呵呵，这个摘要你可以尝试到当当网，或者卓越网去看看，外文的可以到Amazon（）去找找，本站提供专业的翻译服务，满意后付款，网址是：
打开知网官网后，在搜索框填上你的论文题目，检索一下，如果同名的比较多，再检索结果里检索作者姓名就行了。
直接在美赛官网上就可以下载，开赛的时候官网上会放出链接，点击链接下载即可。
英文论文摘要模板
英文论文摘要怎么写，你会写了吗?下面是我为大家收集的关于英文论文摘要模板，希望能够帮到大家!
ABSTRACT
As an important part of Chinese academic journals, sci-tech periodicalshave great significance to the spread of knowledge of science and to thedevelopment of technology. The level of internationalization of a sci-tec journalrepresents its recognition degree in the field of international publishing,besides, it is also a key criteria of the success for launching the journals. Thereare the largest number of sci-tech periodicals launched in Beijing, which leadsto a central role that taken by this area. Therefore, result from the researchwhich focus in Beijing can, to a certain extent, reflect the international level ofChinese sci-tech periodicals.
This paper is divided into six chapters: Chapter one is a brief review of theacademic theories and description about the practice status and the currentsystem of Chinese sci-tech periodicals. Also, it summarizes the stages andcharacteristics of the development of sci-tech periodicals in Beijing. In chaptertwo, it provides the historical foundation, system condition and thedevelopment of digital technology for the following analysis. Chapter three, tofive respectively elaborates the current situation of the development of sci-techperiodicals in Beijing area by 3 aspects: content innovation, business strategyand media. In chapter six, it concluded the problems that China's sci-techperiodicals are facing during the globalization and then provides possiblecountermeasures based on the analysis in previous chapters.
Key Words: Beijing; sci-tech periodicals; internationalization; impact factor
Abstract
Within the framework of feminism and archetypal criticism, this thesis, by taking ThePassion of New Eve as its discourse, analyzes and discusses Angela Carter's application ofdemythologizing as a feminist strategy. By rewriting and subverting those female archetypes,Carter aims to break the fetters and shackles of patriarchy, exploring the way to women'sliberation as well as the reconciliation between two genders.
Believing that human society has been established on patriarchy, feminists endeavor tochange women's subordinate status and achieve gender equality. Archetypal criticism, as oneof the most influential branches in literary criticism,regards myth as the origin of literature.
Myths,especially the Bible,cover all the forms and motifs known as archetypes in literature.
As a devoted pioneer and advocator of feminism, Carter realizes that those female archetypesare usually stereotyped and dogmatic, which is actually invented by patriarchy for theoppression and exploitation of women.
Based on intensive reading and exhaustive textual analysis, this thesis illustrates Carter'sdemythologizing of three female archetypes in The Passion of New Eve, which are“Temptress,,,”Mother Goddesses“ and ”Eve“ respectively. Firstly, the sufferings that Leilahencounter in the novel reveal that ”Temptresses“ are in fact victims of patriarchy instead oforigins of disloyalty and disasters. While seen by men as objects of their sexual desires, theyalso risk self-objectification, which results in the deprivation of subjectivity as independenthuman beings. Secondly, ”Mother“ in Beulah is just an artificial myth,汪 consolatory toolfabricated by patriarchy, behind the glorification of which are patriarchal values and codes.
Thirdly, the transformative journey Eve experienced from a chauvinist to a real womandemonstrates that femininity, rather than an inherent quality, is the result of social influenceand persistent imitations.
Through the demythologizing of those female archetypes, Carter overthrows thepatriarchal hegemony as well as Utopian matriarchal dreams,offering androgyny as a potentialsolution to the current sexual conflicts. In her opinion, the real reconciliation between twogenders should be based on mutual respect and understanding, which is confirmed by theunion between the new Eve and Tristessa in The Passion of New Eve.
Keywords: female archetype; demythologizing; Angela Carter; The Passion of New Eve
Abstract
In recent years, with the development of the financial sector, more and morepeople pay attention to the financial information search. However, the traditionalkeyword search method could hardly meet the needs of financial users. Therefore,semantic search products have gained more popularity. However, the semanticparsing process is complex and diverse. During the process of the analysis oflarge-scale real text, the sentence analysis which based on word granularity is verydifficult, but after chunk analysis, the accuracy can be significantly improved andthe complexity can be clearly reduced. At present, the user input method is almostthe Pinyin input method, thus it could probably happen that the input phonetic lettersare correct, while the Chinese character is wrong. In order to achieve the purpose ofimproving the user experience, the Pinyin text proofreading appears.
The content of this paper is a pretreatment subsystem of the finance Q & Asystem, and it contains two functions, Pinyin text proofreading and chunk partition.
Text proofreading is based on Pinyin, in the first place, putting the query sequenceinto phonetic sequence. Then it uses the multiple grammars, three grammars and twogrammars to fill the Chinese characters sequence. And if there is no ambiguity whenfilling, then it uses the text proofreading, otherwise, ignores the text proofreading.
For the chunk partition, this paper uses three different methods: the method ofthe shortest path chunk partition, the method of CRF chunk partition and the methodof neural network chunk partition. The subsystem designed and implemented thethree methods. The shortest path chunk partition is similar to the dictionary wordsegmentation method. CRF chunk partition divided the problem into the annotationproblem, through getting the optimal sequence labels, to reach the purpose of chunkpartition. Chunk neural network chunk partition is based on word segmentation,changing the query sequence into a sequence of nodes. If the sequence of possibilityimproved after adding chunk tag on each node sequence, the tag position is a chunkposition.
In practical test, the shortest path chunk partition based on the dictionary,cannot process the query which is not in the dictionary of chunk. CRF chunkpartition can solve the unknown chunk query, but the mark information is too simplewhen the training corpus increased,and the error percentage of results increasedsignificantly. When using neural networks in chunk partition, the predicted timeincreases significantly, however, the query generalization is a good idea. Throughthe above research, a reasonable way to chunk partition is the CRF method, whichproperly uses the query generalization.
Finally after testing, the pretreatment subsystem has not only met the needs ofthe finance Q & A system, largely improving the financial Q & A system userexperience, but also reduces the analytical complexity, significantly improved thecorrectness and performance.
Keywords: Pretreatment system question analysis, chunk, text proofreading, CRF,neural network
下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板，希望对你们有帮助。
Abstract
Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.
According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS 19.0. And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.
Abstract
A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。
Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.
Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.
Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 1.26,witha 95% confidential interval of [0.86, 1.66])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.
Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = 9.22,p = 0,01 < 0.05)，Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =0.61, g 二 2.14, g = 0.98 respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = 17.04, p =0.000 < 0.05)。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of 3.59,0.71 and 0.37 respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.
Abstract
The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (i.e. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture)， aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?
This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, i.e. thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (i.e. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999)，the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (i.e. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b)，andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (i.e. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008)，to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.
The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.
Abstract
Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.
This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.
To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.
There are three hypotheses:
1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?
Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS 19.0. And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.
Abstract
In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.
Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.
Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.
Abstract
Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.
With the aid of AntConc 3.4.lw and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English)，FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus)， the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc 3.4.lw is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.
The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.
Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.
大学生活又即将即将结束，毕业生都要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种有计划的、比较正规的检验学生学习成果的形式，写毕业论文需要注意哪些格式呢？以下是我为大家整理的毕业论文摘要格式及范文，欢迎大家借鉴与参考，希望对大家有所帮助。 【论文摘要格式】 论文摘要是文章的内容不加诠释和评论的简短陈述。为了国际交流，还应有外文(多用英文)摘要。摘要是在文章全文完成之后提炼出来的，具有短、精、完整三大特点。摘要应具有独立性的自含性、即不阅读原文的全文.就能获得必要的信息。摘要中有数据、有结论、是一篇完整的短文.可以独立使用，也可以引用，还可以用于工艺推广。其内容应该包含与报告论文同等量的主要信息.以供读者确定有无必要阅读原论文全文，也可提供给文摘第二次文献采用。摘要一般应说明研究工作目的'、实验方法、结果和最终结论等.而重点是结果和结论。中文摘要一般不宜超过300字，外文摘要不宜超过250个实词。除了实在迫不得已，摘要中不用图、表、化学结构式、非公知公用的符号和术语。摘要可用另页置于题名页(页上无正文)之前，学术论文的摘要一般置于题名和作者之后，论文正文之前。 论文摘要又称概要、内容提要。摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论。具体地讲就是研究工作的主要对象和范围，采用的手段和方法，得出的结果和重要的结论，有时也包括具有情报价值的其它重要的信息。摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并且拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不阅读全文，就能获得必要的信息。摘要不容赘言,故需逐字推敲。内容必须完整、具体、使人一目了然。英文摘要虽以中文摘要为基础,但要考虑到不能阅读中文的读者的需求,实质性的内容不能遗漏。为此,我国的科技期刊近年来陆续采用结构式摘要,明确写出目的、方法、结果和结论四部分。 a.目的(Objective):简明指出此项工作的目的,研究的范围。 b.方法(Methods):简要说明研究课题的基本做法,包括对象(分组及每组例数、对照例数或动物只数等)、材料和方法(包括所用药品剂量,重复次数等)。统计方法特殊者需注明。 c.结果(Results):简要列出主要结果(需注明单位)、数据、统计学意义(P值)等,并说明其价值和局限性。 d.结论(Conclusion):简要说明从该项研究结果取得的正确观点、理论意义或实用价值、推广前景。 中、英文摘要前需标明中、英文文题，作者姓名(至多3名)及作者单位(邮政编码)。英文摘要应隔行打字,以便修改。 【论文摘要范文】 【论文题目】机动车尾气污染防治对策与城市交通改善研究 【中文摘要】本论文通过分析机动车尾气污染产生的原因，论述了采取多种防治对策以旨在减少机动车的尾气污染排放，同时对城市交通改善问题进行了深入的研究。本文首先论述了我国由于机动车尾气排放造成的城市大气污染的严重形势。论述了机动车尾气污染的产生原因。通过总结国内外机动车污染控制的发展历程、经验及教训，作者从两方面重点论述了控制机动车尾气污染的途径。其一是从机动车本身入手，在机动车生产、检验、维护保养以及采用新技术等方面对机动车加以改造，力争从尾气排放污染源加以控制;其次，作者根据我国交通的具体状况，详细分析了城市交通改善与机动车尾气排放的关系，根据翔实的数据：说明了在我国交通拥堵是造成机动车尾气污染的最主要原因。在科学交通管理的原则指导下，作者详细论述了科学交通管理的卞要措施，特别分析了对路口的交通控制策略的仿真优化过程，通过仿真结果表明，对路口的交通控制策略的优化将对尾气排放产生非常重大的影响，可以显著地减少污染排放总量。因此作者认为，科学交通管理是控制城市机动车尾气污染排放的根本出路。
毕业论文培养学生正确的理论联系实际的工作作风，严肃认真的科学态度，下面是我整理的毕业论文摘要范文，希望你能从中得到感悟!
“看”生态 “救”生态
[摘要]随着生产力的发展，人类活动对生态系统的干扰日益增大引发了生态危机。本文通过分析生态系统的各要素及其功能，从系统科学的角度来“看”，说明现今市场经济的条件下，人的主体能动性的异化是导致生态危机的真正根源;从非线性思维的角度来“救”，改变和突破人类以往所具有的线性思维和观念，建立一种全新的“大自然观”、全新的“大生产观”、全新的“大社会观”。
[关键词]系统科学 非线性思维 生态系统
[中图分类号]B845.65 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1009-5349(2012)11-0098-02
生态系统指由生物群落与无机环境构成的统一整体，它是个开放的系统，为了保证自身的稳定，必须不断输入能量，否则就有崩溃的危险;生态系统也是生态学领域的一个主要结构和功能单位，它属于生态学研究的最高层次。
随着科学技术的不断发展，人类的各种活动对生态系统的干扰不断增大，在破坏与保护、生命与金钱的痛苦交织中，人类逐渐意识到了生态系统的真正价值，人类才真正开始关注生态系统的现状，并将其纳入伦理道德体系中，形成一种全新的生态伦理道德，这一切都深深地影响着人类的命运。
一、当前生态系统的现状
半个世纪以来，随着人口的迅速增长和科技的飞速发展，人类不但拥有了空前强大的建设和创造能力，也拥有了巨大的破坏和毁灭力量。一方面，由于人类的各种活动增大了向自然资源索取的速度和规模，导致了生态失衡，带来了一系列灾害。另一方面，由于自然规律的反馈作用，人类本身也遭到“报复”。因此，当今世界不管是发达国家，还是发展中国家，都已经把生态环境问题作为制约经济和社会发展的重大课题来研究。
人类目前正面临着一场空前险恶的生态危机。所谓生态危机，就是指生态破坏、环境恶化、臭氧层损耗、气候异常、资源匮乏、疾病蔓延、生物多样性锐减等。
二、系统科学地“看”生态
系统科学就是以系统为研究对象的基础理论和应用开发的学科组成的学科群。它主要考察各类系统的关系和属性，并揭示其活动规律，探讨其有关系统的各种方法和理论。系统科学的方法和理论正在从自然科学和工程技术领域向社会科学领域广泛转移。
生态系统依其不同的结构实现其一定的功能，而系统的特定功能的实现要具备一定的结构。若要调整生态系统的结构，就有可能会改变系统的功能;而要改变生态系统的功能，就必须改变系统的结构，人类片面追求经济价值使其结构和功能发生混乱，导致了一系列的生态危机。这些都表明，人类解决生态问题已经不仅仅是理论认识的问题，而更多的是社会经济的问题。客观地说，现今市场经济的条件下，人的主体能动性的异化是导致生态危机的真正根源。
(一)人的主体能动性的异化
科学技术的发展和人类社会的进步之所以能导致一系列的生态危机，其根本原因是由于人拥有了一种特殊的能力，它不同于自然界的意志自由，它被称为人的主体能动性。而人的主体能动性的异化，就是人失去了自己的本质而被置于对立面的状态，并且在这种状态中，人的“自由意志”发挥已不再是“以人为目的”，而成了一种实现外在过程的工具，因此，当这种工具把自然与人的分离与对抗推向极端的时候，就导致了生态危机的发生。
(二)人的主体能动性异化的表现形式
异化的表现形式主要有以下三点：第一，从人的价值观念来看，当前片面地强调自然的价值性，一味地索取和占有，主观地推崇财产私有，导致自然服从于人，物质的发展以不断实现价值增值为最终目的;第二，从人的生产方式上来看，当前世界人类一味地追求功利来满足自己的欲望，片面地发展生产力，一味地追求最大利益;第三，从人的意识形态上来看，奢侈、贫穷、霸权、强权等这些都是私有制度的产物。
三、非线性的思维“救”生态
通过系统科学地“看”生态，全面分析生态问题，我们可以得出，要想科学和谐地处理人与自然的关系，并且有效解决生态问题以及生态危机，就必须改变和突破人类以往所具有的线性思维和观念。从非线性思维角度出发，建立一种全新的“大自然观”、全新的“大生产观”、全新的“大社会观”。
(一)建立一种全新的“大自然观”
我们要正确处理人与自然的关系，就必须改变以往狭隘的自然观，建立一种全新的“大自然观”，它对自然的解释和评价采用一种系统整体的方法，并且重新审视人的作用和位置。我们要意识到社会的发展不仅包括人口的增长和经济的提高，也包括全新“健康”的生态系统的建立。
(二)建立一种全新的“大生产观”
我们要正确处理人与自然的关系，就必须改变以往狭隘的生产方式，不断扩大和丰富生产的内容和范围。要想建立一种全新的“大生产观”，我们就必须实现社会生产与自然生产、社会生产力与自然生产力的有机结合，建立一个将两种生产和两种生产力协调统一的大生产观。
(三)建立一种全新的“大社会观”
我们要正确处理人与自然的关系，除了改变自然观和生产方式，还必须改变与我们生产、生活息息相关的整个社会制度，以科学发展观为核心，建立全新的“大社会观”。
综上所述，要想处理好经济发展与生态环境的关系，关键还在于人性的提升。当我们人类学会“真正的利他主义精神”时，我们的自然观、生产方式、社会制度自然而然会得到全新的改变。
四、展望
从系统科学角度分析了生态系统的各要素及其功能，当改变系统的结构时，功能随之改变，同样，当其功能发生改变时，其结构也要发生改变。其系统每个要素的重要性都不能忽视，但不能过多盲目地关注某一要素。例如，盲目任意地发挥人的主体能动性，导致了生态危机等一系列问题。非线性科学的诞生及发展，使系统简单性与复杂性互生互换，使有序和无序巧妙地融为一体，使人类既继承了线性世界理论，又对非线性世界理论进行了创新，为解决人类社会面临的各种许多重大问题提供了科学方法。 【参考文献】
[1](美)唐纳德.自然的经济体系：生态思想史.北京：商务印书馆，1999.
[2]杨通进.环境保护的伦理基础——西方环境伦理思想研究.北京：中国人民大学，1998.
[3]余谋昌.创造美好的生态环境.北京：中国社会科学出版社，1997.
[4]武杰.跨学科研究与非线性思维.中国社会科学出版社，2004.
[5]方世南.生态环境与人的全面发展.哲学研究，2002，2.
[6]景枫，焦君红.生态环境危机中的利益思考，道德与文明，2002，2.
[7]苗东升.非线性思维初探[J].首都师范大学学报社会科学版，2003，5.
[8]利润珍.非线性提供了一种新的思维方式[J].科学技术与辩证法，2003，2.
[9]杨小军.张建民从传统发展观到科学发展观：思维方式的变革[J].科学管理研究，2006(3).
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免费下载知网论文的方法如下：
1、方法一：到中国国家图书馆网站上注册一个账号。进入知网，然后通过关键词i检索文献，之后将需要的文章标题复制下来，然后再从国家图书馆的入口进入知网搜索刚才复制下的标题，就能下载了。登陆之后下载这些期刊论文都是免费的。
2、方法二：超星移动图书馆，不过要等推送，慢。使用方法，首先你要是个学生，有学校的图书馆账号，一般就是你的学号。超星移动图书馆有网页版、PC版的，也有手机版和苹果版的，选择学校，用学校图书馆账号登录，绑定邮箱，然后你搜索到想要的文献后选择文献推送，就会把文献发给你的邮箱，承诺是48小时到，我一般遇上的都是第二天到。
3、方法三：学校VPN。各大高校基本提供了VPN，校园外用户可以使用vpn2，登陆后从“图书馆电子资源导航”进入即可。
4、方法四：上中国知网，根据下载量、引用量，选择期刊或论文，文献非常多，但无法查看完整文章。之后打开道客巴巴网站，搜索文章名称，基本都可以找到完整的文章但无法免费下载。下载“ 海纳百川 ”软件，专门针对道客巴巴的文章可以直接免费下载PDF版。
中国知网怎么免费下载论文，具体如下：
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学生可以在知网首页搜索想要的文献标题，进入文献页面后点击下方的手机阅读或者html阅读，学生即可在知网免费查看全文论文内容。学生也可以点击caj下载或者pdf下载，将文献下载导出至电脑中。
1、输入，点击选择自己的大学；
2、以清华大学为例，输入自己的学号和密码并登入；
3、登录成功后，即可免费查看对应论文内容。
中国知网，始建于1999年6月，是中国核工业集团资本控股有限公司控股的同方股份有限公司旗下的学术平台。知网是国家知识基础设施（National Knowledge Infrastructure，NKI）的概念，由世界银行于1998年提出。CNKI工程是以实现全社会知识资源传播共享与增值利用为目标的信息化建设项目。
1、输入，点击选择自己的大学
2、以清华大学为例，输入自己的学号和密码并登入
3、登录成功后，即可免费查看对应论文内容
论文是一个汉语词语，拼音是lùn wén，古典文学常见论文一词，谓交谈辞章或交流思想。
当代，论文常用来指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章，简称之为论文。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段，又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。它包括学年论文、毕业论文、学位论文、科技论文、成果论文等。
2020年12月24日，《本科毕业论文（设计）抽检办法（试行）》提出，本科毕业论文抽检每年进行一次，抽检比例原则上应不低于2%。
关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作计算机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。
从中国知网免费下载论文方法如下：
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知网：
中国知网是中国学术期刊电子杂志社编辑出版的以《中国学术期刊 ( 光盘版 ) 》全文数据库为核心的数据库。收录资源包括期刊、博硕士论文、会议论文、报纸等学术与专业资料；覆盖理工、社会科学、电子信息技术、农业、医学等广泛学科范围，数据每日更新，支持跨库检索。
知网，是国家知识基础设施的概念，由世界银行于1998年提出。CNKI工程是以实现全社会知识资源传播共享与增值利用为目标的信息化建设项目。由清华大学、清华同方发起，始建于1999年6月。
用户需要进入知网首页，在首页的检索栏中输入论文标题，或者点击检索栏右边的高级检索按钮。根据自己的需求设置对应的搜索条件，点击检索后即可查找到相关论文资料。知网的检索栏可以通过主题、关键词、摘要、全文等进行文献检索，且检索栏中可以同时输入多个主题词或关键词，通过并、或、否等连词表示各个搜索词来进行搜索。知网即中国知网，或常被称为中国期刊网，是中国最大的学术论文数据库和学术电子资源集成商，汇聚了数量庞大的学术期刊、专利、优秀博硕士学位论文等资源。
打开百度搜索引擎，输入“中国知网”进行搜索；点击中国知网的官网网站进入，打开网站；在首页搜索栏中选择不同的搜索途径，例如：主题、关键词、篇名、作者、单位、摘要等；确定搜索后，在搜索框里输入要搜索的内容，点击搜索按键；搜索结果出来后，可以在搜索页面进行年份、学科、下载数、作者等进一步缩小搜索范围；找到心仪的论文后，可以点击论文，选择论文下方的下载即可。中国知网有大量的论文可以供大家查询、阅读和下载，有利于大家开阔视野，增长知识。请点击输入图片描述· 知网是国家知识基础设施的概念，由世界银行于1998年提出。CNKI工程是以实现全社会知识资源传播共享与增值利用为目标的信息化建设项目。知网的概念是国家知识基础设施(National Knowledge Infrastructure，NKI)，由世界银行于1998年提出。CNKI工程是以实现全社会知识资源传播共享与增值利用为目标的信息化建设项目，由清华大学、清华同方发起，始建于1999年6月。在党和国家领导以及教育部、中宣部、科技部、新闻出版总署、国家版权局、国家发改委的大力支持下，在全国学术界、教育界、出版界、图书情报界等社会各界的密切配合和清华大学的直接领导下，CNKI工程集团经过多年努力，采用自主开发并具有国际领先水平的数字图书馆技术，建成了世界上全文信息量规模最大的"CNKI数字图书馆"，并正式启动建设《中国知识资源总库》及CNKI网格资源共享平台，通过产业化运作，为全社会知识资源高效共享提供最丰富的知识信息资源和最有效的知识传播与数字化学习平台。请点击输入图片描述