money laundry and terrorism fundingMoney laundering and terrorism financing represent a great danger for financial markets. In money laundering, the origin of revenues from illegal activities is disguised; in terrorism financing, assets are collected and made available for carrying out terrorist activities. In order to fight money laundering and terrorism financing, the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) was established in 1989. The international standard consists of the 40 FATF recommendations concerning money laundering and the 9 FATF Special recommendations concerning terrorism financing. Additional rules are provided by the Second Money Laundering Directive of the EU and by various United Nations Security Council resolutions pertaining to the terrorism financing. As a member of the FATF and the United Nations as well as the EU, Austria actively participates in implementing these standards on a global as well as on a national level.Money laundering and terrorism financing are criminalized by law in Austria. Additional regulations serve a preventative purpose.The nature of the financial sector makes it one of the most vulnerable areas; this is why banking, insurance, and securities supervisory laws contain detailed regulations concerning money laundering and terrorism financing. The motto “know your customer" is considered to be one of the best weapons against misuse. This is why every customer in Austria has to be identified whenentering into a long-term business relationship with a financial institution (e.g. opening a bank account), conducting a transaction with a value of at least EUR 15.000, if it is not part of a long-term business relationship, making a payment to or withdrawing from a savings account, if the amount in question is at least EUR 15.000, in any case, if there is a suspicion of money laundering or terrorism financing.If there is a suspicion of money laundering or terrorism financing, the Austrian "Geldwäschemeldestelle" (Financial Intelligence Unit) which has been set up in the Central Intelligence Service ("Bundeskriminalamt") has to be notified.By applying these rules and regulations, Austria complies with the standards of the FATF, the United Nations and the EU.Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering Second Money Laundering GuidelineUN Conventions against Terrorism Financing UN Security Council Resolution No. 1373
Analysis of Heathcliff Wuthering Heights centers around the story of Heathcliff. The first paragraph of the novel provides a vivid physical picture of him, as Lockwood describes how his “black eyes” withdraw suspiciously under his brows at Lockwood’s approach. Nelly’s story begins with his introduction into the Earnshaw family, his vengeful machinations drive the entire plot, and his death ends the book. The desire to understand him and his motivations has kept countless readers engaged in the novel. Heathcliff, however, defies being understood, and it is difficult for readers to resist seeing what they want or expect to see in him. The novel teases the reader with the possibility that Heathcliff is something other than what he seems—that his cruelty is merely an expression of his frustrated love for Catherine, or that his sinister behaviors serve to conceal the heart of a romantic hero. We expect Heathcliff’s character to contain such a hidden virtue because he resembles a hero in a romance novel. Traditionally, romance novel heroes appear dangerous, brooding, and cold at first, only later to emerge as fiercely devoted and loving. One hundred years before Emily Brontë wrote Wuthering Heights, the notion that “a reformed rake makes the best husband” was already a cliché of romantic literature, and romance novels center around the same cliché to this day. However, Heathcliff does not reform, and his malevolence proves so great and long-lasting that it cannot be adequately explained even as a desire for revenge against Hindley, Catherine, Edgar, etc. As he himself points out, his abuse of Isabella is purely sadistic, as he amuses himself by seeing how much abuse she can take and still come cringing back for more. Critic Joyce Carol Oates argues that Emily Brontë does the same thing to the reader that Heathcliff does to Isabella, testing to see how many times the reader can be shocked by Heathcliff’s gratuitous violence and still, masochistically, insist on seeing him as a romantic hero. It is significant that Heathcliff begins his life as a homeless orphan on the streets of Liverpool. When Brontë composed her book, in the 1840s, the English economy was severely depressed, and the conditions of the factory workers in industrial areas like Liverpool were so appalling that the upper and middle classes feared violent revolt. Thus, many of the more affluent members of society beheld these workers with a mixture of sympathy and fear. In literature, the smoky, threatening, miserable factory-towns were often represented in religious terms, and compared to hell. The poet William Blake, writing near the turn of the nineteenth century, speaks of England’s “dark Satanic Mills.” Heathcliff, of course, is frequently compared to a demon by the other characters in the book. Considering this historical context, Heathcliff seems to embody the anxieties that the book’s upper- and middle-class audience had about the working classes. The reader may easily sympathize with him when he is powerless, as a child tyrannized by Hindley Earnshaw, but he becomes a villain when he acquires power and returns to Wuthering Heights with money and the trappings of a gentleman. This corresponds with the ambivalence the upper classes felt toward the lower classes—the upper classes had charitable impulses toward lower-class citizens when they were miserable, but feared the prospect of the lower classes trying to escape their miserable circumstances by acquiring political, social, cultural, or economic power. 或wuthering heights “Nature is not merely a reality in which we live, not just the palpable context of our lives, but part of us. We are, in a sense, emanations of Nature, and our relationship to it has the intense and definitive intimacy of heart to body.” (Lloyd Evans1982, p.121) It is easy to treat humanity and nature as separate elements but in reality ‘the human presence' is a part of the natural world. But it is both a part and apart. According to Peckham, Romanticism embodies “an approving attitude towards the natural world.” (Peckham 1976, p.12) The key word here is “approving”. At times, and especially in the case of Wuthering Heights, this approval is merely a nod in the general direction of what is perceived to be Romantic literature's ‘central inspiration.' Wuthering Heights seems to say that those who deny their nature, their ‘human nature' are doomed. Human nature is driven by desires and according to Schopenhauer this desire, or ‘will' as he put it, is “a violent force operating through us, creating desires and passions and provoking us to act.” (Solomon 2002, p.144) This ‘will', or the lack of its implementation, is also a central theme, if not the theme, of the book. To be human is also to have the ability to design our fates. As Isabella says in her letter “I think the concentrated essence of all the madness in the world took up its abode in my brain the day I linked my fate with theirs!” (Brontë 1964, p.130), the linking of fates can produce madness or in the case of Catherine and Heathcliff, the linking of fates can be something that transcends the ‘natural' world. The fates of each character of Wuthering Heights are well within their reach, only the matter of whether to take their fates and command them, conflicts. The character of Heathcliff is the driving force of Wuthering Heights and if we take will, desire, passion and the ability to design our own fate to be the driving forces of human nature, indeed what makes us human, then Heathcliff is the most honestly human and most real character of the novel. He also embodies the darkest, most infernal and perhaps repulsive facets of human nature but this dialectic only reinforces Heathcliff's humanity. If we are to take at face value the notion that Romanticism finds its chief inspiration in the natural world then the setting of Wuthering Heights in the moors of Yorkshire may be no accident of authorial abode. Heathcliff could be said to personify the moors themselves: “an arid wilderness” (Vogler 1968, p.45). Even the name Heathcliff takes two very different features of nature (naturally, heath and cliff) and welds them together. This imagery is undoubtedly in keeping with the Romantic tradition but is misleading in its simplicity. To find where Wuthering Heights falls under the mantle of Romanticism we must look deeper into the terms that define it as a literary and cultural movement. It is possible to see Romanticism as a reaction to the unfulfilled promises of the revolutions of the late 18th century (Lowy & Sayre 2001, p.16) or in relation to the cultural movement of the Enlightenment which preceded it and “the failure of which Romanticism was a response” (Peckham 1976, p.12). But more specifically, as in the case of Wuthering Heights , we find a sociological examination of “the conflict between bourgeois society and certain human values.” (Lowy & Sayre 2001, p.14) The Lintons and Earnshaws beingthe bourgeoisie and Heathcliff the humanity which opposed them. The Romantic themes that Brontë explores are evident in what Peckham cites as “Romantic factors: alienation, cultural vandalism, and selfhood, or the distinction between self and role.” (Peckham 1976, p.22) These factors see Heathcliff described almost completely. From the very moment Heathcliff is introduced he is alienated: “from the very beginning, he bred bad feeling in the house” (Brontë 1964, p.46) Eventually Heathcliff revels in his own alienation and wreaks his revenge through “cultural vandalism” because as Peckham notes once “selfhood has been es tab lished by alienation…it was impossible for him to redeem himself” (Peckham 1976, p.24-25). It is only through destroying the culture of the families in Wuthering Heights that Heathcliff perceives he can redeem the wrongs perpetrated on him. He quickly revels in his alienation: “I'd not exchange, for a thousand lives, my condition here, for Edgar Linton's at Thrushcross Grange – not if I might have the privilege of flinging Joseph off the highest gable, and painting the house-front with Hindley's blood!” (Brontë 1964, p.54) Here we see Heathcliff attempting to assert his selfhood through alienation, in other words “to maintain the sense of otherness and also to authenticate that sense” (Peckham 1976, p.45) Nowhere is Heathcliff's set apart more clearly than in his relationship with Hindley. Hindley sees him as a “usurper” (Brontë 1964, p.46) and grows bitter at his presence (Brontë 1964, p.46) and once Mr Earnshaw dies, relegates Heathcliff to the role of a mere servant, belittling him at every opportunity and inadvertently sowing the seeds of his own doom and of those with whom he links his fate (Brontë 1964, Ch. VII). Until this point in the novel Heathcliff's redemption could have been realised in the cosy apartments of Wuthering Heights itself. But Heathcliff's treatment and Catherine's decision to marry Edgar Linton result in a complete renunciation of any of the values he might have even had a notion to adhere to. (Brontë 1964, p.59) His transformation from mere outsider to absolute nemesis is complete: “I'm trying to settle how I shall pay Hindley back. I don't care how long I wait, if I can only do it at last… “For shame Heathcliff!” said I. “It is for God to punish wicked people; we should learn to forgive.” “No, God won't have the satisfaction that I shall.” (Brontë 1964, p.64) Heathcliff's vow is exemplification of Schopenhauer's theory of the will beinga “violent force…forcing us to act.” (Solomon 2002, p.144) It is difficult not to sympathise with Heathcliff in the sense of fair play and so called ‘humanity'. Other than that, this episode elicits sympathy via another recognised feature of Romanticism, that of “the rebel as an heroic figure.” (Peckham 1976, p.68) All cultural movements need their archetypal heroes, those that embody the absolute spirit of an age orgenre, to hold up as examples of or a mould in which to pour their ideals. In the case of Romanticism, being ideologically rooted in the world of imagination and mythology, (McCredden 1997, p.1) it follows that it would take its heroic figures from that tradition. For the Romantics this resulted in the “conversion of Satan from a villain into a hero.” (Peckham 1976, p.68) This is especially pertinent in examining Heathcliff. Throughout Wuthering Heights Heathcliff is referred to variously as “an imp of Satan” (Brontë 1964, p.47) and “that devil Heathcliff” (Brontë 1964, p.239) Isabella asks “is he a devil?” (Brontë 1964, p.124) and Nelly Dean describes his eyes as “devil's spies.” (Brontë 1964, p.60) Also, Heathcliff's banishment from Wuthering Heights mirrors that of Lucifer being demoted, disgraced and cast from heaven (Isaiah 14:12 -15). The comparisons between Heathcliff and Satan can be found at even more fundamental levels. For example, the Hebrew root of the word Satan ‘stn' means “one who opposes, obstructs, or acts as adversary” (Pagels 1995, p.39) or consider “the Greek term diabolos, later translated “devil,” literally means “one who throws something across one's path.” (Pagels 1995, p.39) Both these definitions are eerily evocative of Heathcliff's adversarial role. Further Satanic comparisons can be found in Heathcliff but in a humanist sense rather than a mythological one. Satanism as a philosophy is essentially humanism, that is: a philosophy which adheres to human or earthly values rather than spiritual ones. At its core, Satanism espouses an indulgence in “natural desires. ” (La Vey 1969, p.81) and an encouragement to “act upon your natural instincts” (La Vey 1969, p.53). Heathcliff is nothing if not driven by “natural desires.” As if to complete the inversion of values set in motion by the conversion of Satan from villain to hero, a tenet of Satanism is to “let no wrong go undressed” (La Vey 1969, p.47) This encapsulates Heathcliff's modus operandi almost wholeheartedly. To understand how Heathcliff can be elevated to heroic, or even a more resolutely human status by comparison with a traditionally evil and despicable figure we must recognise that Satan (and indeed Satanism) is a human creation. The devil and the nature of evil are a necessary component by which we measure what it is to be human; they are what we pit our better qualities against togauge the strength of what we see as ‘good'. Maybe what we see in characters such as Satan and Heathcliff is a part of ourselves that we find uncomfortable to acknowledge; they “express qualities that go beyond what we ordinarily recognise as human.” (Pagels 1995, p.xvii) It may be difficult to recognise Heathcliff's human nature in the legacy of brutality left by his saga of revenge. But human nature is not as pretty as some would have you believe. Furthermore, the Lintons and the Earnshaws are not model characters either. Their prejudices, petulance, expedience and cowardice are hardly admirable qualities. They are indeed less deservingof our sympathies than Heathcliff, for the cold and rigid codes of a society which they perpetuate affords Heathcliff the means by which to destroy them. By condemning Heathcliff as an amoral and nihilistically destructive character we may fail to recognise “the most intimate enemy of all – the enemy we call our own self” (Pagels 1995, p. 173)
可以使用少量语句，不可以全篇使用要是文章在国外没别发表过倒是可以修改一下.如果是发表的文章,你拿来翻译后在发表,很容易涉及到侵权的问题.但是可以可以把里面有技术含量的东西用自己的话说出来加到自己的文章里,可以作为参考文献.可以引用，但要标注（文内和参考文献部分都要有），直引要有作者姓、作品出版的年份，引用部分加引号，标注页码；间接引用文内要标注作者的姓以及作品的出版年份。翻译整理后做成自己论文的一部分绝对是剽窃。翻译作品的“翻译权”为原作者所享有，第三方不经原作者同意不可以将整部作品翻译并发表。但是你翻译过来作为论文的一部分，并且在注释部分署名了引用文献信息，不算是侵犯知识产权。况且你的论文想必不是用作商业用途吧？学术类的文章只有剽窃，谈不上侵权的。引用部分可以,但要注明,这是违法的不过让人很看不惯的是很多三流杂志社和报刊直接用,根本不经作者授权
摘要：罪刑法定原则是资产阶级反对封建刑法罪刑擅断主义的产物，已为大多数国家宪法或刑法确认，成为现代刑法最基本的原则。随着我国改革开放的进一步深化和市场经济的不断发展，个人的主体意识和权利意识也随之进一步增强，人民需要罪刑法定，法治社会呼唤罪刑法定。使得1997年修订后的刑法将罪刑法定原则确定下来，此原则的确定是我国民主和法治发展史上的一座里程碑。本文将就罪刑法定原则与我国的现代法治社会建设之间的联系展开讨论Summary:Offense penal code's settling a principle is the outcome that the feudalism penal code of the propertied class objection offense Xing is good at to break a doctrine, already is mostly national constitution or penal code confirm, become modern penal code the most basic principle.Along with our country reform open of further and deeply turn with continuously develop of the market economy, personal corpus realizes to realize to also strengthen immediately and further with right, the people need offense penal code settle, rule of law society call offense penal code settle.Make in 1997 the penal code after revise settle the offense penal code's principle indeed settles down, this principle really settle is our country democracy and rule of law develop a history up of a milestone.This text compromises the contact of the of modern rule of law social construction that the offense penal code settles a principle and our country to launch a discussion
最近，我主编的一本外国期刊《传播与教育评论》的刊号终于批复了，于是我开始广泛征稿。 我的初衷是想把这本刊办好，给大家提供一个发论文的平台和更好更快的论文发表服务。 但是，我把征稿函发出后，发现老师们有各种各样的疑问和问题。 很多问题都是我始料未及的，比如这条： “中文论文翻译成英文论文再投英文期刊算不算一稿多投？” 这个问题问的人非常多，很多人都有疑惑或者是内心有不安。 因为近年来爆出的很多学术不端的事情让大家都人心惶惶。 我原来在《论文写作发表全攻略》这本书里讲过这个问题。 但是，在创办学术期刊后，我对这个问题又有了新的看法和解释。 原来我是站在作者的角度想问题，现在我是站在出版者编辑者的身份想问题。 所以我想从期刊社的角度给你一些建议。 为什么这么说呢？ 你如果读过很多论文，就会知道有一种论文叫 编译 。我看过很多编译论文，都非常棒。 比如下面这篇写美国人改变职称评审体系的论文，至今我都印象深刻，强烈推荐大家都读一读。可能会帮助你缓解一些评职称的焦虑感。 从新媒体研究领域的“教师评价标准”看美国大学教师晋升和终生教职的评审规则 这篇论文是一个外国人写的，中国人翻译过来发表在《装饰》杂志，一个艺术学领域的C刊。 编译外国人的论文在国内的中文学术期刊上发表，这是很正常的现象，而且很多人并没有取得论文作者的授权，也没有取得国外那家期刊社的授权。 我在小木虫上搜这个问题时，也得到一个很有趣的答案。 大家还可以这样想，如果你是一个作家，你肯定希望自己的小说作品被翻译成几十种文字全世界传播吧？ 好的思想，好的作品，好的学术成果，就是应该这样的。 这是世界的本质面貌，我们发明学术期刊也是为了让学术内容更好的传播，传播了才能体现我们做学术做内容的价值。 所以中翻英也好，英翻中也罢，只要是学术内容得到了传播，我觉得不存在任何问题。 所以，很多老师来问我时。我都答复说可以。 但是，他们还是不放心，怕以后会有问题。 我觉得，真正的问题在于，你是否拿了同样一个东西去获取了本不属于自己的更多的物质利益，而且同时是损害了他人的利益。 比如，你拿了同样一个申报书去申报不同的科研项目，都中标了，然后一篇论文挂好几个项目号，让其他人丧失了申报项目的机会。 比如，你用一篇论文发了国内外最顶级的刊物，浪费了其他人发表高水平论文的机会。 比如，你用同一个成果，去评审不同的奖项，都获奖了，剥夺了其他人获奖的机会。 只要不损人利己，我觉得就不会有问题。 很多学术不端的事情被爆出来，都是因为你在现实社会中抢占了太多的资源，导致了很多的不公和不满，才导致了别人的非议。 大家想想是不是这样呢？ 我们国内每个学科领域的C刊，特别是学校认定的那些，不会超过10本。全国几十万人就盯着那十本。这个比中彩票大奖的几率还要小。 但是国外的好期刊有多少呢？ 光wiley这一家，社科类SSCI的期刊就有400多本。而且有一个刊名字就是《中国与世界经济研究》。 我和wiley中国区的负责人聊天的时候发现，他们的编辑特别愿意和中国作者交流，希望中国作者投稿，但是国内的作者包括我在内都对国外期刊了解的太少太少。 我们大多数人甚至都迈不出那第一步，就是先发一篇英文论文试试看。 而且很多人是想都没有想过可以试试国外的期刊。 很多人是想，但是觉得太难。 其实世上无难事只怕有心人。 国外的广大天地，大有作为。 如果你已经在国内核心期刊的路走不通，那就试试国外的路把。 我也希望在这条更有挑战性的路上，和你一路同行。 如果你的水平还不能达到ssci，可以先试一下普通刊物。不管如何，有一篇，总是一个新的开始，对你的自信心会有极大的提升。 而在发表英文论文之后，再去修改中文论文，可能你会有更多新的材料补充进来。所以可以更大的激发你的学术创作潜能。 中英文的表述是差异是很大的。 中英文论文的写法也是不同的。 我之前有一篇写打赏的论文，一直想修改成英文论文再发表。尝试过让好几个学生来翻译， 但是发现国外根本没有打赏这种模式，不知道该用什么样的表述来说明打赏。所以仅仅在这个概念的辨析上，就要多花好多的笔墨，不是三言两语能说清的。这篇论文翻译由于难度太大， 我后来就一直搁置。但是我相信，如果把它翻译出来，再用国外能理解的方式来行文，这肯定是一篇好论文。 还有一篇弹幕模式的论文，也是一样，国外没有，或者说不太一样。所以我一直没有能翻译或者说修改到我觉得满意的程度。也一直搁置了。 这两个例子就是告诉大家，中文论文即使是发表了，翻译成英文后也会遇到很多问题，也会经过很多修改，最后里面的内容有很多肯定是不一样的。 这就像我之前一直在课中强调的 论文迭代法。 论文选题是需要迭代开发的，这个不是自我抄袭，这个是继续深入的研究。 所以，只要你是用心修改的，有材料补充了，改成英文论文后，就完全可以放心大胆再去投英文期刊。 何况，英文期刊也不会用中文的查重系统，这是两套话语体系。再说了，他们连知网是什么可能都不知道。 只要你不在英文期刊的势力范围里再去一稿多投，就没事。 说了这么多，不知道你对这个问题有没有新的理解。 如果你对论文投稿还有任何困惑，也欢迎来信告诉我，我会知无不言，言无不尽，也会在这个专栏里持续给的大家提供好的内容。
主要是各种Daily。当然，我认识的老外都更愿意看他们喜欢的进口当天报刊，因为现在快递很发达，美国和欧洲的报刊只要半天就到手了。
但貌似不能太多，而且最好不是关键文献，不然审稿人说看不懂就悲催乐。 祝好运。blue.wh(站内联系TA)当然可以的。不过要在其中说明是汉语哦。nandehutu9327(站内联系TA)完全可以，只是语言不同而已。就像有的老外也会引用本国文献，比如俄语，德。
鸦片战争后，中国门户洞开，外国人在华的办报活动有了进一步的发展。19世纪，外国人在华创办的中文报刊约有300多家，其中鸦片战争以前创办的只有20多家左右，其余200多家是战后创办的。其中相当大一部分是外国传教士主办的。《遐迩贯珍》属教会报，但篇幅最多的是时事政治新闻和评论、商情、科学文化;《六合丛谈》是上海第一家中文近代报刊，北京的《中西闻见录》、广州的《广州新报》和《中外新闻七日录》宗教文字都不多，主要是介绍科学文化知识，教会出版机关广学会的机关报《万国公报》（前身是国美传教士林乐知自费创办的中文周刊《中国教会新报》，1868年9月5日创刊于上海）的创刊。它是以时事政治为主的综合性期刊，宗教宣传少。为帝国主义对中国的侵略辩护为对中“帮助”，介绍“西学”，鼓吹中国“变法”。在士大夫和知识分子中影响巨大，提摩太还曾被光绪任命为皇帝顾问，辅助变法。这一时期的报纸，不象以往热衷于“阐发基督教义”，而是大幅度增加时事政治，评论中国时政，推进不平等贸易、商业新闻和评论，广告曾多。这表明传教和办报是为推行殖民政策服务，目的使中国殖民地化，，使清朝成为西方资本主义国家的附庸。虽然它对维新派产生了积极影响，也为维新变法提出了不少建议，但从它反对太平天国和对孙中山的态度上看，它为帝国主义服务的政治面目显露的十分清晰。外国人投资创办的一批中文日报（1872）鸦片战争后，外国人在香港、上海、天津、北京等地，投资创办了一批营业性的中文日报。以英国商人美查1872年在上海创办的《申报》为例，《申报》“原为某业所开”，但其内容丰富，又是一家以时事新闻为主的综合性日报。它与《上海新报》展开了激烈的竞争，并以明显优势成为后来居上者，原因主要是：1）立足中国读者，聘中国人担任编辑、主笔。2）降低成本、廉价售价。3）中国报史上第一次把新闻、言论、副刊和广告基本要素结合起来，上下层都可读4）做好发行。5）不惜工本电报、电话传消息，广聘通讯员、记者。6）附各种增刊、副刊。8）重视经营管理。《申报》采取的这些积极的竞争手段，对此后乃至今天中国报业的发展都有着不可小视的积极影响和借鉴。但这些都无法掩盖这些外国人投资的报刊表面上标榜“替中国人说话”，实际上时时维护外国资本家的政治和经济利益的本质。外国人创办的外文报刊和在中国发稿的外国通讯社（1850）鸦片战争后，外国人在香港、上海、天津等地创办了一大批供外国侨民阅读的外文报刊，使用了英、日、葡、法、德、俄等语种，总数在120家以上。主要有香港的《德臣报》、《孖剌报》、《南华早报》和上海的《字林西报》（NorthChina Daily News）。这些报纸不迎合一般读者口味，主要针对对象是在华外人和买办知识分子，内容更明目煽动加紧侵略掠夺，公开支清政府，反对中国人反帝反封。外国通讯社在中国的活动情况。19世纪70年代起外国通讯社也在中国设立分支机构，派记者常驻，向中国报刊发稿。第一个在中国设立分社的外国通讯社是英国的路透社。它于1872年在上海建立远东分社。这些通讯社也出于本国利益写了不少歪曲事实的报道。但它的严密的通讯网和重视言论等对中国近代新闻事业也产生了客观的积极影响。
查找论文最好的地方当然是去四大论文库啊，一是中国知网，自己注册账号。二是，万方数据库。三是，维普期刊网。最后是龙源数据库。里面基本上都是齐全的，要是再找不到，那你就要去问导师了。
摘要：罪刑法定原则是资产阶级反对封建刑法罪刑擅断主义的产物，已为大多数国家宪法或刑法确认，成为现代刑法最基本的原则。随着我国改革开放的进一步深化和市场经济的不断发展，个人的主体意识和权利意识也随之进一步增强，人民需要罪刑法定，法治社会呼唤罪刑法定。使得1997年修订后的刑法将罪刑法定原则确定下来，此原则的确定是我国民主和法治发展史上的一座里程碑。本文将就罪刑法定原则与我国的现代法治社会建设之间的联系展开讨论Summary:Offense penal code's settling a principle is the outcome that the feudalism penal code of the propertied class objection offense Xing is good at to break a doctrine, already is mostly national constitution or penal code confirm, become modern penal code the most basic principle.Along with our country reform open of further and deeply turn with continuously develop of the market economy, personal corpus realizes to realize to also strengthen immediately and further with right, the people need offense penal code settle, rule of law society call offense penal code settle.Make in 1997 the penal code after revise settle the offense penal code's principle indeed settles down, this principle really settle is our country democracy and rule of law develop a history up of a milestone.This text compromises the contact of the of modern rule of law social construction that the offense penal code settles a principle and our country to launch a discussion
年少时，你是至高无上的荣耀 ，那时的你站在高处，凝视着众人的眼睛；
命运的不公铺天盖地向你袭来的时候， 你从未妥协， 凭借自己小小的身躯去抵挡无尽的灾祸；
当面对未来的选择时，你几乎未曾有过一刻的犹豫， 毅然奔赴祖国，为中国的建设做出不可磨灭的贡献；
后来的无妄之灾几乎压得你喘不过气，你也未曾有过一刻的抱怨，因为你的心中有信仰，所以，你从来没有迷茫。
你是中国的居里夫人，你是中国科学的奠基石，你是我们共同的回忆与敬仰 。
秦城监狱里，你遭受了 6年的牢狱之灾 ，可是灾祸从来都不能击垮你，灾祸，只会让你更加坚强。尽管在你的一生中，仅仅有11篇论文属于你，可是，你在中国的物理学史上拥有无法撼动的地位，你是公认的大师。
你是王明贞，你是一代传奇。
说起王明贞，其实她的身上有一个最高的荣誉：中国的居里夫人 。
其实这个称号十分崇高，在中国的 历史 中 仅仅有三个人 曾经被这样称呼。
第一个是 核物理女王吴健雄 ，她为中国的核物理事业做出了重大的贡献；
第二位是 钱三强的夫人何慧泽 ，她对中国 科技 领域起到的巨大作用不言而喻；
第三位，便是 王明贞 了。王明贞作为获得如此崇高的荣誉的女子，从一出生 ，便决定了她命运的走向。
王明贞出生于一个 科技 世家。1906年，王明贞出生于苏州， 祖上曾经世代为官 。她的远祖是明朝大学士王鳌，王鳌在当时被称为海内文章第一。
王明贞的祖父王颂蔚是晚清军机官员，他曾经是蔡元培的老师。王明贞的祖母是一个著名的女权运动的领袖，思想十分开放， 她创办了著名的苏州振华女校 ，杨绛、费孝通都曾经在那里就读。
王明贞的父亲 王季同 ，是著名的数学家和电机学家，他曾经在数学刊物上发表论文。至于王明贞的伯父王季烈，则是近代物理翻译第一人。
王明贞的同辈也都拥有显著的成就。王明贞的 哥哥王守竞 ，获得了哥伦比亚大学的博士学位，他开启了中国理论物理学家享誉世界的先河。王淑贞是王明贞的姐姐， 是一个著名的上海妇产医院的创始人 。王明贞的两个弟弟王守武与王守觉，都是 著名的半导体专家 ，在半导体领域，他的两个弟弟都是顶级人才。
与王明贞一同长大的，还有两个表妹何泽慧和何怡贞，姐妹三人都是留洋的物理学女博士。而何泽慧的丈夫，正是大名鼎鼎的钱三强。 王明贞强大的家族 科技 基因给王明贞提供了极大的帮助，也正因如此，王明贞在物理学领域一直遥遥领先。
虽然王家的 科技 基因十分强大，但王明贞的求学之路却十分坎坷艰难。家中的父母并不同意王明贞求学，所以一直到10岁，王明贞还呆在家中照顾弟弟的起居。后来，祖母了解到了事情的真相，她十分生气， 于是将王明贞带到自己创办的学校读书 。至此，王明贞开始了自己的求学生涯。
尽管王明贞10岁才刚刚入学，但她天资聪颖，因此学习东西很快，进入学校的她连连跳级。转学到上海之后，王明贞的成绩还是全A。中学毕业之后，王明贞的继母不想让她继续学习，想让她尽快结婚。王明贞拗不过，差点答应。正在这时， 王明贞的姐姐回国，答应帮妹妹上大学。
王明贞20岁的时候， 进入金陵女子大学学习 ，她学习很快，甚至能解答高年级的难题，于是她成功跳级。教授因为她是个低年级的学生故意压低她的分数，王明贞十分生气，转学去了燕京大学（现北大）。
王明贞终于完成了大学学业，正当她想要出国深造的时候，父亲出来阻拦。父亲说作为一个女生，完成学业已经对她十分宽容，万不可让她继续求学。最终，废了九牛二虎之力，姐姐说服了父亲，王明贞才能继续求学。经过金陵女子大学校长的帮助， 王明贞拿到全额奖学金来到密歇根大学学习 。四年的课程，她三年就已经修习完成。
太平洋战争爆发，已经完成学业的王明贞无法回国，便留在了麻省理工学院的雷达工作室工作。 她是那里唯一的女性研究员 。1945年，王明贞和导师合作发表了一篇题为《布朗运动的理论》的论文，推导出自由粒子和简单谐振子的布朗运动。 论文一出，引起了极大的轰动。
从发表以来， 王明贞的论文已经被引用了上千次，平均每年20次以上 。即使在多年之后的今天，王明贞的论文依旧被广泛引用，是论文界的常青树。
王明贞的一生仅仅发表了11篇论文，相比于其他物理学家，11篇的产量确实不高，但王明贞的每一篇论文都引起极大的轰动， 在质量上更是很少有人能够超越 。
11篇论文，字字珠玑， 每一个字都是整个物理界的最大的财富 。王明贞凭借着质量极高的11篇论文和极大的物理界的影响力而被成为公认的大师。
抗美援朝爆发之后，中美处于对立面，为了报效祖国， 王明贞历经千难万险回到国内 。回国之后，王明贞被分配到 清华大学教授物理 。尽管这意味着王明贞与物理研究永远告别了， 但她认为，只要报效国家，在哪里都能做出属于自己的贡献。
1968年。王明贞遭受了无妄的牢狱之灾。62岁的她和丈夫双双被关进监狱，没有罪名，只有一句你犯错误了这样的话语。这段牢狱生活中， 每天就是不停地审讯，不停地写书面检查。 1970年，王明贞被转到秦城监狱。在监狱中的时光十分难熬，王明贞几乎是生不如死，但她从未向苦难低头，一直保持着乐观的态度。
1973年末，王明贞终于出狱，直到出狱的那一刻， 王明贞依旧无法获得自己的准确罪名 。因为在那段特殊的时期，因为四人帮的迫害，仅仅是因为一句 事出有因，查无实据 ，耗费了王明贞将近6年的时光，当她从监狱中出来时， 已经接近古稀之年。
2010年，王明贞离开了人世，享年104岁。去世之时，她的家中甚至没有一件像样的家具，100多年的人生，王明贞都献给了自己热爱的物理学事业。
王明贞之所以伟大，是因为 即使在逆境之中，她依旧看得到黑暗中的希望 ，即使生活再困难，她也从未放弃。
有中国的居里夫人这样的头衔，有著名物理学家这样的身份 ，王明贞本来可以拥有更好的生活。可在王明贞眼里，这些 金钱、荣誉、地位 都只是身外之物，她也从来都不在乎。她就是这样，拒绝诱惑，也拒绝名利。在她的世界里。 永远都只有她热爱的物理学这一件事情。
她，因为专注而伟大。
文/枕猫
原则上是外国人，并研究对象是国外发展。如果非要出现中国人写的外文的话，需要研究对象属于国外的，这样才具有发展性。
1、阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦
阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦（AlbertEinstein，1879年3月14日—1955年4月18日），出生于德国符腾堡王国乌尔姆市，毕业于苏黎世联邦理工学院，犹太裔物理学家。
爱因斯坦为核能开发奠定了理论基础，开创了现代科学技术新纪元，被公认为是继伽利略、牛顿以来最伟大的物理学家。1999年12月26日，爱因斯坦被美国《时代周刊》评选为“世纪伟人”。
2、斯蒂芬·威廉·霍金
斯蒂芬·威廉·霍金（StephenWilliamHawking，1942年1月8日至2018年3月14日），男，出生于英国牛津，英国剑桥大学著名物理学家，现代最伟大的物理学家之一、20世纪享有国际盛誉的伟人之一。
主要研究领域是宇宙论和黑洞，证明了广义相对论的奇性定理和黑洞面积定理，提出了黑洞蒸发理论和无边界的霍金宇宙模型，在统一20世纪物理学的两大基础理论——爱因斯坦创立的相对论和普朗克创立的量子力学方面走出了重要一步。
3、伽利略·伽利雷
伽利略·伽利雷（GalileoGalilei，1564年2月15日—1642年1月8日）。意大利数学家、物理学家、天文学家，科学革命的先驱。伽利略发明了摆针和温度计，在科学上为人类作出过巨大贡献，是近代实验科学的奠基人之一。
伽利略对17世纪的自然科学和世界观的发展起了重大作用。从伽利略、牛顿开始的实验科学，是近代自然科学的开始。
4、艾萨克·牛顿
艾萨克·牛顿（1643年1月4日—1727年3月31日）爵士，英国皇家学会会长，英国著名的物理学家，百科全书式的“全才”，著有《自然哲学的数学原理》、《光学》。他在1687年发表的论文《自然定律》里，对万有引力和三大运动定律进行了描述。推动了科学革命。
5、约翰尼斯·开普勒
约翰尼斯·开普勒（JohannesKepler，1571年12月27日—1630年11月15日），生于符腾堡的威尔德斯达特镇，卒于雷根斯堡。德国杰出的天文学家、物理学家、数学家。
开普勒发现了行星运动的三大定律，分别是轨道定律、面积定律和周期定律。同时他对光学、数学也做出了重要的贡献，他是现代实验光学的奠基人。
参考资料来源：百度百科-阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦
参考资料来源：百度百科-霍金
参考资料来源：百度百科-伽利略·伽利雷
参考资料来源：百度百科-艾萨克·牛顿
参考资料来源：百度百科-约翰尼斯·开普勒
这是因为她在大二的时候就和院士一起做课题，掌握了非常多的知识，学习的经历非常丰富，而且还加入了韩宏伟教授团队。
大概是每天在做实验的过程当中，突然突发奇想，想到了一个论文的点子，然后就会去写这个论文，而且这个博导非常喜欢写论文，写论文的速度也非常的快，所以每个月一篇也不是不可能。
杨振宁是中国的
获得学士、硕士和博士学位分别在哈尔滨工业大学、海军航空工程学院和香港理工大学。多年的国外工作经历包括北美研究助理、电气工程师和日本学术振兴会JSPS Research Fellow。2006年回国工作在哈尔滨工业大学电气工程及自动化学院，任职教授、博士生导师。在国外发表学术论文40余篇，SCI收录11篇、EI 22篇，多次作为国际刊物论文评审人和学术会议主持人。IEEE、IEE Japan、IEE Canada、IEE HK会员。