百家论文采编中心非杂志社本部,规模大、服务好,直接和杂志社合作,价低、安全、高效。代理各类期刊、学报征稿业务,省级、国家级和高校学报发表率达到100%,北大核心和南大核心达到70%左右。涵盖所有专业,共有200多家期刊,可指导论文写作技巧,协助发表。
1.首先确定选题。选题很重要,看一下是否适合自己去做。 2、查阅资料,列提纲确定论文的内容。 先列提纲(用来反应你的思路结构,征求别人意见),写出草稿,写作时从最容易的地方入手(比如:仪器材料,实验方法,结果),抽取有价值结果放入讨论,完成讨论,结论,引言。3、查阅资料,做试验,收集数据,写论文。4、写完论文,找导师查阅,修改。文章修改(需要多次,这里第一次是概括的讲可以包含几次直至达到目的)5、论文定稿后找一家刊物出版社发表论文 。
1、首先确定选题。选题很重要,选择合适自己专业与发展的选择题。2、查阅资料,列提纲确定论文的内容。3、分析阅读你论文的对象的目的,善于应用图表表达完整信息。先列提纲(用来反应你的思路结构,征求别人意见)。4、写出草稿,写作时从最容易的地方入手(比如:仪器材料,实验方法,结果) 抽取有价值结果放入讨论,完成讨论,结论,引言。5、查阅资料,做试验,收集数据,写论文。6、写完论文,找导师查阅,修改。
一、选择合适刊物必须要选择相同的专业才可以,二、在发表论文的过程中尽可能的去提前进行发表,省级刊物的发表周期一般在三到六个月左右的时间。三、在选择期刊的过程当中必须要了解刊物对,格式以及字数的要求,然后再开始撰写。四、选择投稿的方式有两种,一种是自己投稿,另外一种就是选择代理机构进行投稿。
Typo: "thesis published".用 Publications 作标题应该可以的,一般用复数形式,因为通常论文不只一篇。所以投的刊物都是《计算机工程》《**学报》之类,属学术刊物,他们似乎不采取匿名审稿制。"A Survey on sth." in Journal of Computer Engineering 2002,accepted(or forthcoming???)"Research of sth." in Journal of Computer Science 1999,submitted
“论文”一词的英文表达很多,通常因场合、用处不同而有不同的表达,下面罗列了几种,请楼主斟酌一下那一种是适合自己。*dissertation(博士学位)论文,(专题)论文,学术演讲:长而正式的论文,尤指大学里由博士学位攻读者所写的论文;学位论*disquisition专题论文;专题演讲,专题讨论:关于一个论题的正式讨论,常为书面形式*thesis命题论文:尤指出于获得学位的研究需要而改进原来观点以作为研究成果的论文*discourse (学术)讨论,研讨用的论文*paper 作业形式的,为达到某一目的或效果(如学位)而写的
Publications即可
论文(Paper)或:dissertation(论文)或:thesis(论文)经常说的:)~English dissertation(英语论文)Graduation thesis(毕业论文)
1、首先确定选题。选题很重要,选择合适自己专业与发展的选择题。2、查阅资料,列提纲确定论文的内容。3、分析阅读你论文的对象的目的,善于应用图表表达完整信息。先列提纲(用来反应你的思路结构,征求别人意见)。4、写出草稿,写作时从最容易的地方入手(比如:仪器材料,实验方法,结果) 抽取有价值结果放入讨论,完成讨论,结论,引言。5、查阅资料,做试验,收集数据,写论文。6、写完论文,找导师查阅,修改。
最好研一就开始准备,因为发表论文现在的周期挺长的,普刊在半年左右,核心期刊在一年以上。我个人不建议找论文中介发表论文,因为费用贵,还有就是如果自己投稿来得及就尽量自己投稿。查重20%内,论文字数4000-6000字,如果是发核心期刊得8000字。如果实在不得已想找论文网站快速发表,建议你先去淘淘论文网上了解下期刊知识,以免发到假刊上。
一、选择合适刊物必须要选择相同的专业才可以,二、在发表论文的过程中尽可能的去提前进行发表,省级刊物的发表周期一般在三到六个月左右的时间。三、在选择期刊的过程当中必须要了解刊物对,格式以及字数的要求,然后再开始撰写。四、选择投稿的方式有两种,一种是自己投稿,另外一种就是选择代理机构进行投稿。
1.首先确定选题,选题很重要,看一下是否适合自己去做,选择你感兴趣的入手。2、查阅资料,列提纲确定论文的主体内容。越早开始写越容易 ,先阅读想投稿的的期刊的投稿指南、图表要求、参考文献格式、排版格式、字数要求等。这样做是可以节省时间,避免迷失方,引用支持你论点的文章,但不影响或降低文章的创新。3、写完论文,找导师查阅,修改。文章修改第一次:自己修改明确:是否表达完全,别人能不能看懂,语句通顺,格式,标点等。第二次:重点是结构与内容协调性,摘要是不是能够独立支撑文章内容,摘要和图表可否表达研究的大概内容。第三次:请导师修改,检查文章的完整性和逻辑性。4、论文定稿后找一家杂志社发表论文 。
演讲稿也叫演讲词,它是在较为隆重的.仪式上和某些公众场合发表的讲话文稿。下面我们来看一下英文的演讲稿吧。
中学生英文演讲稿范文一:
dear all,
life on earth are the most valuable things money can not buy, jewelry-for-not go back. life only once, should not renewable and will not re-come. students, and your life has just begun blooming flower, you are prosperous home sustenance, development of the chinese nation are the hope of; your future offspring transmission of both task and maintenance obligations of parents. therefore, you have to cherish life and take care of life, for themselves and for parents, good for homeland alive.
life for each person only once, no life, everything免谈. therefore, we must firmly embrace the "yes to life, safety first" awareness of construction safety of our campus so that students can grow up healthily.
campus safety relates to our lives and learning potential safety problems have as many as 20 kinds, including traffic accidents, poisoning, fire fire, drowning, sports injury and so on. these are at times a threat to the healthy growth of young students. according to statistics, every year our country has around 16,000 unnatural deaths in the primary, elementary and middle school students because of safety accidents, food poisoning, drowning and other deaths, the average has more than 40 people every day, that is to say every day there will be a class of students at "disappeared." so we not only have safety awareness, and more importantly, prevention awareness and preventive measures. study at daily life, we should note the following:
one, pay attention to safety recess activity. want the students up and down stairs in an orderly manner and must not hurriedly up and down, up and down the stairs right to cultivate the good habit of walking to prevent accidents on campus crowded stampede. rainy at our school buildings and office building corridor, staircase, will be very slippery, please the whole student must light when walking at the foot walk. everyone should pay attention to civilization recess breaks should not chased noisy.
2, it is necessary to pay attention to traffic safety. we must strictly comply with rules of the road, without people to ride, not red light running, horse way to go before crosswalks, it is necessary to take the initiative to avoid motor vehicles. not want to develop the habit of school by bike.
3, pay attention to food safety. not to buy "three noes" of food; we should not be at the school gate and street stalls mobile buy snacks, to prevent food poisoning. to learn how to protect themselves, take care of themselves, pay attention not to overeating, try eating less food cold.
4, it is necessary to pay attention to sports safety. on physical education and extra-curricular activities to prepare before the warming-up, attention should be paid to exercise when not to dramatic collision, so as not to be knocked down or fall.
5, it is necessary to pay attention to internet security. network is a very good learning tool, we can use it to gather information, broaden our horizon. but the network also has a lot of harm, if unhealthy internet browsing web pages, or indulge in unrestrained virtual space, then it will affect our physical and mental health.
6 students for their own actions but also have safety awareness. student encountered at the contradictions between, we want a calm, rational, should not substitute for reasoning with fists, give themselves and their classmates bring about adverse effects. conflict with the people must bear in mind: the broader picture.
teacher and fellow students, only one person's life. a collision, a wrestling are probably the lives of vulnerable people's hard to imagine the harm caused. therefore want to protect their own safety,
we comply with the minimum required, the most simple rules and order. let us bear in mind: human life, safety first! let us work together to create a harmonious campus, campus safety!
中学生英文演讲稿范文二:
Time
Lost time is never found again. This is something which I learned very clearly last semester. I spent so much time fooling around that my grades began to suffer. I finally realized that something had to be done. It was time for a change. Now I have a new plan for using my time wisely. I have set my alarm clock ahead half an hour. This will give me a head start on the day. I have also decided to keep a log of what I do and when I do it. Looking back on what I’ve done will give me some ideas on how to reorganize my time.
中学生英文演讲稿范文三:
thanksgiving is learning to be the fulcrum, the heart of thanksgiving is a good feeling, the world is all things to all people expressed their gratitude, remember, thanksgiving is a fine tradition of our nation, is a person of integrity at least moral character.
thanksgiving is the key to return. return is the feeding, training, instruction, guidance, help, support and ambulance themselves. grateful, and through its own 10 times, 100 times the pay, and repay them with practical action.
then, as a middle school student, how thanksgiving?
first thanksgiving their parents, because everyone’s life is a continuation of the parents of one blood, all of the parents gave us love, let us enjoy the human world of affection and happiness, therefore, we would like to thank the parents.
for the survival of nature is the basis of all things,
human life is inseparable from its 1:15 activities, we have the basic necessities of human nature, and so on are obtained from the therefore, we should be thankful nature.
teachers are our growth领路人, are our friends, teachers respect, understand and care for us, their words and deeds, let us benefit for life, we pay for teachers efforts and sweat, we should thanksgiving teachers.
students study the lives of our fellow students to encourage each other, help each other, to jointly overcome difficulties and setbacks, the common taste of success and happiness learning, we should be grateful for every day and we accompanied the students.
the school provides us with a good study environment, our training establishments and room to grow and develop, we should be thankful schools.
the motherland is our roots, our source. no homeland, we did not have the habitat of no motherland, we will be no human dignity; no homeland, we have not all! we should be thankfu.
演讲稿以发表意见,表达观点为主,是为演讲而事先准备好的文稿。在现在社会,演讲稿对我们的作用越来越大,那么问题来了,到底应如何写一份恰当的演讲稿呢?以下是我精心整理的中学生英语演讲稿,希望能够帮助到大家。
Good morning everyone:
everyonehashisownunderstandingofyoung,itisaperiodoftimeofbeautyandwonders,onlyafteryouhaveexperiencedthesour,sweet,timeofyoungislimitted,itmaypassbywithoutyourattention,andwhenyoudiscoverwhathashappened,pingtheyoungwellmeansabettertimeiswaitingforyouinthenearfuture,orthesituationmaybeopposite.
having a viewonthe segreat menint hehis tor yofhun manbeing,theyallmadefulluseoftheiryouthtime,todothingsthatareusefultosociety,tothewholemankind,andasacosquence,theyarerememberedbylatergenerations,somethinginthetimeofyoung,althoughyoumaynotgetachievementsasthesegreatmendid,thoughnotforthewholeword,justforyoueself,forthosearound!
theyoungisjustlikebloomingflowers,theyaresobeautifulwhenblooming,theymakepeoplefeelhappy,butwithtimepassingby,aftertheywithers,oitisthesamewithyoung,weareenthusiasticwhenweareyoung,musttreasureit,don'tletthelimittedtimepassby,leavingnothingofsignificance.
大家好!今天我演讲的题目是:如何提高我们的英文。说真的,我非常高兴在这里说一说关于学英语的事情,尽管我只是英语的初学者。
大家都知道,英语是一门国际性的语言,尤其是中国已加入了wto,学英语对我们来说是格外必要的。但是你可能会问:“如何才能提高我们的英语呢?”那好,接下来我便给大家说一说提高英语的'捷径。
首先,你应确信你已在发音技巧和语音方面下了很多功夫。否则,你将会闹出很多笑话。例如“我可以借一下你的自行车吗?”而你说成“我可以借一下你的后背吗?”“请递给我那个箱子”而由于你的错误发音,竟说成“请给我一个吻吧。”很显然,在这两个句子中你读错了“自行车”和“盒子”这两个词,而对方也就自然误解了你的意思。另外,语调的不同也可表达着不同的感情,举个例子:伦敦桥塌了!伦敦桥塌了!我的夫人!(声音高昂,表示高兴)伦敦桥塌了!伦敦桥塌了!我的夫人!(声音低沉,表示悲伤)
原文来源: 英语演讲稿范文:初中学生英语演讲稿
其次,大家都知道:熟能生巧。当你在说英语时不要怕犯错误。一方面,没有人会不犯错误的。另一方面你可以从错误中总结教训,所以千万不要害羞,脸皮厚一点地大声说出来!
最后,为了能够达到成功的顶峰,我们必须要有耐心。无论怎么说,学英语总是要花费时间的,所以你必须要有足够的勇气和一颗“永不言败”的心。要牢牢地记住这句名言“罗马不是一天造成的!”
小知识提示:英语演讲稿的结构分开头、主体、结尾三个部分,其结构原则与一般文章的结构原则大致一样。
Good morning everyone:
In the dream on the road of life,everyone has his own dream. Wolffy to eat the sheep,lamb is his dream;The cat to eat mouse,catch mice is his dream;Ultraman monster,the maintenance of world peace is his dream. A dream,we need to be brave to pursue.
Everyone should have a dream,to find a warm haven;Everyone should have a dream to illuminate the road ahead,direction;Everyone should have a dream,towards the other shore of success. The students in order to his dream to strive,admitted to the ideal school. Company staff to get promoted,to strive,to work;National leaders to give people a better life to struggle. Now that have their own dream,you got to try to achieve it. Even if tired,also want to do my best to complete. There are a lot of things,as long as you a lax,it is fleeting.
Confident,just can have the will to fight. Bacon once said that in prosperity is not without worry and the worry,adversity is not without comfort and hope. Dream journey will inevitably encounter some setbacks,as long as you don't give up,so will not give up your dreams. It has been said,it takes courage to give up more than face. If so easily say give up,so why should have?Liang qichao is well said,adversity hardship,is the highest school of hone personality. Yeah!Adversity is a kind of scientific value,is a good scholar will not give up the opportunity to learn. Faith is an unstoppable force. When you realized his dream,also not to get complacent. It will be your income in the next seconds gods are taken together. The greatest fight for dream. Success requires a"how",such ability can persistent pursuit. Optimism makes you on the journey to dream weavers,brilliant achievements in life.
Blake said:"as fruit needs not only sunshine but cold nights and cold rain is its mature. Can cultivate a person's personality needs not only joy but trial and difficulty to also."Never say"impossible"to oneself,everything is possible!Move forward!To achieve own dream!!!!Best compare dream to flint,the more powerful it is knock,emission light is more bright.
In the dream on the road of life,everyone has his own dream. Wolffy to eat the sheep,lamb is his dream;The cat to eat mouse,catch mice is his dream;Ultraman monster,the maintenance of world peace is his dream. A dream,we need to be brave to pursue.
Everyone should have a dream,to find a warm haven;Everyone should have a dream to illuminate the road ahead,direction;Everyone should have a dream,towards the other shore of success. The students in order to his dream to strive,admitted to the ideal school. Company staff to get promoted,to strive,to work;National leaders to give people a better life to struggle. Now that have their own dream,you got to try to achieve it. Even if tired,also want to do my best to complete. There are a lot of things,as long as you a lax,it is fleeting.
Confident,just can have the will to fight. Bacon once said that in prosperity is not without worry and the worry,adversity is not without comfort and hope. Dream journey will inevitably encounter some setbacks,as long as you don't give up,so will not give up your dreams. It has been said,it takes courage to give up more than face. If so easily say give up,so why should have?Liang qichao is well said,adversity hardship,is the highest school of hone personality. Yeah!Adversity is a kind of scientific value,is a good scholar will not give up the opportunity to learn. Faith is an unstoppable force. When you realized his dream,also not to get complacent. It will be your income in the next seconds gods are taken together. The greatest fight for dream. Success requires a"how",such ability can persistent pursuit. Optimism makes you on the journey to dream weavers,brilliant achievements in life.
Blake said:"as fruit needs not only sunshine but cold nights and cold rain is its mature. Can cultivate a person's personality needs not only joy but trial and difficulty to also."Never say"impossible"to oneself,everything is possible!Move forward!To achieve own dream!!!!Best compare dream to flint,the more powerful it is knock,emission light is more bright.
Good morning everyone:
as everyone knows,english is very important has been used everywhere in the has become the most common language on internet and for international trade. if we can speak english well,we will have more chance to use more and more people have taken notice of it,the number of the people who go to learn english has increased at a high speed. but for myself,i learn english not only because of its importance and its usefulness,but also because of my love for i learn english,i can feel a different way of thinking which gives me more room to touch the i read english novels,i can feel the pleasure from the book which is different from reading the i speak english,i can feel the confident from my i write english,i can see the beauty which is not the same as our chinese...
i am flying today,speech is the ideal wing,as a middle school student,we are in love fantasy,love to dream,love highlight their personality,love and zhang yang us different,we were not mistaken,we now are not qualitatively period of development,there is no one standard for us to judge their own life and values. we always let adults know that we can do it yourself to live,you can solve their own problems,but we have some dependence. love day dreaming,perhaps today we want to be a teacher,to educate our newcomers,and perhaps tomorrow we want to be a scientist to explore our humanity to the present do not know some of the mystery,or we have no way to explain some phenomena.
we are willing to bury the reality of the cruelty and injustice,we are our parents,our elders could not understand some of the practice of life,we do not understand why they like to do ah. it is our wish too much too young to bury social experience. attitude of life when we are not deep.
down we love fantasy,love to dream of behavior,we need to do one for the people and human progremake a difference. to our actions to prove that we have!
英语演讲,是指以英语为载体,针对某个话题发表自己的意见和看法,以此来影响、感染听众,达到一种宣传目的的交际活动。下面是我为大家精心整理的文章,希望能够帮助到大家。
演讲比赛
Dear John,
Thank you for your kind letter. You told me that you and most of you clas *** ates went out for a three-day trip. I really think it fun. Now let me tell you something about a speech contest, which I have taken part in.
The contest was held at the playground last Saturday morning, 7:. The panel is made up of 5 English teachers from our school, all of whom were experienced. Moreover, a total number of 20 petitors came from we Grade 2. It was made a rule that the top 3 petitors would be awarded. It is a great petition and all the participants perform well. I was so lucky that I won the first place.
I will end here and hope to hear from you very soon.
Best wishes.
亲爱的约翰:
感谢你善意的来信。你告诉我你和大部分的同学举行了一次为期三天的旅途。我真的觉得很有趣。现在,让我告诉你一些关于我参加的一场演讲比赛的事。
比赛是上周六早上7点在操场举行的。评委小组是由我们学校5个有经验的英语老师组成的额。另外,有20个参赛者来自我们二年级的。比赛规定前三名参赛者会获得奖励。这是一次大赛,所有的参赛者都表现优异。我很幸运获得了第一名。
送你最好的祝福。
演讲比赛
Last week, I took part in an English speech contest which was held by our teachers. There were twelve students in the final contest. I was one of them. Fifteen minutes before my turn, I picked my topic and prepared for it. I wrote down the outlines and organized what I was going to say. However, when I stood in front of all judges and students, I was extremely nervous. My mind was totally empty. Then I took a deep breath to relax myself and started my speech. The result was not as good as I expected, but I preferred to regard it as a challenge to myself, whose process was the most important for me. I can learn a lot from this contest. I am sure I will be better next time.
上周,我参加了学校老师举行的一次英语演讲比赛。总共有十二位同学进入决赛,我是其中之一。轮到我的前十五分钟,我选好我的主题并做好准备。我写下大纲并组织好要说的内容。但是,当我站在评委和同学们面前的时候,我就很紧张,头脑一片空白。于是我深呼吸使自己放松然后开始演讲。虽然结果不像我想象中的那么好,但是我宁愿把它当做一次对自己的挑战,过程对我来说才是最重要的。我能够从这次比赛中学到很多,我相信下次我一定能够做得更好的。
演讲比赛
We are going to have an English-speaking contest for senior students so as to improve our oral English. It will be held in auditorium on the 5th floor in the teaching building at 4:00pm. , June 9th. Those who want to take part in the contest are supposed to e to sign up at the office of the students’ Union before May 25th. All the senior students are wele to join in the contest. The first five winners will be given prizes. Please try your best and get ready in time.
Wish you success!
The students’ Union
我们将有一个英语竞赛为高阶学生,以提高我们的英语口语。它将举行在教学楼5楼礼堂下午四时。6月9日。那些想要参加比赛应该是来报名在学生会的办公室在5月25日之前。所有的高阶学生都欢迎参加比赛。前五的赢家将获得奖品。请尽你最大的努力,做好准备。
你所问的是核心期刊还是普通刊物。一般的教育G4刊物可以发,高校学报以及一些社会类综合刊也可以发表。看你文章的具体的方向,期刊有收录范围,有问题可以细聊
具体的要求还要看你们学校的要求,你根据要求发表就好了,学校要求发表核心期刊你就发表核心期刊,学校要是不要求,只要求是CN期刊就行那就发表省级国家级就好了,比核心期刊便宜的多呢。学校要求发表几篇你就发表几篇,问题就不大。需要发表论文我可以帮助你。
商务英语是专门用途英语的一个重要组成部分。专门用途英语相关知识的学习是商务英语学习体系中不可或缺的部分,是学习商务英语知识和培养商务英语应用能力的重要渠道。下面是我为大家整理的,供大家参考。
论文摘要:年教育部出台的《关于全面提高高等职业教育教学质量的若干意见》一文中明确规定了“以服务为宗旨,以就业为导向,走产学结合发展道路”的高职教育办学指导思想,此办学指导思想决定了有必要对商务英语专业现行的人才培养模式进行改革。本文以河南农业职业学院商务英语专业推行工学结合人才培养模式的改革与实践为例谈一下个人看法。
论文关键词:商务英语,工学结合,人才培养模式,改革,实践
一、引文
根据教育部教高[2006]16号档案《关于全面提高高等职业教育教学质量的若干意见》的精神,高等职业教育人才培养模式改革应以增强学生的职业能力为目标,根据职业岗位的任职要求,参照相关的职业资格标准来进行,强化学生能力的培养,尤其是实践能力以培养。商务英语专业在我院是开办时间较短的专业,在几年的专业建设与发展过程中,我们不断摸索与探讨,努力按照高等职业教育相关档案的精神和要求,调整专业课程设定和改革人才培养模式。商务英语专业始终坚持为地方经济和社会发展服务的指导思想,以学校为主体,以行业、企业为依托,以专业指导委员会为纽带,不断探索工学结合办学的途径。几年来,通过探索产学结合,工学交替的人才培养模式,大力开拓新的实习基地,并且把企业专家请进校园、让学生深入实习基地进行顶岗实习,这样的教学模式不仅使学生学到了很多书本上学不到的技能,而且大大拓宽了他们的就业渠道并且取得了初步成效。
二、商务英语专业推行工学结合人才培养模式改革与实践的理论依据
1、工学结合的概念。什么是工学结合人才培养模式?世界合作教育协会的解释是:“将课堂上的学习与工作中的学习结合起来,学生将理论知识应用于与之相关的、为真实的雇主效力且通常能获取报酬的工作实际中,然后将工作中遇到的挑战和增长的见识带回课堂,帮助他们在学习中进一步地分析与思考。”这种办学形式以增强学生的实践动手能力为突破口,以提高学生职业素质、缩短学校教育与用人单位需求之间的差距、提高学生的就业竞争力为根本原则,充分体现了“以就业为导向,以能力培养为核心”的职业教育理念,是适应社会发展变化的产物,也是我国职教改革与发展的核心领域。
2、高职教育办学指导思想。2006年教育部出台的《关于全面提高高等职业教育教学质量的若干意见》一文中明确规定了“以服务为宗旨,以就业为导向,走产学结合发展道路”的高职教育办学指导思想,此办学指导思想决定了有必要对商务英语专业现行的人才培养模式进行改革。我国高等职业教育虽然历史不长,但发展很快,工学结合,产教结合,学校与企业深度融合构成我国目前高等职业教育人才培养模式的特点。高等职业教育强调要根据劳动力市场的需要培养人才,以就业为导向,追求的是学校教育与社会生产实践的零距离。工学结合恰恰是实现这一目标最有效的途径。
三、商务英语专业推行工学结合人才培养模式改革与实践的主要思路与措施
河南农业职业学院商务英语专业实行“2+1”工学结合人才培养模式,即学生前两年在校内学习理论课及实践课,第三年由学校组织校外实习。一年的时间为学生了解社会,学习第一线的实用知识与技能提供了充裕的时间,学校通过建立工学结合校外实习基地,推动实践教学与学生就业。工学结合校外实习基地是校企双方合作,利用企业生产与经营资源建立的用于培养学生专业技能与职业素质的实践教学场所,学生在校外实习基地顶岗操作,在实际工作情景中教育自己,掌握未来就业所需知识和职业技能。因此校外实习基地的良好执行是开展工学结合人才模式改革与实践的基础和质量保障,而正确的改革思路与得当的实践措施对实现人才培养目标具有重要意义。
第一,要明确工学结合,校企“2+l”合作办学的基本思路。
“2+1”指2年校内课程+1年企业行业课程。即学生在三年的高职学习生活中,前两年在学校重点学习专业基础知识,即英语语言基础知识和商务管理基本技能;后一年中的第一学期在企业上课,学习企业所需技能课,即岗位核心技能,最后一学期到企业顶岗实习。前两年侧重理论知识的学习,最后一年则以实践为重点。
第二,要明确高职英语专业工学结合人才培养模式的基本特征。
商务英语专业工学结合人才培养模式的基本特征具体表现为:1工学结合人才培养计划是将在校内学习与在企业工作经历学习有机结合的教育计划,使学生既能获得学历教育,又能经历职业资格培训;2学校与合作教育企业建立相对稳定的契约合作关系,形成互惠互利、优势互补、共同发展的动力机制;3合作企业为学生提供的工作岗位都是经学校开发或认定的,是从事专业工作适宜的学习培训环境,企业对学生的录用是由企业与学生双向选择决定的;4学生从事的是合作企业的实际生产和经营工作,企业对学生按正式员工要求和管理;5学生在合作企业的工作与其学业目标和职业目标密切相关;6学生在实践中的工作进展是由学校主导和监控的;7由学校和企业共同考查评价参加合作教育学生在工作中的表现;8企业要把录用和培养参加合作教育的学生作为发展企业和培养人才的企业事业发展的重要部分。
第三,要通过改革确立新的商务英语人才培养模式。
工学结合、校企合作办学教育的实质是学校和用人单位共同制定人才培养计划,共同开展人才培养工作,学生毕业后全部或部分在用人单位就业的一种产学合作教育人才培养模式。作为学校,必须首先深入企业,了解企业的用人需求和人才培养规格。
企业调研内容应该侧重于了解企业每年员工的招聘数量,人才的型别,企业对技能型人才的知识、技能和态度的要求等等,为学校的专业设定、课程设定等提供决策依据。它将有助于商务英语专业人才培养目标准确定位,专业设定市场化,专业针对性加强,学生学习积极性提高,增强岗位适应性和社会适应性,形成招生与就业的良性回圈和商务英语人才培养目标的实现,促进高职高专教育改革的蓬勃发展。以河南农业职业学院商务英语专业为例,“工学结合”的“学”主要体现在学生前2年主要在校学习社会基础知识、思想道德修养、英语语言知识技能和商务专业理论基础知识和一般技能,而“工学结合”的“工”则是第三年根据合作企业——商务英语专业学生实习基地的需要,校企共同制定学生就业岗位的素质需求、核心技能、创新能力及可持续发展方面的有关课程,有目的性、针对性地在秦皇岛、上海等实习基地进行岗位技能操练或顶岗实训,接受秦皇岛、上海等地实习的管理、技能训练和企业文化薰陶,增强岗位适应性和实际岗位工作能力,以便就业时能够尽快进入岗位角色。
第四,商务英语专业教学模式改革
“2+1”工学结合人才培养模式的主要形式为专案式培养,它已成为商务英语专业人才培养模式创新专案。在人才培养的过程中,主要是提升学生的实践能力,所以应该大胆进行课堂和实践教学的改革和摸索,实施创新教育。采取集中上课、分散指导、开放式校外实训基地实习、专案研讨等各种教育形式,多不失为课堂和实践教学的改革和摸索的创新之路。在专业特色专案的建设与教学改革的实施过程中,河南农业职业学院基础科学系商务英语专业做了如下工作:1专业调研。包括郑州和上海地区商务英语人才需求,商务英语核心技能调研。2商务英语专业毕业生跟踪调研。了解企业技术进步和人才市场化趋势。3结合专业课程的实训、暑假企业实践、人才培养创新方案制定。4课程资源建设。课程设计、优化、整合。理论实践课程模式改革。5实训教学
第五,工学结合人才培养模式的实践以本校商务英语专业为例。
1、专业设定、培养目标和规格、专业培养方案设计中积极邀请商务英语专业建设指导委员单位参与,吸收10多家企业、事业单位的专家成立了专业建设指导委员会。在教学计划制定过程中广泛征求专家意见,结合专家反馈对教学计划进行适时调整,使基础科学系培养出来的学生符合社会实际的需求。
2、广泛开展基地共建,校企人员互兼互聘,开展攻关、专案推广
河南农业职业学院商务英语专业与校外企事业单位共建设实习基地,构建了有效的校企互聘互兼合作长效机制,并取得明显成效,到目前为止,基础科学系商务英语专业十余位教师被校外企事业单位外聘。基础科学系商务英语成立以来,以河南省及郑州市为中心辐射周边地区省市行政事业单位、企业单位,广泛开展实践基地共建,签订双向互利的实践基地协议,利用学校的师资、技术力量为企业事业单位提供技术支援,既锻炼双师型教师队伍,又促进了企业的发展,取得了良好的效果。
3、加强学生实习、实训方面的对外合作
我们商务英语专业自组建以来在院、系领导的大力支援下,积极与用人单位合作,为学生创造了良好的实习条件。在实训室的建设中,我们加强与社会企事业单位的联络和合作,根据社会对学生能力的要求筹建实训室,或对实训室进行改进。基础科学系自成立以来,积极与用人单位合作,为学生创造良好的实习条件,并在学生实习时聘请实习基地的商务人员和高阶管理人员对学生的进行指导。在顶岗实践中,每位学生都落实有明确的指导教师,对学生的顶岗实践做出指导、评价和建议。上海、秦皇岛等地商务酒店为学生提供为期9个月周的顶岗实训场地,分布在文秘、前厅接待、翻译、礼仪、客房服务、电子商务等等各种相关的基础岗位,以保证学生对岗位技能的熟练掌握和企业工作环境的适应性。同时,学校、酒店、学生签订三方顶岗实习协议书,履行并保障各自责权利,使工与学有机结合,落到实处。顶岗实习取得的成效:商务英语专业目前已经形成良好的产学机制,基础科学系为企业解决技术难题,促进企业新专案推广和市场开拓,进行英语培训等;企业为商务英语专业建设提供指导,并为学生提供实习实训基地,企业和学校形成了良好合作,校企业共赢的局面
四、工学结合校外实习基地的管理模式探索
根据校外实习基地合作企业的性质、规模,以及在合作教育中所承担的具体教学任务不同,本校商务英语专业对校外实习基地的管理模式主要进行以下两种探索:
1、以企业为主的管理模式。
这类模式一般适用于两种情况:一种是企业全方位介入的一种订单式合作教
育形式,合作方一般是大型企业。企业合作的主要目的是希望按其要求培养所需
的应用性技术人才。一种是在合作教育中,以企业接受学生岗位实习为主要内容
的合作形式,合作方一般是中小型企业。例如,2010年上海世博会前夕,上海各大酒店、宾馆急需一大批专业外语人才,08级商务英语学生在基础科学系领导组织下在多家宾馆、酒店顶岗实习。
2、企业与学校相结合的管理模式。
这是我们采取的最为普遍的管理模式。在这种模式中,企业为学校提供实践
教学必需的场地、装置、师资及其他条件,并派专人负责实践教学基地的管理。学生在实践教学基地的实践活动,是企业经营活动的一部分。与企业单独管理不同的是,实践教学基地的教学活动完全按照专业的要求进行,专业教师直接参与实践教学基地的教学管理工作。例如,从2007年开始至2010年,本校商务英语专业学生赴秦皇岛和北京的实训基地进行实习时由专业教师带队和企业合作实行企业与学校相结合的管理模式。这种管理模式一方面,学生通过实践提高了技能;另一方面专职教师通过顶岗实践,熟悉各个岗位的工作任务和岗位职责,积累现场工作经验,这种方式可以迅速地促使年轻教师成长为行业的专家,这样授课时才能讲授、训练工作岗位真正需要的知识与技能
五、总结
以探索商务英语专业工学结合的培养模式为出发点,明确工学结合,校企“2+l”合作办学的基本思路,分析商务英语专业传统人才培养模式,从而进行了教学模式改革,积极开拓和建设新的实训基地,加强校企合作,工学结合,通过探索校外实训基地的管理模式进而探索工学结合的人才培养模式,借助企业的平台,为商务英语专业的学生提供了真实的工作环境,并及时的反馈社会对人才的客观要求,这样也就促进了教学改革,是一种良性回圈;同时为企业培养人才降低了成本,不用再去培训书呆子。这种双赢的人才培养模式应该在实践中不断的发展、改进,使学校、学生、用人单位都能从中得到真正的实惠,使高职商务英语专业教育为社会做出更大的贡献。
参考文献
1 罗群英.以就业为导向的高职教学体系改革探索[J].教育与业.
2 刘素梅.一体化实践教学体系的构建与实施[J].职教论坛.
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论文导读:本文将根据商务信函文体特点,探讨如何在商务信函写作中进行换位思考,从而最大化地体现相关的语用原则。人类使用语言进行交际时总是遵循着一定的语用原则,其中包括礼貌原则。
关键词:换位思考,礼貌原则,英语商务信函
在当前的国际商务沟通中,人们采用多种交流方式,通常我们将这些交流方式分为言语交流和非言语交流。论文参考。其中言语交流是指使用语言和文字进行交流,既包含电话、商业谈判等口头交流方式,也包含信函、电传、电报、传真、合同等书面交流形式。论文参考。
国际贸易的迅速发展要求人们采用更为便捷快速的交流方式,传真、电传、电子邮件以及电话等省时高效的交流方式广泛应用,但国际贸易中绝大部分商业活动,比如寄送样品、订货、发货等业务都是通过往来的信函完成的。本文将根据商务信函文体特点,探讨如何在商务信函写作中进行换位思考,从而最大化地体现相关的语用原则。
一、礼貌原则及其准则
人类使用语言进行交际时总是遵循着一定的语用原则,其中包括礼貌原则。国际商务信函作为一种语言交际,也同样遵循这一原则。只有在礼貌原则的指导下,商务信函才能写作得体,从而保证有效的商务沟通。
“礼貌原则”是Leech 在1983年提出的语言交际的原则,他认为人们在语言交际中都有意识或无意识地遵循这一原则。“礼貌原则”包括六条准则:得体准则、慷慨准则、赞誉准则、谦逊准则、一致准则和同情准则。“得体准则”指说话人讲究说话方式方法,以达到自己在语言交际中的目的,具体表现是让别人少吃亏,多受益。“慷慨准则”指对别人要大方些,说话人自己少争取利益,多吃亏。“赞誉准则”指当别人陈述或张某事或某观点时,不说反对对方的话,即少贬损多赞誉。“谦逊准则”指跟别人说话时,保持谦虚的态度,即少说自己的好话,多说自己的不是。“一致准则”是指尽量减少交流双方的分歧,尽量增加双方的一致。“同情准则”是指在语言交际中应减少对对方的反感,同情对方说的话。这六条准则对于以有效交际为目的的商务信函写作来说具有非常强的指导作用。
二、如何进行换位思考充分体现礼貌原则
1.商务信函的文体特点及写作标准
商务信函中使用的语言属于书面应用文体,侧重于语言和表达手段的选择,特别关注语言的表达效果,其语言往往正式含蓄而不过分直白,留有说话的余地,避免因言语简化而失礼;二是亲切而鲜有尖锐,虽不大量使用情感方面的措辞,但字里行间在积极营造一种和谐和合作的气氛,便于增强彼此合作;三是随和灵活,便于增进理解,达成共识,引导商务沟通的良性发展。
基于商务信函的语言特点和风格,传统上人们以7C 原则作为评判有效信函写作的标准,即将商务英语写作的标准和原则归结为7个以字母C开头的单词:完整pleteness、正确correctness、简洁conciseness、清晰clarity、具体concreteness、礼貌courtesy和体谅consideration。
不论是从商务信函的文体特点抑或是其写作标准来看,都突现出进行商务信函写作时礼貌原则贯彻始终,因此如何使信函写作中的礼貌原则得以最大化的实现是有效沟通的基础。
2.商务信函写作中的换位思考
换位思考的概念及其在商务沟通中的作用
换位思考的实质就是设身处地为他人着想,它是人对人的一种心理体验过程,将心比心,设身处地,是达成理解不可缺少的心理机制,客观上要求我们将自己的内心世界如情感体验、思维方式等与对方联络起来,站在对方的立场上体验和思考问题,从而与对方在情感上得到沟通,为增进理解奠定基础。
在商务沟通中,特别是在跨文化的商务沟通中,换位思考更是进行有效沟通不可或缺的手段和方式。运用换位思考的方式,总是从对方的角度和利益出发,尊重贸易物件,可以使你传递的资讯更加友善,使沟通更具说服力、更专业且富有亲和力和人情味,在树立良好的商业信誉的同时达到积极的沟通效果。
如何以换位思考体现礼貌原则
商务信函写作中的换位思考是一种写作风格,它要求信函撰写者从读者的角度出发,重视读者想了解的资讯,尊重读者的心理感受,保护读者的自尊。运用这种写作风格,应着重从以下几个方面入手。
多谈及读者而非自己
读者希望了解他们自己的相关利益会受到什么样的影响,进行写作时我们需要主动提供此类资讯,满足读者的资讯需求,这样才能使我们的资讯更完整、更具有吸引力。试比较:
A: We are shipping yourorder of September 21 this afternoon.
B: The two dozen CorningWare starter sets you ordered will be shipped this afternoon and shouldreach you by September 28.
上面两个句子中,第一个句子强调了撰写者要做什么,而忽略了读者所关注的资讯。而第二个句子契合了清晰、具体的写作标准,告知读者具体的发货和预计到达的日期,满足了读者的资讯需求,充分考虑对方的利益,以有效的手段达到交际目的,最大化体现礼貌原则中“得体原则”。
注重读者的具体要求
当撰写的商务信函中涉及读者的要求、订单或其他相关单证时,要具体指明而不要泛泛地称为“你的订单或某某单据”。具体指明贸易物件的订单或要求会使商业信函显得友善。如
A: We acknowledge receiptof your letter dated July 8 th , inquiring for the price of our silkproducts.
B: The desk chair youordered May 5 th has been shipped this afternoon.
上面两个句子都具体指出对方的要求,符合“7Cs”原则的要求,
尽量少谈及自己的感受
在大多数的商业场合,个人的感受往往与业务无关,除非在表示祝贺或同情的场合,否则尽量避免谈及自己的感受。请看下面的句子:
We are happy to extend youa credit line of $5000.
这个句子过多地谈及撰写者自己的感受,而未能利用换位思考对读者的利益表示关注,应改为:
You can now charge up to%5000on your American Express card.
后面的句子中突显了读者可以获得的利益,表述比较得体,因此在写这类信函时,撰写者应保持一种中立而自然的情感,以“通知”为目的,减少情感的外露。而在表示祝贺或同情的信函中,则应该遵循“一致准则”和“同情准则”,将对方相应的感受表达出来,形成情感上的共鸣,促进交流的效果。
涉及正面情形时,多谈及读者
在信函写作中谈及正面情形时,叙述重点应放在读者上。如:
A: I provide healthinsurance to all employees.
B: You receive healthinsurance as a full-time P& G employee.
上面两句中,A句中仅注重反映“I”关心的问题,而没有侧重读者的利益,B句则运用换位思考侧重反映读者所能享有的权利和利益,对对读者有益的正面情形进行强调。在正面情形下,如果涉及的内容包含读者在内,使用“We”将读者包含在内,效果也会不错,传递的资讯更为亲和。
涉及负面情形时,保护读者自尊
而在谈及负面资讯是,尽量委婉含蓄,避免使用人称代词“you”, 以免让读者感觉受到攻击、侮辱或指责。试看下面一段催证信函中的示例:
You must beaware that the terms and conditions fo a contract once signed should bestrictly observed, failure to abide by them will mean violation of contract. Ifyou refer to our Sales Confirmation, you will see the clause reading:
“The Buyershall establish the covering Letter of Credit before 30 th August,2000, failing which the Seller reserves the right to rescind the contractwithout further notice.”
上面这段文字虽然表述清晰准确、简洁完整,但是因为使用人称“you”并且进行合同文字的引用,会使读者产生指责、威胁的负面情感,以至产生牴触。因此在负面情形时,应尽量使用被动语态和无人称表达方法以避免谴责对方。
另外商务信函应确保文字的非歧视性,言语中不以性别、身体特征、种族、年龄或其他任何标准为依据对读者进行歧视。
强调积极资讯
商务信函中难免会提到负面资讯,如还盘、索赔信函中,提及对于读者来说的负面资讯是不可避免的。告知对方负面资讯时,清晰、准确、直截了当显得更为真诚,从而可以让读者严肃对待。
但在大多数情况下,还是强调资讯比较好。安尼特.N. 谢比尔和小N.拉马尔.赖因施发现生意人对肯定的言语反应更积极,对措辞积极的要求承诺的可能性更高。因此在信函写作中,尽量避免负面字眼或带有负面含义的文字;强调读者能够做的,而避扩音及读者不能做的行为;必须提到负面资讯时,应该提供负面资讯产生的原因,给读者合理的解释;尽量弱化负面资讯的影响,在信函写作中,尽量避免将负面资讯放在开头、结尾或换页后的首行等突出的位置,利用信函的布局来对负面资讯进行弱化。论文参考。
注意措辞语气和权力
信函的语气往往表达撰写者对于读者的态度,或谦恭、或傲慢、或亲和、或粗鲁。语气的使用非常微妙,它往往和权力相联络。Kitty O. Locker 认为适合商务写作的语气应专业但不僵硬,友善但不虚伪,自信但不傲慢,礼貌但不卑微。她认为下列途径可以有助于我们把握写信的语气:
1使用礼貌头衔称呼贸易物件或其他机构中不太熟悉的人。
2注意措辞中权力的含义。比如 “Thank you for your cooperation”通常是上级对下级说,反之则不适合。
进行文字层面外的换位思考
好的信函写作不仅仅体现在谴词造句方面,而且在文章的内容、篇章构架、行文风格以及书信布局及纸张的使用方面都应该运用换位思考的方式。
当信函正文内容不能囊括所有提供给读者的资讯时,应该以随函附件或另邮寄的方式为读者提供最完整的资讯。在篇章构建时,应该将读者关注的资讯突出,采用事由和段落分标题的形式以便于读者把握信函所有资讯要点,行文语言要简洁易动,便于读者准确把握资讯,达到准确的沟通效果。另外书信的布局和纸张对于达到良好的沟通效果也有一定的影响,美观的布局、优质的纸张会让人对撰写者的细心、效率和周到产生良好的第一印象。
参考文献:
[1] Kitty O. Locker, Businessand Administrative munication 6th Edition, Beijing: China MachinePress, 2005.
[2] 陈苏东,陈建平. 商务英语写作[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社,2002.
[3] 程润明,程洁. 国际贸易交际技巧[M]. 上海:上海外语教育出版社,1992.
[4] 刘润清.关于Leech的礼貌原则 [J]. 外语教育和研究,1987,2.
[5] 马东. 合作与礼貌原则在外贸函电中的应用[J]. 攀枝花学院学报,2005 3.
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