的第一篇，希望能够把浅显的道理与实际的问题结合起来，让我们了解什么是中国文化的价值所在。洋洋大观，才疏学浅；一家之言，不成敬意。 今天我们首先谈一谈什么是文化。之后对中美文化进行一个简要的对比，从而看出文化对于一个社会的巨大影响。 什么是文化（Culture）？ 简单的说来，文化是那些你不知道原因但还愿意接受的，来自上辈的规则与认识，在实践中大多数人能够体会带来的益处，或者相信可以带来益处，使得这些规则与认识又成为当代大多数人的选择，此时就构成文化主体内容。但是如果这条规则或认识已经完全被客观实践证明不可行的时候也不会坚持，也是文化具有的更新能力。所以文化主要是那些难以给予定论的规则与认识（属于价值观和哲学层面），并具有主观性，延续性，群体性，有益性四个特点。 比如说过春节，每个人都认为应该过春节，而且习惯于此，很难说出过大家一定要过春节有什么必要性，但都能说出一些好处，所以就自然延续下来。但就是这种自然的惯性，具有强大的社会力量，除非社会发生巨变，或者彻底被外族文化所侵蚀压迫。后面的过程对于中国传统文化不是没有而且不止一次，但是都被中国文化自身具有的理性和强大的凝聚力所征服。这里提出两个中国文化的特点，理性和凝聚力。 文化的延续性不等于失去其合理性。实际上文化合理性的辩论虽然是全民参与的，但是往往由被认可的社会精英层给出答案。但是社会价值观的争论需要长期和大量的社会实践，所以其变化是缓慢的而且有反复的。一个时代的精英们往往难以对众多课题给出答案，即使可以可以通过若干简单原则推导出来的规则，也需要长期实践来证实，而这就是中国文化的厚重之处。儒家文化不是从今天才被质疑的，而是从其诞生的第一天就受到驳斥，历史上也始终有人质疑甚至提出尖刻的批评，但是儒家成为最终的选择是因为这是社会的选择，被大量实践所验证。 中美文化解读 对于中国和美国的社会结构我有一个简单的描述。 US stays on rules.（美国建立在规则上） China stays on culture.（中国建立在文化上） 美国是最早开始实践把所有各种文明成果变成具体文字条文的国家，因而现在其拥有最完善的法律体系，政策制度，公共程序等，在规则之上享有个人自由，或者规则体现为个人自由之间的妥协。当规则变成条文以后，一切可以变成秩序，如果规则符合社会生产生活的需要，那么自然产生较高的执行效率，美国社会非常依赖于良好的成文的规定。 但是规则体现的只是制度层面的东西，价值观才是推动制度建立的基石。美国的价值观包含两个方面，一方面来自于法国大革命时期的在自由，平等，博爱的思想，另一方面则是西方传统基督教文化的移植。美国是一种来去自由的联盟体制，他们的力量也经常来自散漫而自由的创造。 中国没有成熟的制度，法律，政策等成文固定的规则，但是中国社会依然从整体上运转良好快速发展，而且具有强大的自省力量，就是因为中国有强大和有生机的文化。文化可以在每时每刻约束着每个人的行为，促成社会的合作。这种文化来自历史的积淀，与智慧的碰撞。 中国社会的构成依然遵从这个原则，价值观才是推动制度建立的基石。中国社会发展的复杂性与多样性，使得在文化层面远比美国深远，智慧更加深邃。但是中国发展的制度基础，经常遭受君主与外族的轮番破坏。中国成熟的文化智慧，始终处于和专制制度及外族野蛮驯化的斗争中。中国历史上的开明时期，往往能够把文化的成果确定为一些好的规则，但是随后又很容易在君王体制下遭到破坏。宋朝开始的文人朝政与新兴思想又迅速被外族侵略所破坏殆尽，造成之后上千年的思想桎梏。 文化在一个社会中是无可替代的。因为社会发展进程不可能被中断，然后被设计构造出来。社会发展是一个自然演进的不可终止，无可选择的过程。中国如何进步，就是应该鉴别正确且适合自己的传统，把他们由文化上升为规则，同时利用自己的智慧，从实践中获得新的真知，并使之与传统一起共同成为社会建立的基础制度。 中美文化之对比 从历史上看，美国不是一个传统意义上的国家，只是一个新兴的利益的联邦，而且由于历史短仍然处于发展过程，社会的兴衰周期还没有在美国身上充分体现。因此把它与传统意义的国家进行对比，有很多不可比性。一旦其形成一些固有的难以改变的自身文化属性后，才能算作一个成熟的国家。 文化层面的对比 根据对文化的理解，美国所能够继承的东西主要来自法国大革命时期的思想成果，以及传统西方的基督教义。上帝成为其与西方文明共有的共主，虽然谁也没见过。耶稣不过是用来宣传这种思想的一个教案或者工具。上帝的文明准则有什么呢，就是黑暗，欺，掠夺，弱肉强食。所谓的慈善，道德只是用来宽恕恶人和恶行的，偶尔的光明都是上帝带来的而不是人带来的。从这点可以看出，虽然他们继承了法国大革命的优秀成果，但是没有脱离传统西方文明的框架。从自诩传统美国人的布什的所作所为中可以看出其秉承的传统价值观，布什可以说是近代以来，与法国大革命提出的自由、平等、博爱最远的一个总统了，因而也更能充分体现美国传统价值观的另一面。 中国的文化相比是上千年变迁中历经沧桑沉淀下来的，其中不仅是一些价值观原则，还包括很多独有的智慧。这种文化积淀是在多元化（而不是一元化）的中国历史中，不同思想流派互相斗争的结果，并为长期实践所证明。我们往往说历史总是不断地重复，就是说现在的各种现象在中国历史上大都发生过了。因此其对中国人自己具有极强的说服力，对中国社会也有极强的适应力。 中国文化的理性与凝聚力是核心。儒家的思想如果从孔子算起（实际上更早，从多部落共处和农业生产中逐渐产生），也已经经历过很多变革与思想征战了，之所以其能够很好的存在下来，就是因为自身具有的极强的理性。孔子在总结前人智慧中，最重要的选择就是“子不语怪力乱神”。 孔子在论述社会制度建设的核心是“和”。在社会制度层面强调放弃征战，文明共处，依靠理论解决纷争。而对于个人而言，孔子强调“仁”和“学”，通过“仁”构建和谐的讲理的环境，通过“学”来提高自己的认识，避免为无意义的错误目标去争，且能够参与理论的过程中。智是学的成果，信是相处的境界，勇是个人进取的勇气，义是个人对大众责任的推行。礼仪不过是基于这些建立的合情合理的需要共同遵守的规则，是思想与智慧的表现形式。如果看孔子或者儒家文化，只知“仁”“礼”就会陷入知其然而不知其所以然的难堪境地。 中国的智慧来自自然环境以及人文环境的恩赐。中国的自然环境是世界上唯一一个相对独立，又能够不断吸纳新鲜力量的大陆。从地理上说三面环山，一面环水，周围大多是不毛之地，而中原地区独享最佳的地理位置，因而自然形成趋于中央的向心力。从气候上说，中国的温带气候最适合人类居住发展，而且充分表现出气候循环反复周而复始的规律，体现出整个大陆相对一致的气候环境，这使得各个部族之间容易对自然和社会的认识产生共识，利于融合与迁移。在融合中不同部落各自的鬼神崇拜已经不再重要，也无法存在下去，代之以祖先崇拜，文化崇拜，智慧崇拜。这些才是中国文化的根。 中国大陆这种作为海纳百川的文化终极站的得天独厚的条件，构成了中国文化相对独立又能吸取其他种族文化营养，注重整体、稳定、和谐、长久。总结为开放而又独立，吸收而又高贵的特点。中国大陆上的社会变迁是一个完整的世界运转变化的缩影。现在很多所谓国际外交争端可以从当时的中国内部诸侯各国之间的争端中都可以看到相似性。有了上面的条件，“易”思想的产生也就不足为奇了，以“易”作为智慧的发端与归宿，很好的体现了中国文化的哲学观。 中美文化差异 中国跟美国在有些文化及社会差异上是根深蒂固的，下文提出我观察到的一些例子。笔者在这里要强调这些观点是一般性的，当然仍有个别之特例。 一、个人主义 美国人相当崇尚个人主义，东方社会 （当然包括中国人） 则强调家族及阶级层次。这是一个非常重要及有影响力的分别。美国人崇尚个人特质的例子很多，父母较少伸手干预子女的发展。 二、隐私权 美国人通常很尊重别人的隐私。就是知己之间也很少问到别人太"切身"的问题，例如年龄、薪水及婚姻状况等。也应当少谈论第三者的事情。不请自来的访客（包括父母亲）是绝对不受欢迎的。 三、不拘礼 美国人在衣着娱乐方面，都比较随便。最重要的是人与人之间的交往都比较不拘礼，即使双方在年纪上或地位上有很大分别也不例外。这方面的例子多不胜数，例如很多学生对教授，及晚辈对老人家都直接称呼first name可见一斑。这种"越代"，"越身份"的不拘礼表现，在很多东方人眼中则认为是失礼的行为。 四、开放与直接 美国人是相当开放和直接的，尤其在专业的讨论，往往秉持着不同意见而争论（注意：是争论，不是拍桌子，摔麦克风的吵架）。相反地，东方人往往不会直接冲突，而是婉转地通过地位比较高的第三者来疏通。 五、独立性 美国人通常较不喜欢依靠别人，甚至父母的帮忙也不一定乐于接受，而父母亦鼓励子女早早离家，独立地生活与发展。我国青少年在这方面就发展得较慢。对留学生来说，要注意到指导教授非常重视研究生能够独立做研究的能力。而对英文不灵光的留学生来说，当你向美国人借笔记时如被拒绝，不一定表示他们讨厌你，极有可能是他们将心比心，认为你应该独立而已。 六、竞争性 美国社会的发展依靠竞争来作为推动力。"Work hard, play hard"是大部分人的作风。他们在言语争辩时都喜欢压倒对手，这种"getting the last word in"的作风当然是竞争性的一种表现。他们的竞争挑战精神也显露在体育比赛方面，即使是他们所谓的"playing for fun"时也是蛮认真的。一般美国人对于一个球队都十分狂热，往往藉此发泄情绪。例如校队比赛时校警常常要检查进场的观众，不让他们带酒进场。球赛比赛时，观众都喧哗冲天，往往乱抛东西。有些助兴表演也有点莫名其妙，例如有一招是将一个女啦啦队员，从观众席的底层抛起，一级级的人将她接着又再抛上去，直到最高层又再抛下来；偶然也有失手受伤的事情发生。笔者也算是球迷，但都是在家看电视，免得在现场活受罪。而且要算准时间，当球赛完时避免走在路上，因为球迷在赢球时欢天喜地（如果你看到开车的人在乱按喇叭，你不用听报告就知道赢球），输球时则沮丧愤怒，两种结果都是疯狂毕露。有些血气方刚的小伙子更常做一些奇怪的事。有一点要强调的是，如果不是在发泄情况下，绝大部分的美国人都是很守规矩、不骚扰别人的。 七、公众场合应有的礼数 美国人通常都能尊重别人的安宁。在歌剧院不用说，就是在戏院也都能噤声欣赏。在餐厅吃饭时的交谈声音也相当低，跟中国有划拳斗酒的吵闹大不相同。排队时都很守秩序，插队是不被接受的，蜂拥上车的事情绝对很少发生。开车的人通常很守交通规则，例如在夜深无人时也不闯红灯，尊重行人，让路人先过马路等。来自较不遵守交通规则国家的留美学生尤其要特别小心。 八、朋友模式 美国人囗中的朋友定义比较广泛，而且有区隔性；譬如说工作上的朋友、打球的朋友、学校的朋友、喝酒的朋友等等。 另外美国地域广大，人口流动性也高，而且朋友之间绝少吐露私人的事情，所以友情是比较"温水"性。中国人的友情通常是"牵一发而动全身"，一言不合就尽量避免跟对方碰面，"起落"性比较大。中国人朋友之间借钱是相当普遍的，而美国人朋友之间借钱是凤毛麟角的。 九、金钱的运用模式 中国人通常做的预算都比较保守，而美国的预算则比较接近"极限"，而且往往有消费超过预算的倾向（跟美国社会大量使用信用卡也有关系）。美国人很舍得买东西，尤其是在购房及汽车上，对于吃喝方面，尤其是请客，则比较"犹太"；而中国人则比较舍得花钱在请客方面。 十、世界观 可能因为美国多年来的兴盛及教育重点在某方面仍有偏颇，美国人多数 "以本国为中心"，对于别国的认识十分肤浅。美国人对世界地理的无知是令美国国家地理学会 （National Geographic Society） 十分痛心的事情。在美国流传一个笑话：东北部的某一个州的某居民，写信去州政府询问关于New Mexico的情形，答复居然是：关于别国的情况我们不大熟悉，无可奉告。 对中美文化对比的初步认识 最近认识了一个美国人。谈了很多东西。突然对美国很有兴趣。 关于教育，美国16岁之前是必须要去学校的。全部免费，不去都不可以。可中国的9年义务教育还是需要钱的，国情原因没有办法。美国的教育资金是税的一部分。她们从来不知道还有希望学校这回事，上学还需要捐款，无法想象。 关于环境，在中国，他们觉得无法呼吸，有烟的味道，不能跑步。路上虽然我们已经觉得干净多了比以前，但他们觉得为什么到处都是垃圾，sigh。觉得我们不注重public。还有公共产所吸烟等。 关于自由，她们会感觉到很多网站都会被屏蔽，美国网站很多上不了。他们对很多事情看法比较随意，原因在于没有历史，只有300年，而我们是受长期传统影响的。 关于婚姻，在美国3个结婚就有1个离婚，所以step father or mather 是十分normal的。但在中国她们很奇怪，为什么有人要离婚，还有人会劝她们不要离。他们比较注重隐私，最多两个人一个宿舍，要不觉得很不舒服，还是人少啊。他们不会有两个人想开房间还要出去，都在自己的宿舍里，所有人都明白。我们还是需要找学生旅馆的呵呵。 关于来了之后的改变，原来在美国总会受到中国是敌人的说法，说中国发展很快，马上就要赶上美国了，但来了中国后，他们觉得确实还有很大的差距，根本不是一个类型的事情，怎么能放到以前说能不能赶上。还有中国很传统，中国对女人会不公平，这都是人权方面的问题，但来了觉得不是这样的，还是比想象中要开放得多，男女也很平等。 关于种族歧视，美国确实存在种族歧视现象，有很多人就是看不惯其他肤色的人，还有就是会有只允许白人参加的party。 关于家庭，美国很多人只要不要孩子，就不结婚，只生活在一起，因为知道也会离婚的，反正不要孩子，就省事一点得了。他们难以想象我们还需要考虑我们的父母。因为他们从18岁开始就被赶出家门，所以他们根本不会管她们的父母，当父母老的时候。所以当我说，我要为父母做什么的时候，他们觉得很奇怪。 关于开玩笑，他们真是什么玩笑都开，男女一起，就取消别人自慰，模仿异性自慰，谈论最喜欢的做爱姿势，都才20岁。和我们真是有差别啊。平均第一次年龄在18、19岁。 关于娱乐，周末我们大都在宿舍待着，他们是一定会去bar或者club的。 还有等等等等，总之太多方面有差别，但是本质都在于历史，我还是比较喜欢她们的自由和观念的开放的。我一定会去美国一次，见识见识。当看到transporter2里的迈阿密海滩时，她说她家就在佛罗里达的海滩边，简直太美了。还有个体会，他们出生很多都不在美国，还碰到一个小时候和我老家在几个地方的，但都相处得很好，没有任何异样感。真是移民国家 中美文化对比清单 发表时间: 2006-4-23 12:56 作者: 白丁 来源: 漯河信息港·蓝沸空间 字体: 小 中 大 | 打印 （美国） （中国） “我的”，“你的” “我们的”，“你们的” 享受服务 请求批准 制服厌恶 制服崇拜 东西各就各位 人各就各位 收信人地址在信封下方 收信人地址在信封上方 底层楼 一层楼 黑色的葬礼 白色的葬礼 地图上法国是世界中心 地图上中国是世界中心 “亚洲人长的全一个模样” “欧洲人长的全一个模样” “我”（手势指胸脯） “我”（手势指鼻子） 巴黎人瞧不起外省人 北京人瞧不起外地人 晒黑 美白 抬手叫出租车 抬胳膊叫出租车 走在狗屎成堆的大街上 吃狗肉 刀叉和面包 筷子和米饭 向坟墓上送鲜花 向坟墓送食品 甜早点 咸早点 安静而灰暗的餐馆 吵闹而明亮的餐馆 “你好，走得好吗？” “你好，吃了吗？” 勤洗澡 勤洗衣服 让别人丢面子 保全自己的面子 吹嘘所送礼物的价值 贬低所送礼物的价值 当客人面大呼小叫拆礼物 客人走后悄悄地看礼物 穿体恤杉旅游 穿西装旅游 “新年好” “恭喜发财” 溜狗 遛鸟 照景物相 照人物相 坐在地上 蹲在地上 汽车为责备他人而鸣笛 汽车为警告他人而鸣笛 女人吸烟时尚 男人吸烟时尚 中美文化对比 中国 只用动嘴说好听的话。。。（假） 相声：吹捧的游戏 小品：呼哟的把戏 武侠：挂上钢丝飞来飞去，其实什么功夫都不会，任何人都可以模仿，优势背台词。 美国 行为艺术（要付出行动）加上竞技哲学理念（真） 橄榄球：强壮男人的游戏 冰球：体验速度与激情 篮球：技巧和配合，速度与对抗 棒球：聪明人的游戏 动作片：都是真功夫，哥们够强壮吗？在健身房练过吗？人家是从小就练起来的，为什么你会觉得不真实呢？因为你模仿不了。 UFC：真人无限流格斗，谁的精神意志强？谁是真正的英雄，先签生死状。地球上最危险最真实的格斗，几乎场场KO，场场受伤。 美试摔跤：也是强壮男人的游戏 所以说这个世界上热爱竞技强身建体的，并且争强好胜的男人都比较真实。 中国人需要锻炼身体，强壮自己，让自己勇敢起来，自信起来。中国人需要争第一，而不是友谊第一，比赛第二。这才是真正的民族精神。中国人需要寻找目标，认识自己追求理想。去改造社会。而不是为了生存论为奴隶。 而那些喜欢朗诵诗歌的男人就很假，因为他总是拿古代和现代做对比。其实我们更应该学习现代学，而不是古文学。

一，对生命的态度oZg/Tg3q-l u6E%P#znGs 王国权：m8v9?!Gd B ]+|#o Oy:CE4xw$q*q't$~J 美国：生命是珍贵而可爱的，不论任何人的生命，甚至动物包括宠物和野生动物在内的生命都同样珍贵可爱。无论以多合理的口实消去一个生命都使一般人痛苦和难以接受。j[.Co7T&wrW t {_)TLL3o 中国：生命是廉价而无谓的，可以为某种崇高目的光荣牺牲。“人死如灯灭”。死一个好人固然可惜，死一个坏人就很痛快，死一个乞丐呢，可能无动于衷。动物的生命则基本上不算生命，野生动物也可以随意杀戮以享口福。fm ]dJ$^4LC9JqG;t二，对人的态度5X2p#b0A6Z7Uj1p P#P N1b4{(x4mNMT8v9T \美国：人本位，人是受尊敬的名词。只要有一个人站在道路中央，不论他是白人黑人高官百姓，所有过往车辆必须小心避让或停步。一个人攻击另一个人，不管是辱骂殴打或是诬陷暗算，即使受攻击的一方再无能再愚蠢再有错误，也都为舆论所不容，为法律所追究，哪怕你有钱有权势。民意始终受到尊重。]@e:KvMsE l^ Y$TT@5n 中国：官本位，官是受尊敬的名词。如果一个人站在道路中央，过往车辆将先搞清他官阶的大小，再决定自己礼让的尺度。礼让度可以随官位由高到低从有到无向下递减，从几条街外就交通管制递减到“撞死活该，谁让他违反交规”。如果一个人的名字前面没有官衔，其价值可以被视同草芥蝼蚁，无论他的建议多有道理都等于零。而他一旦有了官阶步步升高，即使说出再愚蠢的屁话，也正确高明。法律裁判向官员倾斜。t msX R$gXHp|s$cz@ 三，对生活的态度y,s1N/W;a rF nw P1h{P@BS/U 美国：生活是美丽的。人活着的乐趣就是领受大自然的馈赠。钱不在乎赚多赚少，当然多总好一点，可是生活则一定要快乐。钱是为我服务的而不是相反。钱借得越多越好。NEyAW1p#Lg X ]m B8E-\hg中国：生活是复杂的。人活着要应付各种各样的挑战，防备各种各样的陷井，千万不可头脑简单，轻信别人。如果当不上官的话，钱是一生中最重要的目标。钱存得越多越好。“人为财死，鸟为食亡”。0CA*] ` _9Bg%^f l?/?;H L+x%B6? 四，对后代的态度I2r%iO8G_ @0M {{PpB[ `(l 美国：子女是独立的。抚养子女是一种社会责任，不求任何回报。不管子女将来怎样，是他们自己的事情。孩子是我的朋友。不知何谓“孝道”。_(LG&sA2J? 7@X!oqi:[;RI8?~ 中国：子女是我的。抚养子女是一种投资，养儿防老。不惜一切代价要让子女成功，所谓成功也就是成为“人上人”。孩子必须尊我，不许不孝。n O^vqV({ ^1m(_ @MMb Of$H 四，对现在和将来的态度_ d/Fou5p9K!F )q0uv美国：无论明天会怎样，先把今天的事做好。明天是今天的延续，不管有多难解决，一定要在今天把该解决的问题解决掉。决不忍受不可忍受之苦。llbf$dS &t$Xy'ba中国：今天的事就算了，该怎么就怎么的，明天自然会好。哪怕问题可以解决，也留给下一代人去解决吧。随便多苦都可以忍受。

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

英美文化差异论文范文

1. Different social attitudes: The british are, in some ways, less conservative than Americans - the drinking age is 18, not 21, homosexual civil unions are legal, and abortion hasn't been a serious political issue in years. Mixing religion and politics is extremely rare in the UK. On the other hand, there are stricter controls on some things - it's much harder to get a driving licence, and the age requirement is higher than in most states, there are speed cameras everwhere, CCTV cameras in many public places (although they may or may not be working), and carrying weapons or other objects for "self defence" is illegal (in particular, note that pepper spray is illegal).Getting into a debate about the right to bear arms will be very time consuming, and may also lead people to think that you're a gun-nut before they've got to know you in enclosed public places is illegal - that includes pubs, the underground, train stations... more or less any non-residential building actually... (similar to New York, so not so much of a cultural difference there).2. The British apparently have a wider vocabulary of swear words than Americans. While most Britons will use them fairly freely in a social setting, things are a lot more reserved in formal settings & talking to . Pubs. I've not yet encountered an American "pub" which bears more than a passing resemblance to a typical British pub. People might go to a pub just to drink and socialise, have a pub lunch, or as part of an attempt to get alchohol poisioning (otherwise know as a "pub crawl"), as well as to watch sporting fixtures (which seems to be the main purpose in America). Going to the pub does not usually imply getting drunk. Although the drinking age is 18, bartenders are supposed to ID anyone who looks under . Roads. Though I doubt your friend will do much driving, he should be aware of the following things: Most cars in the UK have manual transmission. Cars are smaller and more efficient, petrol is more expensive. Speed limits are higher, but enforced more rigourously. Driving in London is not worth it. Central London has a congestion charge, and is very congested, and the major motorways around London are thick with traffic at peak times. Roundabouts ("traffic circles") are very common and are used at motorway junctions. In rural areas, it's not uncommon to drive down narrow single track roads with tall hedges on either . Educational stuff: The UK education system works differently, as he's probably aware. Asking people about their "High School" "GPA" "Major" or "Minor" will make people think he assumes that things work the same in the UK as in the US. In the UK, "High School" is roughly equivalent to secondary school and college (college is not used to mean university). Important exams are GCSEs and A levels, which are graded with letters and related to specific subjects. There are no majors and minors in the UK university system - there's just whatever degree you're studying.这是比较详细的版本，可以自己删改一下，或者google一下difference between british and american culture，会有更多的资料。希望能帮到你！

我读西方经济文化学已经三年，对于西方文化，特别是英美有深入的了解。由于不想在这里占用太多的空间，我发消息给你了，请注意查收哦，有任何疑问，欢迎来询问。

不同的文化传统，使得人们价值观念，行为准则和生活方式等方面也存在着相当的文化差异。下文是我为大家整理的关于中西方文化差异论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!

中西方文化差异对日常交际的影响

【摘要】文化是一种社会现象，同时又是一种历史现象,是人们长期创造形成的产物。中西方文化存在许多差异：整体性和个体性的差异;价值观与道德标准的差异;社会礼仪的差异;社会习俗的差异等。本文分析了文化差异对日常交际的影响。了解这些差异有助于更好地实现跨文化交际，避免出现文化休克。

【关键词】中西方文化;差异;交际;教学

1中西方文化的差异

不同的文化传统，使中西方在思维方式，价值观念，行为准则和生活方式等方面也存在着相当的文化差异。在中国封建社会历史的过程中，儒家思想一直占据着根深蒂固的统治地位，对中国社会产生了极其深刻而久远的影响。中国人向来以自我贬仰的思想作为处世经典，接人待物，举止言谈以谦虚为荣，以虚心为本，反对过分地显露自己表现自我。因此，中国文化体现出群体性的文化特征，这种群体性的文化特征是不允许把个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上的。

西方国家价值观的形成至少可以追溯到文艺复兴运动。文艺复兴的指导思想是人文主义，宣扬个人主义至上，竭力发展自己表现自我。生活中人们崇拜的是“强者”“英雄”。有本事，有才能的强者得到重用，缺乏自信的弱者只能落伍或被无情地淘汰。因此，西方文化体现出个体文化特征，这种个体性文化特征崇尚个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上。

文化的不同带来价值观念的不同。如old一词，中国人历来就有“尊老敬老”的传统。“老”在中文里表达尊敬的概念，如老祖宗，老爷爷，老先生,老张，老王等等。中国人往往以年龄大为荣。和别人谈话时，年龄越大，资格越老，也就越会得到别人的尊敬。“姜还是老的辣”。在我们看来，长者不仅是智慧的化身，也是威望的象征。然而，西方国家极少有人愿意倚老卖老而自称”old”。在他们看来，“old”是“不中用”的代名词，是和“不合潮流”“老而无用”的含义连在一起的。英美人不喜欢别人说自己老，更不会倚老卖老。在西方文化中，他们把年龄作为个人极为重要的隐私看待。尤其是女士，更忌讳别人问自己的年龄。即使愿意谈论自己的年龄，也要别人猜测其年龄，而此时，他们的真正目的是期望别人恭维他们看上去比实际年龄小，是多么年轻。又如，中西方两种文化在某些单词所带有褒贬色彩上有差异。如：ambition一词，本身具有褒贬两种含义。中国人用其贬义，表示“野心勃勃”，而英美人则取其褒义，表示“雄心壮志”。Aggressive一词，中国人常用来形容某人“挑衅”“好斗”，而美国人则用来形容某人“进取上进，有开拓精神”。

2跨文化交际的重要性

由于各种各样的原因，导致了中西方有如此多的文化差异，而文化差异又是跨文化交际的障碍。社会的发展将各个不同的国家纳入到一个共同的“地球村”中，跨文化交际成为每个民族生活中不可缺少的部分。例如，一个企业如果想让自己的产品畅销国际市场，不仅需要优质的产品质量，而且需要深入了解不同国家的文化，使该产品在包装设计和实用性方面符合对象国民众的心理需求。如，在中国，“龙(dragon)”是我们的精神图腾，是吉祥和权力的象征，中国人也以作为龙的传人而倍感自豪，然而在西方人眼中，对“龙”就没有这份特殊的情感，甚至将“龙”理解为一种张牙舞爪的可怕怪物。如果某一企业家对此不甚了解，将印有“龙”图案的产品推向国际市场，试想这种产品能否刺激西方人的购买欲?能否给企业创造高效益。所以，克服文化差异造成的交际障碍已经成为面临的问题。在英语教学中在重视语言能力的教学的同时，特别要注意在日常教学中发展学生的交际能力，将语言的文化差异在英语教学中作为一个重要问题对待。

3日常交际中应注意的问题

中西方的文化差异在日常交际中体现在很多方面，在英语学习中应充分地了解这些差异。

日常问候

中国人日常打招呼习惯于问：“你吃饭了吗?”，如果你跟英语国家的人这样说，他们会产生误解，认为你是想请他们吃。，英语国家人打招呼通常以天气，健康状况，交通，体育以及兴趣爱好为话题。又如，中国人见到熟人习惯问：“去哪里?”，如果对西方人也这样问候，他们可能会很不高兴地回答：“不关你的事。”西方人问候时常说:”Goodmorning/afternoon/evening”,”How are you doing?”，熟人间也可以说：“Hello”或“Hi”.

日常称呼

汉语中的亲属称谓有泛化使用的倾向，常用于非亲属之间：年轻人对长辈称“叔叔”“阿姨”;对平辈称“大哥”“大姐”。但在英语中，亲属称谓不广泛地用于社交。如果我们对母语是英语的长辈称“UncleTom”，对方听了会觉得非常奇怪。英语文化中只有关系十分密切的情况下才使用此类亲属称谓。又如中国学生经常把“王老师”称为“Teacher Wang”。其实，英语中teacher只是一种职业;而中国人有尊师的传统，“教师”已不仅仅是一种职业，而成为一种对人的尊重，西方人听起来却感觉不可思议。英语中称呼人一般用Mr.,Miss,等。

感谢

一般来说，我们中国人在家族成员之间很少用“谢谢”。如果用了，听起来会很怪，或相互关系上有了距离。而在英语国家“Thank you.”几乎用于一切场合，所有人之间，即使父母与子女，兄弟姐妹之间也不例外。送上一瓶饮料，准备一桌美餐，对方都会说一声“Thank you.”公共场合，不管别人帮你什么忙，你都要道一声“Thank you..”这是最起码的礼节。

请客

在请客吃饭时，主人会问是否要再吃点或喝点什么时，我们通常习惯于先客气一番，回答：“不用了”“别麻烦了”等。如果与西方人交往时也这样说，对方就不会坚持再劝你，很可能你都吃不饱。按照英语国家的习惯，你若想要，就不必推辞，说声“Yes,please.”若不想要，只要说“No,thanks.”就行了。这也充分体现了中国人交往中的含蓄和西方人直率的不同。

隐私

中国人初次见面经常问及年龄，婚姻，收入，表示关心，而英语国家却对此比较反感，认为这些都涉及个人隐私，因为英语国家人都希望自己在对方眼中显得年轻，对自己实际年龄秘而不宣，妇女更是如此。再如中国人表示关心时，经常问“你在干什么?”，在英语中就成为刺探别人隐私的审问，监视别人的话语而使人很不高兴。

节日及接受礼物

中国和英语国家的文化差异还显著地表现在节日方面。除中国和英语国家共同的节日外，双方还各有自己独特的节日。中国有春节﹑元宵节和端午节等，英语国家有情人节﹑复活节﹑愚人节﹑感恩节﹑圣诞节等。中西方节日的风俗习惯也很不

相同。在节日里，对于别人送来的礼物，中国人往往要推辞一番，表现得无可奈何地接受，接受后一般也不当面打开。如果当面打开并喜形于色，可能招致“贪财”的嫌疑。而在英语文化中，人们对别人送的礼品，一般都要当面打开称赞一番，并且欣然道谢。

4结语

在英语教学中，文化知识的教学方法是多种多样的，教师应该采用不同的方法提高学生对文化的敏感性，培养文化意识，例如：加强中西方文化差异的比较，将中西文化在称呼，招呼语等等谈话题材和价值观念等方面的差异渗透到教学中。总之，中西方的文化存在着很多差异，在英语教学中不能只单纯注意语言教学，而必须加强语言的文化导入，重视语言文化差异对语言的影响。只有这样，才能在日常生活中不仅能说出正确的英语句子，而且知道面对西方人的时候应该说什么，避免出现交际中的尴尬。

【参考文献】

[1]李常磊.英美文化博览.世界图书出版公司，2002年5月.

[2]Paul Norbury,culture smart!Britain.外语教育与研究出版社，2009年3月.

[3]叶朗，朱良志.中国文化读本.外语教育与研究出版社，2008年4月.

[4]段连城.美国人与中国人———中美文化的融合与撞击.河北师范大学学报,2001年.

[5]邓炎昌，刘润清.语言文化即英汉语言文化对比.外语教育与研究出版社，1994年.

[6]方文惠.英汉对比语言学.福建人民出版社，1990年.

论从餐桌礼仪看中西文化差异

[论文摘要]从比较中西餐桌礼仪的餐具使用差异、座次安排差异、就餐氛围差异、及餐桌话语差异四个方面来看跨文化交际中的文化差异，旨在说明坚持自己的优秀文化传统的同时，要采用一个客观、宽容、尊重的心态对待异国文化以便能在跨文化交际中能恰当地、得体地进行交际。

[论文关键词]餐桌礼仪

易中天先生曾经在《餐桌上的文化》里对中西文化进行了精妙阐释中国文化的思想内核是“群体意识”，的思想内核则是“个体意识”。所以西方人即使请客吃饭，也是各点各的菜、各喝各的酒，以免把自己的意志强加于人。中国文化则认为个人的意志，必须服从群体的共同意志。其目的既然意在人情，意在血缘，则其方式礼仪，自然也就以和为贵了，因此中国人爱聚餐、喜共食、讲和合。笔者认为在跨文化交际中，面对陌生文化，因思维方式、生活习惯和行为方式不同，交往过程中难免发生文化冲突。笔者从如下四个方面对中西餐桌礼仪进行简单的比较，以便在跨文化交际中能恰当地、得体地进行交际。

一、从餐具使用上看中西文化差异

筷子刀叉是中西餐桌礼仪最基本差异。浙江大学游修龄教授认为：东西方出现进食工具筷子和刀叉的不同，和有关系。筷子要发源于有竹子的地方。我国北方多木，南方多竹，祖先就地取材，竹木均成为我国最原始的筷箸原料。刀叉的出现比筷子要晚很多。据游修龄教授的研究，刀叉的最初起源和欧洲古代游牧的生活习惯有关，他们马上生活随身带刀，往往将肉烧熟，割下来就吃。大约15世纪前后，为了改进进餐的姿势，欧洲人才使用了双尖的叉。到18世纪才有了四个叉尖的叉子。刀叉和筷子，不仅带来了进食习惯的差异，还影响了东西方人生活观念。游修龄教授认为，刀叉必然带来分食制，而筷子肯定与家庭成员围坐桌边共同进餐相配。西方一开始就分吃，由此衍生出西方人讲究独立，子女长大后就独立闯世界的想法和习惯。而筷子带来的合餐制，突出了老老少少坐一起的家庭单元，从而让东方人拥有了比较牢固的家庭观念。笔者提醒在使用餐具时中西均有不同的规范。如中餐进餐时不可玩弄筷子(把它们当鼓槌是非常失礼的做法)，更不可以用筷子向人指指点点或打手势示意。当然，绝对不可吸吮筷子或把筷子插在米饭中，这是大忌(这好像葬礼上的香烛，被认为是不吉利的)。在使用刀叉时也有一些禁忌。如 手里拿着刀叉时切勿指手画脚。发言或交谈时，应将刀叉放在盘上才合乎礼仪。忌用自己的餐具为别人夹菜。餐具掉落不要弯腰拾捡。餐品不要一次性切好，尤其带汤汁的餐品，要一小块的逐一切食等等。

二、从座次安排上看中西文化差异

中西都讲究正式的宴请活动的座次安排。中国人请客传统上用八仙桌。对门为上，两边为偏座。请客时，年长者、主宾或地位高的人坐上座，男女主人或陪客者坐下座，其余客人按顺序坐偏座。西方人请客用长桌，男女主人分坐两端，然后按男女主宾和一般客人的次序安排座位，即男女穿插安排，以女主人的座位为准，主宾坐在女主人的右上方，主宾夫人坐在男主人的右上方，讲究“女士优先”的西方绅士，都会表现出对女士的殷勤。在中国，左为尊，右为次;上为尊，下为次;中为尊，偏为次。而在西方，右为尊，左为次。

笔者特别提示西餐入座礼仪：最得体的入座方式是从左侧入座。手肘不要放在桌面上，不可跷足。不可在进餐时中途退席(如有事确需离开应向左右的客人小声打招呼)。用餐时，坐姿端正，背挺直，脖子伸长。上臂和背部要靠到椅背,腹部和桌子保持约一个拳头的距离。记得要抬头挺胸着吃，在把面前的食物送进口中时，要以食物就口，而非弯下腰以口去就食物。

三、从就餐氛围上看中西文化差异

中国人餐桌上的闹与西方餐桌上的静是中西餐桌礼仪最根本差异。餐桌气氛上的差异，中国餐桌上动，西方餐桌上静。中国人以食为人生之至乐，排场之大，气氛之热闹常常令人叹为观止。中国人一坐上餐桌，便滔滔不绝，相互让菜，劝酒，尽情的享受山珍海味，美味佳肴。这样的宴客方式才能体现主人的热情和诚恳，餐桌上的热闹反映了食客发自内心的欢快。这种“闹”能从某种程度上折射中国人家庭温馨、邻里和睦、国人团结的“一团和气”。西方人一坐到餐桌上便专心致志的去静静的切割自家的盘中餐。喝汤时不能发出响声，如汤菜过热，可待稍凉后再吃，不要用嘴吹。吃东西时要闭嘴咀嚼。不要舔嘴唇或咂嘴发出声音。进餐时可以与左右客人交谈，但不要只同几个熟人交谈。左右客人如不认识，可先自我介绍。别人讲话不可搭嘴插话。音量保持对方能听见的程度。咀嚼食物不要说话，即使有人同你讲话，也要等咽下食物后再回答。

四、从餐桌话语上看中西文化差异

中国人请客吃饭时，摆在桌上的菜花样繁多，至少有七、八道菜，如果是盛宴，主菜会更多，越名贵、越奇特的菜会越显示主任的殷勤和客人的身份。而主人却往往要说“今天没有什么好菜招待大家”、“菜做得不好，多吃一点” “多多包涵”、 “怠慢了您”之类的话。而西方盛宴一般四至五道菜，份量以吃完或稍有剩余为最佳。如果在家里，最好是吃完所有的菜，这样女主人会很高兴，认为大家喜欢她做的菜。面对丰盛的宴席，主人会说“已经倾其所有来招待大家” 的话。对中西主人的餐桌话语进行推理，很容易得出：中国人遵循了“贬己尊人”的原则。而西方人强调效率和实用主义价值观，在交际中十分注重自身面子的需要。如在宴席上西方人不议论令人作呕之事，会千方百计采用含蓄文雅的词来替代toilet，如：“Where can I wash my hand?”、“I wonder if I could go somewhere.”、“ Can I add some powder?”等。另外，在西方国家不要问“吃饭了吗?”等我国习惯的问候语。“您吃饭了吗?”容易使人莫名其妙，甚至会出现误会。如在英国，你若问人吃饭没有，其含义是你有意请对方吃饭;这对于未婚男女，则表明你有意约会对方。

五、结语

世界上各种文化都是平等的。文化无优劣之分。应该避免用自己的文化、、价值观作为标准去衡量、评判而应采用一种客观的、宽容的态度对待异国文化;同时，又要避免盲目的追随、模仿异国文化，而应坚持自己的优秀文化传统。

参考文献：

[1]易中天，《餐桌上的文化》，《文汇报.笔会》.

[2]林大津，《跨文化交际研究》，福建人民出版社，：92-127.

[3]李天民，《现代国际礼仪知识》，世界知识出版社出版，：109.

提纲可以采用下面方面存在差异作为论点:价值观念、思维方式、道德标准、社交礼仪、文化习俗等，论据如下点:1>这些差异势必影响,形成不同的文化规约和说话规约。2>行为举止的区别。从服饰上看， 英国人讲究绅士风度，西装革履，皮鞋锃亮。有的英国女士接待黄皮肤朋友时，专门涂抹上黄色面霜，以表示对朋友的亲近和尊重。留学英伦的学子当然不敢怠慢，西装也同样挺括，领带领结也丝毫不差。什么场合穿戴什么，如何化妆，也亦步亦趋。美国人可方便多了，近几年，美国流行大花裤衩，校内校外，老老少少，都少不了它的影子。3> 一个最大的不同就是英国是一个古老的国家，相反，美国是一个年轻的国家。4>美国人考虑未来，而英国人更看中过去。因为英国人觉得对于一个有着悠久历史的国家来讲，过去是美好的。5>观念态度上的。在英国仍然有残存的等级观念。残存的阶级、等级。与之不同的是，在美国等级观念是建立在经济基础上的，更多的是根据你的工作和收入决定的。英国人眼中的等级是建立在你的家族背景基础上的，人们关心的是你的来头儿而不是你的工作。

中西方文化差异论文英语

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

My dream is to study abroad in the future. I amalways that kind of life can come true soon.

我的梦想是以后可以去留学。我总是希望那样的生活能早日成真。

But, before I realize my dream, I have to do somepreparation.

但是，在实现梦想之前，我得做一些准备工作。

I think the most important thing I need to do first is to adapt the life there.

我想我首先需要做的是适应那里的生活。

It is said that there is a big difference between the eastern and western culture.

据说东西方文化是有差异的。

If I know nothing, it is easy for me to have culture conflict.

如果我什么都不知道，很容易发生文化冲突。

It will put me into an embarrass place.

这会置我于一个尴尬的地方。

For example, dragon is the leader for all animals and it has holy good meaning in china.

例如，龙是在中国是万兽之王，有着无比神圣的意义。

But it means violence in the western country.

但是在西方国家则是暴力的象征。

I need to learn as much the cultural conflicts as possible to make my oversea life become easier.

我要尽量了解更多的文化冲突，这样我的留学生活才会变得更简单。

Traditional Chinese culture is beginning to capture the attention of the world. This is true even as popular culture that has traditionally been considered Western begins to spread throughout China. Kung Fu, especially, has had a great impact on the millions of people who first learned about China through it. From that, they may come to China and learn about other aspects of this culture, such as traditional operas like the Beijing and Sichuan ones. Asian nations have long known about the greatness of ancient Chinese culture. Their own cultures are a mix of native ones and those Chinese characteristics. Korea and Japan long ago adopted ideas such as Confucianism is something that continues today even as it is challenged by Pop Culture. This strength comes from the ideas given in the Four Books of Confucianism (The Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius, and The Book of Mencius). These books built upon the ideas of an even more ancient period codified in the Five Classics. From them, the West learns such things as Fengshui and other concepts that are uniquely Chinese. China has taken steps to further this spread of its culture by establishing Chinese Cultural Centers in such places as the United States and Europe.

The passage mainly tells us the importance of protecting traditional Chinese culture, which is challenged or facing extinction because of the developing society and changing lifestyle. Besides, China is nationwide sparing no efforts to do it.

The protection of national and folk culture is of great significance to Chinese cultural diversity and also to the harmonious development between local economic and social development. It is reported that the Guangdong government pays special attention to protecting Chaoju(潮剧)， a local drama born in Chaozhou in the eastern Guangdong province.

In my opinion, some measures should be taken to protect traditional culture effectively. To start with, we should make a law to regulate the society’s performance. Besides, we should draw more people’s attention to it, for the more they know about the importance of culture protection, the stronger the support we can get from the public.

In a word, it is high time for us to treasure and develop our own valuable culture.

这段主要告诉我们保护中国传统文化的重要性,这是挑战或面临灭绝,因为发展中社会和改变生活方式。此外,中国全国全力以赴去做。

保护国家和民间文化是中国文化的多样性具有十分重要的意义,也是地方经济和社会发展之间的和谐发展。据报道,广东省政府支付特别注意保护Chaoju(潮剧),一个当地的戏剧在潮州出生在广东省东部。

在我看来,应该采取一些措施来有效地保护传统文化。首先,我们应该做一个法律调节社会的表现。除此之外,我们应该吸引更多的人的关注,因为他们知道关于文化保护的重要性,更强的我们可以从公众的支持。

总之,是时候让我们珍惜和发展我们自己的有价值的文化。

Through I am a Chinese,I have some west country lived in China for many years, from their tone ,I know that there are many cultural difference between West and as difference of dinner manners……In west countries ,when people are having dinner ,if one of them want to go to a or she shoud say”Excuse me ,I want to go to the toilets…”Only in such a way can others think you are of good in the bathroom,you can relieve the bowels, wash you faces, refine the make-up ,pick your teeth and so you finished yourself,you can return to you wonderful dinner can be in China,there are some different of you want to have a bath,you shoud only say”I want to go to washroom”.That just means:I want to go out for a you finished you dinner ,you can also say:”Im full”That means:I am full ,help then ,you can go out to have a rest or just some of the difference of dinner manners in west and in we face it in the future ,don`t forget that!

Long history in China in 5000, western social process of world 56 a hundred is brilliant abundant, great and deep food culture;The western nation then has delicately and particularly , from become the food civilization of the west food cultural collision, exchanges and melted into whole mankinds civilization to fill up with wear colourful the Spanish turn of the difference of educated medium west food culture of difference, but this kind of difference come from medium the west different mode of thinking with conducting philosophy.

This text introduced a medium Spanish to turn in the difference of food from the food idea, food object, food method, food ownership and property etc. carry on the comparison of the culture.

There are many difference between China and America such as in the field of geography ,culture, language ,politics ,economy and education with the development of science and technology .The word get even more smaller ,the communication between them is more frequent . Our country, China absorbs the essence and doesn’t eliminate the bad thing . Because a proverb ever since said when the fresh air come in ,the flies will also accompany it . At times we may not determine our countries’ geography and culture . But the system of politics economy , especially family education can be decided by the individuals . As the main body of the education is parents’ child . Though each parent tries their best and strives to teach their children very well, there are still some problems in it . In order to tackle them, I’ll give some detailed analysis of the difference of family education between China and American.

Long history in China in 5000, western social process of world 56 a hundred is brilliant abundant, great and deep food culture;The western nation then has delicately and particularly , from become the food civilization of the west food cultural collision, exchanges and melted into whole mankinds civilization to fill up with wear colourful the Spanish turn of the difference of educated medium west food culture of difference, but this kind of difference come from medium the west different mode of thinking with conducting philosophy.

This text introduced a medium Spanish to turn in the difference of food from the food idea, food object, food method, food ownership and property etc. carry on the comparison of the culture.

Today, I visited the temple of yue temple with my father, mother, two uncle, two aunt and sister. Many people ah, this is our original traditional dengfeng temple fair, people dare to come here near the temple fair, I with the crowded traffic into the zhongyue temple, I see theres four iron man, tai mountain, west of huashan, mount hengshan, hen, the songshan, there are many buildings, buildings can be spectacular! I was playing with my sister. Zhongyue temple there are lots of little temple, the temple has a monk, in tapping the holding it with a wooden stick or iron bowl, in the way of walking, I said to himself: "great! This is something to write diary finally!" We walked for a long time of the YueMiao unknowingly came to end, I remember zhong miao seems to be at the end of a long, long small channel, where the gods look like grow can be strange! Some even wear tiger leather shoes and tiger skin towel, the appearance is really funny! My sister and I will be laughed and silly! Its a joy. Finally, we came to a very high, very large building, and my sister and I immediately ran up, and we played there for a while, and my parents shouted, "lets go!" "Play again!" We played a while, they waited impatiently, my father came up to urge us to go, we did not go, and also played hide-and-seek with him! Finally, were ready to go! When we got in the car, we went back to our respective homes.

Today, we have fun! Not only play very happy, but also I also know the traditional culture of the temple, I am so happy!

Feng Jicai, born in Tianjin in 1942, is a highly accomplished writer, known for his depictions of intellectuals lives and the historical stories of Tianjin, where he has been living for more than 40 years. In recent years, while serving as executive chairman of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, and chairman of the Tianjin Writers Association, Feng has dedicated most of his time and energy to the preservation of China’s ethnic and folk culture, trying to save the countrys vanishing cultural memories.

Feng frequently published articles in newspapers, explaining his aims and beliefs to the local residents. He wrote, "Cultural relics are dead, but culture is living in the historical buildings. A city without culture is a city without root."

In December 1999, Guyi Street, one of the oldest streets in Tianjin, was in the process of being demolished. On this street, built during the Yuan Dynasty, there were many famous shops, such as Qianxiangyi, Ruifuxiang, Shanxi Guild House, and the General Chamber of Commerce of Tianjin. Again, Feng called for volunteers to record the street on videotapes, and collect oral history from local residents. In February 2000, a set of postcards was published with Guyi Street as the theme, attracting long lines of purchasers. With Fengs efforts, the destruction plan for the street was finally changed, saving some of the buildings there.

Acting on Fengs proposal, a nationwide heritage rescue program launched a general survey of Chinas folk cultures in 2003, aiming to catalog village-level art, songs, legends, dress and folk customs before they die off with their practitioners. A wide range of methods were adopted, including text, audio and video recording as well as photography.

Two severe problems in the rescue program were the lack of cultural workers and funds. Feng sold his own paintings twice to raise funds for the foundation to support the investigation of fine arts folk legacies in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces. Besides, he also calls for help from NGOs (非政府组织，非营利性组织) everywhere.

Feng was hired as a consultant of the State Council in 2008 for his outstanding contributions to the work of protecting cultural relics.

China is a cultural ancient country with a long history of more than 5,000 years. Chinas traditional culture is profound and profound, and we can see it everywhere in our life. The four treasures we use, the Chinese medicine we eat, the tea we drink; And the erhu, the flute that we played; The tang suit we wear, the porcelain we use, and so on. Our countrys traditional culture is numerous, can be seen everywhere.

Our country has a variety of traditional festivals, many things have various manners and customs, each place also has local and ethnic characteristics. And I like the traditional Chinese festivals best,

The Spring Festival can be a symbol of the blessings of peace and peace. We can worship relatives who have died in qingming festival. The Dragon Boat Festival can eat sweet and soft glutinous rice dumplings; The Mid-Autumn festival is the day when the whole family is reunited to eat moon cakes and enjoy the moon. The double ninth festival is a good day for climbing high and wearing dogwood... Of all the traditional festivals, I remember the Dragon Boat Festival most.

The Dragon Boat Festival is to commemorate the great patriotic poet qu yuan, the legend qu yuan was insulted by the emperor, who was so sad that he was so sad that he threw himself into the river that night. When the news came, people rushed to the river, and the boat was ready to bring back the body of qu yuan, but it could not be recovered. People are afraid that the body of qu yuan was eaten by fish and shrimp, and they dropped zongzi and made them eat zongzi. From now on, people will call this day Dragon Boat Festival, on this day, every family will make zongzi to eat, to commemorate this great patriotic poet!

Every traditional culture in our country has a historical background or a classic story. The traditional culture in China is very profound and profound.

英美文化差异研究论文

不同的文化传统，使得人们价值观念，行为准则和生活方式等方面也存在着相当的文化差异。下文是我为大家整理的关于中西方文化差异论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!

中西方文化差异对日常交际的影响

【摘要】文化是一种社会现象，同时又是一种历史现象,是人们长期创造形成的产物。中西方文化存在许多差异：整体性和个体性的差异;价值观与道德标准的差异;社会礼仪的差异;社会习俗的差异等。本文分析了文化差异对日常交际的影响。了解这些差异有助于更好地实现跨文化交际，避免出现文化休克。

【关键词】中西方文化;差异;交际;教学

1中西方文化的差异

不同的文化传统，使中西方在思维方式，价值观念，行为准则和生活方式等方面也存在着相当的文化差异。在中国封建社会历史的过程中，儒家思想一直占据着根深蒂固的统治地位，对中国社会产生了极其深刻而久远的影响。中国人向来以自我贬仰的思想作为处世经典，接人待物，举止言谈以谦虚为荣，以虚心为本，反对过分地显露自己表现自我。因此，中国文化体现出群体性的文化特征，这种群体性的文化特征是不允许把个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上的。

西方国家价值观的形成至少可以追溯到文艺复兴运动。文艺复兴的指导思想是人文主义，宣扬个人主义至上，竭力发展自己表现自我。生活中人们崇拜的是“强者”“英雄”。有本事，有才能的强者得到重用，缺乏自信的弱者只能落伍或被无情地淘汰。因此，西方文化体现出个体文化特征，这种个体性文化特征崇尚个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上。

文化的不同带来价值观念的不同。如old一词，中国人历来就有“尊老敬老”的传统。“老”在中文里表达尊敬的概念，如老祖宗，老爷爷，老先生,老张，老王等等。中国人往往以年龄大为荣。和别人谈话时，年龄越大，资格越老，也就越会得到别人的尊敬。“姜还是老的辣”。在我们看来，长者不仅是智慧的化身，也是威望的象征。然而，西方国家极少有人愿意倚老卖老而自称”old”。在他们看来，“old”是“不中用”的代名词，是和“不合潮流”“老而无用”的含义连在一起的。英美人不喜欢别人说自己老，更不会倚老卖老。在西方文化中，他们把年龄作为个人极为重要的隐私看待。尤其是女士，更忌讳别人问自己的年龄。即使愿意谈论自己的年龄，也要别人猜测其年龄，而此时，他们的真正目的是期望别人恭维他们看上去比实际年龄小，是多么年轻。又如，中西方两种文化在某些单词所带有褒贬色彩上有差异。如：ambition一词，本身具有褒贬两种含义。中国人用其贬义，表示“野心勃勃”，而英美人则取其褒义，表示“雄心壮志”。Aggressive一词，中国人常用来形容某人“挑衅”“好斗”，而美国人则用来形容某人“进取上进，有开拓精神”。

2跨文化交际的重要性

由于各种各样的原因，导致了中西方有如此多的文化差异，而文化差异又是跨文化交际的障碍。社会的发展将各个不同的国家纳入到一个共同的“地球村”中，跨文化交际成为每个民族生活中不可缺少的部分。例如，一个企业如果想让自己的产品畅销国际市场，不仅需要优质的产品质量，而且需要深入了解不同国家的文化，使该产品在包装设计和实用性方面符合对象国民众的心理需求。如，在中国，“龙(dragon)”是我们的精神图腾，是吉祥和权力的象征，中国人也以作为龙的传人而倍感自豪，然而在西方人眼中，对“龙”就没有这份特殊的情感，甚至将“龙”理解为一种张牙舞爪的可怕怪物。如果某一企业家对此不甚了解，将印有“龙”图案的产品推向国际市场，试想这种产品能否刺激西方人的购买欲?能否给企业创造高效益。所以，克服文化差异造成的交际障碍已经成为面临的问题。在英语教学中在重视语言能力的教学的同时，特别要注意在日常教学中发展学生的交际能力，将语言的文化差异在英语教学中作为一个重要问题对待。

3日常交际中应注意的问题

中西方的文化差异在日常交际中体现在很多方面，在英语学习中应充分地了解这些差异。

日常问候

中国人日常打招呼习惯于问：“你吃饭了吗?”，如果你跟英语国家的人这样说，他们会产生误解，认为你是想请他们吃。，英语国家人打招呼通常以天气，健康状况，交通，体育以及兴趣爱好为话题。又如，中国人见到熟人习惯问：“去哪里?”，如果对西方人也这样问候，他们可能会很不高兴地回答：“不关你的事。”西方人问候时常说:”Goodmorning/afternoon/evening”,”How are you doing?”，熟人间也可以说：“Hello”或“Hi”.

日常称呼

汉语中的亲属称谓有泛化使用的倾向，常用于非亲属之间：年轻人对长辈称“叔叔”“阿姨”;对平辈称“大哥”“大姐”。但在英语中，亲属称谓不广泛地用于社交。如果我们对母语是英语的长辈称“UncleTom”，对方听了会觉得非常奇怪。英语文化中只有关系十分密切的情况下才使用此类亲属称谓。又如中国学生经常把“王老师”称为“Teacher Wang”。其实，英语中teacher只是一种职业;而中国人有尊师的传统，“教师”已不仅仅是一种职业，而成为一种对人的尊重，西方人听起来却感觉不可思议。英语中称呼人一般用Mr.,Miss,等。

感谢

一般来说，我们中国人在家族成员之间很少用“谢谢”。如果用了，听起来会很怪，或相互关系上有了距离。而在英语国家“Thank you.”几乎用于一切场合，所有人之间，即使父母与子女，兄弟姐妹之间也不例外。送上一瓶饮料，准备一桌美餐，对方都会说一声“Thank you.”公共场合，不管别人帮你什么忙，你都要道一声“Thank you..”这是最起码的礼节。

请客

在请客吃饭时，主人会问是否要再吃点或喝点什么时，我们通常习惯于先客气一番，回答：“不用了”“别麻烦了”等。如果与西方人交往时也这样说，对方就不会坚持再劝你，很可能你都吃不饱。按照英语国家的习惯，你若想要，就不必推辞，说声“Yes,please.”若不想要，只要说“No,thanks.”就行了。这也充分体现了中国人交往中的含蓄和西方人直率的不同。

隐私

中国人初次见面经常问及年龄，婚姻，收入，表示关心，而英语国家却对此比较反感，认为这些都涉及个人隐私，因为英语国家人都希望自己在对方眼中显得年轻，对自己实际年龄秘而不宣，妇女更是如此。再如中国人表示关心时，经常问“你在干什么?”，在英语中就成为刺探别人隐私的审问，监视别人的话语而使人很不高兴。

节日及接受礼物

中国和英语国家的文化差异还显著地表现在节日方面。除中国和英语国家共同的节日外，双方还各有自己独特的节日。中国有春节﹑元宵节和端午节等，英语国家有情人节﹑复活节﹑愚人节﹑感恩节﹑圣诞节等。中西方节日的风俗习惯也很不

相同。在节日里，对于别人送来的礼物，中国人往往要推辞一番，表现得无可奈何地接受，接受后一般也不当面打开。如果当面打开并喜形于色，可能招致“贪财”的嫌疑。而在英语文化中，人们对别人送的礼品，一般都要当面打开称赞一番，并且欣然道谢。

4结语

在英语教学中，文化知识的教学方法是多种多样的，教师应该采用不同的方法提高学生对文化的敏感性，培养文化意识，例如：加强中西方文化差异的比较，将中西文化在称呼，招呼语等等谈话题材和价值观念等方面的差异渗透到教学中。总之，中西方的文化存在着很多差异，在英语教学中不能只单纯注意语言教学，而必须加强语言的文化导入，重视语言文化差异对语言的影响。只有这样，才能在日常生活中不仅能说出正确的英语句子，而且知道面对西方人的时候应该说什么，避免出现交际中的尴尬。

【参考文献】

[1]李常磊.英美文化博览.世界图书出版公司，2002年5月.

[2]Paul Norbury,culture smart!Britain.外语教育与研究出版社，2009年3月.

[3]叶朗，朱良志.中国文化读本.外语教育与研究出版社，2008年4月.

[4]段连城.美国人与中国人———中美文化的融合与撞击.河北师范大学学报,2001年.

[5]邓炎昌，刘润清.语言文化即英汉语言文化对比.外语教育与研究出版社，1994年.

[6]方文惠.英汉对比语言学.福建人民出版社，1990年.

论从餐桌礼仪看中西文化差异

[论文摘要]从比较中西餐桌礼仪的餐具使用差异、座次安排差异、就餐氛围差异、及餐桌话语差异四个方面来看跨文化交际中的文化差异，旨在说明坚持自己的优秀文化传统的同时，要采用一个客观、宽容、尊重的心态对待异国文化以便能在跨文化交际中能恰当地、得体地进行交际。

[论文关键词]餐桌礼仪

易中天先生曾经在《餐桌上的文化》里对中西文化进行了精妙阐释中国文化的思想内核是“群体意识”，的思想内核则是“个体意识”。所以西方人即使请客吃饭，也是各点各的菜、各喝各的酒，以免把自己的意志强加于人。中国文化则认为个人的意志，必须服从群体的共同意志。其目的既然意在人情，意在血缘，则其方式礼仪，自然也就以和为贵了，因此中国人爱聚餐、喜共食、讲和合。笔者认为在跨文化交际中，面对陌生文化，因思维方式、生活习惯和行为方式不同，交往过程中难免发生文化冲突。笔者从如下四个方面对中西餐桌礼仪进行简单的比较，以便在跨文化交际中能恰当地、得体地进行交际。

一、从餐具使用上看中西文化差异

筷子刀叉是中西餐桌礼仪最基本差异。浙江大学游修龄教授认为：东西方出现进食工具筷子和刀叉的不同，和有关系。筷子要发源于有竹子的地方。我国北方多木，南方多竹，祖先就地取材，竹木均成为我国最原始的筷箸原料。刀叉的出现比筷子要晚很多。据游修龄教授的研究，刀叉的最初起源和欧洲古代游牧的生活习惯有关，他们马上生活随身带刀，往往将肉烧熟，割下来就吃。大约15世纪前后，为了改进进餐的姿势，欧洲人才使用了双尖的叉。到18世纪才有了四个叉尖的叉子。刀叉和筷子，不仅带来了进食习惯的差异，还影响了东西方人生活观念。游修龄教授认为，刀叉必然带来分食制，而筷子肯定与家庭成员围坐桌边共同进餐相配。西方一开始就分吃，由此衍生出西方人讲究独立，子女长大后就独立闯世界的想法和习惯。而筷子带来的合餐制，突出了老老少少坐一起的家庭单元，从而让东方人拥有了比较牢固的家庭观念。笔者提醒在使用餐具时中西均有不同的规范。如中餐进餐时不可玩弄筷子(把它们当鼓槌是非常失礼的做法)，更不可以用筷子向人指指点点或打手势示意。当然，绝对不可吸吮筷子或把筷子插在米饭中，这是大忌(这好像葬礼上的香烛，被认为是不吉利的)。在使用刀叉时也有一些禁忌。如 手里拿着刀叉时切勿指手画脚。发言或交谈时，应将刀叉放在盘上才合乎礼仪。忌用自己的餐具为别人夹菜。餐具掉落不要弯腰拾捡。餐品不要一次性切好，尤其带汤汁的餐品，要一小块的逐一切食等等。

二、从座次安排上看中西文化差异

中西都讲究正式的宴请活动的座次安排。中国人请客传统上用八仙桌。对门为上，两边为偏座。请客时，年长者、主宾或地位高的人坐上座，男女主人或陪客者坐下座，其余客人按顺序坐偏座。西方人请客用长桌，男女主人分坐两端，然后按男女主宾和一般客人的次序安排座位，即男女穿插安排，以女主人的座位为准，主宾坐在女主人的右上方，主宾夫人坐在男主人的右上方，讲究“女士优先”的西方绅士，都会表现出对女士的殷勤。在中国，左为尊，右为次;上为尊，下为次;中为尊，偏为次。而在西方，右为尊，左为次。

笔者特别提示西餐入座礼仪：最得体的入座方式是从左侧入座。手肘不要放在桌面上，不可跷足。不可在进餐时中途退席(如有事确需离开应向左右的客人小声打招呼)。用餐时，坐姿端正，背挺直，脖子伸长。上臂和背部要靠到椅背,腹部和桌子保持约一个拳头的距离。记得要抬头挺胸着吃，在把面前的食物送进口中时，要以食物就口，而非弯下腰以口去就食物。

三、从就餐氛围上看中西文化差异

中国人餐桌上的闹与西方餐桌上的静是中西餐桌礼仪最根本差异。餐桌气氛上的差异，中国餐桌上动，西方餐桌上静。中国人以食为人生之至乐，排场之大，气氛之热闹常常令人叹为观止。中国人一坐上餐桌，便滔滔不绝，相互让菜，劝酒，尽情的享受山珍海味，美味佳肴。这样的宴客方式才能体现主人的热情和诚恳，餐桌上的热闹反映了食客发自内心的欢快。这种“闹”能从某种程度上折射中国人家庭温馨、邻里和睦、国人团结的“一团和气”。西方人一坐到餐桌上便专心致志的去静静的切割自家的盘中餐。喝汤时不能发出响声，如汤菜过热，可待稍凉后再吃，不要用嘴吹。吃东西时要闭嘴咀嚼。不要舔嘴唇或咂嘴发出声音。进餐时可以与左右客人交谈，但不要只同几个熟人交谈。左右客人如不认识，可先自我介绍。别人讲话不可搭嘴插话。音量保持对方能听见的程度。咀嚼食物不要说话，即使有人同你讲话，也要等咽下食物后再回答。

四、从餐桌话语上看中西文化差异

中国人请客吃饭时，摆在桌上的菜花样繁多，至少有七、八道菜，如果是盛宴，主菜会更多，越名贵、越奇特的菜会越显示主任的殷勤和客人的身份。而主人却往往要说“今天没有什么好菜招待大家”、“菜做得不好，多吃一点” “多多包涵”、 “怠慢了您”之类的话。而西方盛宴一般四至五道菜，份量以吃完或稍有剩余为最佳。如果在家里，最好是吃完所有的菜，这样女主人会很高兴，认为大家喜欢她做的菜。面对丰盛的宴席，主人会说“已经倾其所有来招待大家” 的话。对中西主人的餐桌话语进行推理，很容易得出：中国人遵循了“贬己尊人”的原则。而西方人强调效率和实用主义价值观，在交际中十分注重自身面子的需要。如在宴席上西方人不议论令人作呕之事，会千方百计采用含蓄文雅的词来替代toilet，如：“Where can I wash my hand?”、“I wonder if I could go somewhere.”、“ Can I add some powder?”等。另外，在西方国家不要问“吃饭了吗?”等我国习惯的问候语。“您吃饭了吗?”容易使人莫名其妙，甚至会出现误会。如在英国，你若问人吃饭没有，其含义是你有意请对方吃饭;这对于未婚男女，则表明你有意约会对方。

五、结语

世界上各种文化都是平等的。文化无优劣之分。应该避免用自己的文化、、价值观作为标准去衡量、评判而应采用一种客观的、宽容的态度对待异国文化;同时，又要避免盲目的追随、模仿异国文化，而应坚持自己的优秀文化传统。

参考文献：

[1]易中天，《餐桌上的文化》，《文汇报.笔会》.

[2]林大津，《跨文化交际研究》，福建人民出版社，：92-127.

[3]李天民，《现代国际礼仪知识》，世界知识出版社出版，：109.

中文论文还是英文论文？

提纲可以采用下面方面存在差异作为论点:价值观念、思维方式、道德标准、社交礼仪、文化习俗等，论据如下点:1>这些差异势必影响,形成不同的文化规约和说话规约。2>行为举止的区别。从服饰上看， 英国人讲究绅士风度，西装革履，皮鞋锃亮。有的英国女士接待黄皮肤朋友时，专门涂抹上黄色面霜，以表示对朋友的亲近和尊重。留学英伦的学子当然不敢怠慢，西装也同样挺括，领带领结也丝毫不差。什么场合穿戴什么，如何化妆，也亦步亦趋。美国人可方便多了，近几年，美国流行大花裤衩，校内校外，老老少少，都少不了它的影子。3> 一个最大的不同就是英国是一个古老的国家，相反，美国是一个年轻的国家。4>美国人考虑未来，而英国人更看中过去。因为英国人觉得对于一个有着悠久历史的国家来讲，过去是美好的。5>观念态度上的。在英国仍然有残存的等级观念。残存的阶级、等级。与之不同的是，在美国等级观念是建立在经济基础上的，更多的是根据你的工作和收入决定的。英国人眼中的等级是建立在你的家族背景基础上的，人们关心的是你的来头儿而不是你的工作。

我一猜你就知道是选修的英美文化

英美文化差异毕业论文

中西方国家均拥有悠久的历史和传统，在各自的 文化 上有其独特的内涵。下文是我为大家整理的关于文化差异英语论文的 范文 ，欢迎大家阅读参考! 文化差异英语论文篇1 文化差异对 英语学习 的影响 一、引言 在英语学习过程中很多人努力学习语音、词汇和语法等语言方面，却忽略了文化因素在语言学习过程中的重要作用，致使许多人虽具备一定的语言能力但在英语交流中仍会遇到许多困难。缺乏对文化因素重要性的认识已严重影响了英语学习。 文化因素对语言的影响很早便引起了国内外学者的关注，如20世纪80年代我国着名学者胡文仲就认为：“语言是文化的一种表现形式，不了解英美文化，要学好英语是不可能的。”但在多年的英语教学中文化因素仍未受到足够的重视，因此，本文将从中西方的 传统文化 、习俗文化和价值体系三方面的差异来探讨文化差异对语言的影响。 二、文化差异对语言的影响 要想学好英语不仅需要掌握语音、语义和语法等语言本身的技能，还需要注重文化差异对语言学习的影响。语言和文化是不可分割、互相依存的整体，语言是文化的表现形式和载体，同时又受所属文化的制约。若不能充分了解西方文化就无法真正学好英语。 众多学者已充分研究了文化的内涵，如戴炜栋和张红玲认为，文化研究发展至今，一个最具概括性、广为接受的观点认为文化是一个群体的生活方式，它包括人自出生后所学到的一切，如语言、言行方式和内容、信仰，以及人们赖以生存的物质和精神基础。张婧则认为，不同的民族所处的地理环境和历史环境不同，因而对不同的事物和经历有着不同的编码分类;不同的民族因不同的宗教信仰，也导致了他们独特的笃信，崇尚和忌讳心态;不同的民族因其发展的特殊历史过程也产生了本民族自己的历史 典故 、 传说 轶事。本文主要关注中西方在传统文化、习俗文化和价值体系三方面的差异及其对语言的影响。 (一)传统文化上的差异 中西方国家均拥有悠久的历史和传统，在各自的文化上有其独特的内涵。由于受到不同的历史和传统的影响，中西方国家在各自漫长的历史长河中所沉淀形成的传统文化亦不尽相同，因此，我们在 学习英语 时除了要学好语言，更要关注语言所属的文化内涵。正如刘长江所言，文化教学应与语言教学同步融合。 由于历史和传统的差异，中西方人们对于同一事物的理解和感受也有区别。如“龙”在中西方的传统文化中的内涵便迥然不同。“龙”是中华民族的图腾，我们引以为豪的自称“龙的传人”。在中国传统文化中“龙”是吉祥、幸福的象征，人们多用“龙腾虎跃”或“龙凤呈祥”等词形容吉庆的气氛。 但西方文化往往把“龙(dragon)”视为邪恶势力的象征，寓意凶残。在西方传统文化中“dragon”指的是一种长有双翅且会吐火的怪兽，因此，它与凶暴直接联系在一起。 (二)习俗文化上的差异 中西方文化差异尤其典型地体现在习俗文化方面。不同国家的习俗文化反映在各自的社会生活和交际活动中，如称谓、礼仪、恭维、致谢等方面。若不能充分了解中西习俗文化上的差异则会严重影响彼此的交流。 如在称谓方面中西方的习俗文化便有着极大的差异。中国人由于受到宗法观念的根深蒂固的影响遵循讲礼节、尊长辈的习俗。俗话说：“子不言父名，徒不言师讳。” 因此，在中国，孩子倘若对长辈或教师直呼其名会被认为不懂礼貌，将会受到家长的责罚。而在西方的习俗文化中西方人称呼除父母外的其他人时大都直呼其名，以示友好和亲近。这一点在美国尤为普遍，甚至初次见面就用名字称呼。这一差异的原因在于中国人尊崇长幼有序、尊卑有别，而西方人则崇尚人人平等、追求自由。 (三)不同价值体系间的差异 价值观念被普遍认为是文化的核心所在，不同文化背景中人的价值观念必然会有所不同。而价值观念又对人们现实生活中的言语表达产生重要的影响，因此，语言也往往折射出一个民族的价值观念。中西方价值观念的差异也直接反映在语言表达上，尤其典型地体现在诸如，禁忌、隐私等方面。 如中国人的价值观念注重社会群体间的亲密友好关系，因此，将询问对方的年龄、收入、婚否等情况视为是对对方的关心，但这些问题在西方人眼中却是一种禁忌，在他们的价值观念中这些均为个人的隐私，因此，避而不谈。再如中国人碰到熟人打招呼常会问“你去哪儿”或“你吃饭了吗”等，以示对对方的关心和双方的亲密友好关系，但这在西方人眼中却大有窥探隐私之嫌。 三、结语 英语学习中语言与文化密切相关，如高宝虹所言，在语言学习中，文化充当着极其重要的角色，语言的使用要受该语言所属民族文化制约。因此，中西方文化的差异必然影响英语语言的学习。尽管已有学者对此进行了探讨，但对文化因素的忽视仍未得到有效的改善。张友平曾指出，外语教学不应当仅仅是语言教学，还应当包括文化教学。因此，我们学习英语不仅要学习语言本身，还要熟知语言的文化背景，只有这样才能真正地将英语学以致用，准确顺畅地将其应用于对外交流之中。 参考文献： [1]胡文仲.文化差异与外语教学[J].外语教学与研究，1982(8):45-51. [2]戴炜栋，张红玲.外语交际中的文化迁移及其对外语教改的启示[J].外语界，2000(2)：2-8. [3]张婧.文化知识在英语教学中的作用[J].教学与管理，2009(2):84-85. [4]刘长江.谈外语 教育 中目的语文化和本族语文化的兼容并举[J].外语界，2003(4):14-18. [5]高宝虹.交际化外语教学中的文化认知观[J].外语与外语教学，2003(8):33-38. [6]张友平.对语言教学与文化教学的再认识[J].外语界，2003(3):41-48. 文化差异英语论文篇2 浅析英汉文化差异对语言的影响 [摘要]语言文字是人类社会进行交际的重要 方法 ，同时也是文化的重要载体。各个民族的语言在受到民族自身社会文化影响的同时，又反映着各自民族本身的文化内涵。如果某一个民族的人们不了解另一个民族的文化因素和文化内涵，就很难进行顺利的交流。因此，我们得把语言知识和文化知识结合起来，交际才能顺利地进行。因此，文化差异对翻译的影响不容低估。 [关键词]文化差异 宗教信仰 历史典故 风俗 所谓翻译不仅是对语言进行的转换过程，同时也是对文化进行传递的过程。研究对外汉语教学的专家赵贤州先生说：“跨文化交际之所以成为可能，正是人类享有某些共通的文化信息;而跨文化交际之所以产生某些偏差，是因为双方不能共享另一些有差异的文化信息”。本文着重从生存环境，宗教信仰、历史典故和风俗三个方面论述英汉文化差异对翻译的影响。 一、生存环境的差异对翻译的影响 生存环境的差异对翻译的影响可以说是基础的，显而易见的，同时又是根深蒂固的。对习语的运用是英汉民族生存环境的差异，是语言运用中的一个非常重要的表现。习语的产生、运用和人们的劳动生活有着很密切的联系。例如，在汉民族的文化中，中国人们印象中的东风是很温暖的，只有西北风才是很寒冷的。而英国地处西半球，海洋性气候，西风则是 报告 春天消息的，看如下例子：How many winter days have I seen him，standing blue-nosed in the snow and east wind? (在很多冬日里我总看见他，鼻子冻得发红发紫，站在飞雪和东风里。)钱哥川在《翻译漫谈》一书中认为此句的east wind，译成汉语时应该是西风或北风，这正是地理环境与我们生存环境不同的原因造成的文化气氛的不同。又如，在中国人眼里，夏天总是和酷暑炎热联系在一起，“烈日炎炎似火烧”“骄阳似火”是常常被用来描述中国夏天的词语。而英国的夏季则是温暖明媚舒适的，是一年中最舒服最宜人的季节，就像我们中国的春天一样。显而易见，英汉两个不同的民族，由于地理环境上的不同，生存环境存在差异，观察客观事物、反映客观世界的方式和角度是不一样的。因此，翻译千万不能只照词典上的词义逐词逐句的翻译，否则不能达到有效顺利的沟通。 二、宗教信仰和历史典故对翻译的影响 英汉文化在宗教信仰与历史典故上也存在着很大的差异。这对翻译有很大的影响，我们要有深刻的认识。西方人大多信__，认为上帝(god)可创造一切，因而有“God helps those who help themselves”(上帝帮助自助的人) 的说法。而中国人信奉佛教、道教，多有“玉帝”“观音”“菩萨”“慈悲为怀”等词汇。在中国文化中，有各种各样的历史典故，如“盘古开天”“牛郎织女”“卧薪尝胆”等等。在西方的文化里，很多历史典故都来源于古希腊和罗马神话，还有圣经 故事 。请看下面例句：Being a teacher is being present at the creation，when the clay beings begin to breathe.基督__，上帝创造了人，而人又来自尘土。所以，英语中creation指“上帝”。而clay指“上帝创造的人”。理解了creation和clay这两个词的宗教内涵后，就可以把其译为：老师是创造的见证人，目睹着生命呼吸成长。可见英汉文化中不同的宗教信仰贯穿在其各自的语言表达交流之中。如果译者缺少对对象文化个性的深刻认识，就难以理解 句子 的文化内涵，这将对译文的准确性产生影响，从而达不到有效沟通。 三、风俗上的不同对翻译的影响 英汉民族在习俗上有很大的差异，这对翻译必然有一定的影响。中国人把“龙”当成是吉祥的神物，有着伟大的力量，所以龙在中国文化里是至尊无上的帝王的象征，因而有“望子成龙”的说法，但是在英美国家却把龙当作是喷烟吐火的凶残怪物。相反的，中国人把猫头鹰当做不吉祥的象征，而英语中却说as wise as an owl，把猫头鹰当做智慧的象征。类似的例子在英汉交流中，我们经常会发现，给人很新异的感觉，这就是风俗上的不同导致根深蒂固的文化差异，译者在翻译的过程中一定要深刻意识到这一点，考虑风俗对翻译的影响，能使英汉民族进行有效交流。 四、结语 不论是卓越的翻译家还是出色的译评专家，都应该是具有两种文化意识和精通两种语言的真真正正的文化人。交流促进理解，沟通有助于进步，翻译则是交流与沟通的桥梁，让我们真正做好翻译的工作，架起英汉沟通的桥梁，为英汉交流做出应有的贡献。 【参考文献】 [1]崔建京.中学英语教学中的英美文化渗透[J].大连教育学院学报,2003(6). [2]张培基.英汉翻译教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004. [3]包惠南.文化语境与翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2001. [4]彭保良.从文化差异的角度看英汉翻译中词义的确立[J].中国翻译,1998(1):25. [5]邓炎昌,刘润青.语言与文化――英汉语言文化对比[M].外语教学与研究出版社,1989:159.

发展历史。。英国工业大国。。美国移民国家文化汇聚

国教和清教的区别

第三章 造成英美文化差异的原因英美文化在其各自精髓上为什么会有如此巨大差异呢？我认为是文化的生态环境不同。一、地理环境不同。二者所处的地理位置不同，一个是欧洲大陆，一个是美洲大陆。英国经过长期的开发，已经非常富裕。但是美国刚开始的时候是来到一片完全陌生的大陆上，首批移民被称为拓荒者，所以，他们要敢于冒险。如果没有冒险精神，他们也就无法生存，更谈不上发展。此外，整个的欧洲文化和美洲文化的差别也给他们带来了影响。二、人文环境的不同。人文环境的不同是导致两国文化差异的主要原因。英国是一个有着悠久的历史传承的欧洲传统国家。其社会长期存在等级差别，一直有君主存在。所以，英国人喜欢怀旧，保守，具有绅士风度，等等。这些方面是需要历史的沉淀和积累的，常若没有历史的沉淀和积累是不可能实现的。而美国恰恰是一个没有很深厚的历史积淀的年轻国家。所以，美国人勇于创新，强调个人价值。因为没有很多的传统的东西去给他们怀念和继承，需要他们去开拓。从另一方面讲，也没有很多的束缚，他们可以放开手脚大胆创新。另外，两个国家的人口组成也有区别。美国是移民国家，来自世界上所有国家和地区的人都在美国。所以，美国的文化呈现出多面性的特点。所以，美国文化的接纳性也很强，包容性很强，可以接受和吸取一切文化因子。对外来文化呈现出的是一种开放的态度。这种文化影响到美国人身上，就是美国人十分热情，开朗，善于接受不同的人和事。但是，英国的人口结构相较于美国而言，显得单一很多。所以，英国不太容易接受外来的文化。反映到英国人性格上便是比较内敛和含蓄