论文翻译的开题报告范文模板

发布时间：2023-12-11 14:04:17

论文翻译的开题报告范文模板

A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。）【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese （英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。）1. Introduction (顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行)In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前)2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese The characteristics of English idioms（正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ，2.， 3.，…；节的编号：…，…；小节的编号为：, …。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号）….In conclusion, …. The characteristics of Chinese idioms….Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it.…. The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms… (i) ….….(ii) ….…. 4. Conclusion….Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981.常亮，“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》，1993，4：44。冯树健，“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》，1998，6：11。李光陵，“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》，2000，30：30。（论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序：尾注：按照编号顺序。夹注：英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献，各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序，不用单独加序号或编号；每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符；倍行距；另外，与文中的夹注一一对应；不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容）

毕业论文开题报告模板范文如下：

模板范文一：

1、选题目的及意义。

演员创作角色时心理活动的正确把握，能让演员更好的掌握角色，帮助演员更深刻的进入所演角色的内心，从而更生活，更直观，更真实的创造角色，从整体上提高作品的审美价值及现实意义。在创作角色时充分把握角色的心理并控制自己的心理活动，这样就能够自然而然地、直觉地、有机地抓住角色的情感，激起正确的体验。

演员创作角色时的心理活动是通过演员的神情、肢体、语言等外部行动体现出来的，之所以探讨演员在创作角色时心理活动的重要性，一方面是因为创作角色时心理活动是表演“艺术中的灵魂”，另外一方面，演员在创作角色时心理活动的重要性这一课题，能够使表演者在实践领域里有着十分重要的指导意义。

2、选题背景。

3、选题的研究现状。

4、结语。

5、可行性分析。

6、重点与难点分析。

7、时间进度安排。

模板范文二：

1、课题背景及现状。

项目位于南阳市宛城区人民路中段，占地公顷，建成已50多年，是该市城区唯―一座大型综合公园。鉴于现状设施老化、景观落伍等问题，同时适应全国农运会．宜居城市对景观环境的需要，要求对其进行重新规划设计，通过设计使之成为集休闲、娱乐、观光、游玩、服务为一体的综合城市公园。

2、目标。

通过本课题的学习，培养学生综合运用前四年半所学的各类基础知识和专业理论知识，专业设计技能，专业调查与实践方法，在原有基础上进一步培养和提高知识综合运用能力，理论分析应用能力，组织和独立开展工作的能力以及文字、图纸、口头表达能力，充实并完善毕业生的整体知识结构和社会工作体验。

通过本方案的各个环节的训练，掌握城市综合公园规划设计的相关原理、规划的相关法律法规，进而了解景观规划的有关知识和设计手法以及景观设计相关问题的研究，培养解决环境复杂地块问题的能力。

3、任务及途径。

学生根据提供的课题任务书，结合导师的时间安排按步骤进行设计，平时注意和导师及时沟通和交流，课下也可以根据课题的需要独立进行调研和资料的收集，前期注意详细分析基地情况，收集相关资料，综合加以分析，提出自己的方案构思，并根据构思进行方案的设计，最后提供一套完整的方案图纸和一份相关的设计说明书。

4、时间安排。

寒假期间完成实习及调研工作，还需完成实习报告、文献综述、文献翻译等设计准备工作。

第1~2周：收集相关文献资料；调研资料整理(文字、图纸)，完成开题报告。

第3~4周：功能分区、空间结构等的多向求解，完成方案一草。

模板范文三：

有关治理的理论和实践目前在发达国家极其受到重视，尤其在医疗、公共安全、教育、基础设施等公共事务领域，发达国家普遍调整政府在提供这些公共物品中的传统定位，积极寻求政府和私人机构、非政府组织、社群、公民合作，以各种创新型制度安排，共同承担提供公共物品的新的“治理”模式。

本项研究首次将治理理论引进到图书馆界，旨在系统探究包括政府在内的多种利益主体在建设、维持和发展图书馆，提供和生产图书馆服务这种公共物品中的职麦及其实现。本项研究系统引进治理理论作为理论基础和总的研究框架，以图书馆治理模式为研究对象，突出比较研究方法。

1、比较不同的图书馆治理模式在资源配置机制和效率上的差异。

2、比较不同的图书馆类型、规模，所处国别以及历史发展阶段等具体情境下图书馆治理模式的取向及其之间的内在相关性。

3、比较不同的图书馆治理模式所赖以形成和维持的法律、制度、组织和技术因素及其组合。最终，在理论上解释存在不同的图书馆治理模式及(至少在实证上)资源配置效率差异的原因;在实践上弄清各种利益主体(政府、社会组织、公民)应该以何种制度安排支持和发展图书馆，以及这样一种宏观层面的制度安排如何体现为微观层面图书馆监管体制的设计。

本项研究系应用性基础研究，研究价值体现在：

相关成果可提交给国家决策机构、图书馆主管部门和图书馆，作为制定和实施有关图书馆事业和机构改革发展的立法、政策和策略时参考。

拓宽治理理论的应用范围，形成一个比较完整的图书馆治理理论体系，促进图书馆学研究对象。范围的扩展和研究方法的丰富。

翻译方向论文开题报告模板

翻译专业开题报告

开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

选题的原因、基本内容：

英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。

本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。

论文开题报告翻译模版

论文的开题报告是指开题者对科研课题的一种文字说明材料，论文的开题报告的字体以及各式等方面都有一定的要求的。下面是我为大家整理的论文开题报告的字体格式要求的内容，希望能对大家有所帮助。

1.论文(含开题报告和文献翻译)用A4纸单面打印，页面设置：左边距、右边距、下边距均为厘米;上边距为厘米。页眉、页脚均为2厘米。论文(含任务书)及附件装订成一册，一式两份。

2.页眉从正文开始。页眉左端顶格为论文标题，论文标题用宋体五号字。若为开题报告或文献翻译则在标题后面加上“/开题报告或/文献翻译”。右端右对齐为页码，用五号阿拉伯数字。

3.正文(含开题报告和文献翻译)用宋体小四号，应当达到15000个字左右。非汉字均用Times New Roman体。字间距设置为“标准”，段落设置为“单倍行距”，所有段落开头均缩进2个字。数学公式用斜体，按章节编号，如第2章第3个公式为(2-3)，并与段落右边线对齐。

4.每一章另起一页，章节采用三级标题，用阿拉伯数字连续编号，(例：1，，)。章名为一级标题，位于一页的首行居中，用黑体小二号，段前距为0磅，与紧接其后的文字或二级标题间距为12磅。二级标题用宋体四号，左对齐，断前距12磅，段后距0磅。三级标题用黑体小四号，左对齐，段前距12磅，段后距0磅。

5.图表要有名称，表名位于表的正上方，用宋体小五号粗体。图名位于图的正下方，用宋体小五号粗体;图表按章节编号。例如：表为第2章第7个图表;图3-1为第3章第1个图。图表不要跨页。凡引用的图表，需在图表名后用相应的中括号〔〕加以标注，(如：〔1〕)。这里的标注号应与参考文献的序号为同一个号。

6.封面及任务书等由学生到(校图书馆一楼)装订处购买，封面不得复印。并在装订处装订论文。

7.除封面外，第一页是任务书，任务书下达时间是：按申请写作时间。

第二页是中文摘要(至少150字)。“摘要” 两字为黑体小二号，居中，设置段前为102磅，段后为12磅。内容用宋体五号字。 “关键词”三个字用黑体小五号，缩进2个字，后面的内容用宋体五号，一般用3-5个词组即可，中间用逗号分隔，结束时不用标点符号。关键词与摘要相距12磅(即设置段前12磅)。中文摘要用罗马数字编制页码，位于页面下方居中。

第三页是Abstract(至少500印刷字符)，“Abstract” (用Times New Roman 粗体小二号)，内容用Times New Roman 五号。Keywords用Times New Roman 粗体小五号，后面的内容用Times New Roman五号，与英文摘要内容同样相距12磅。英文摘要顺延“中文摘要”页用罗马数字编制页码，位于页面下方居中。

第四页为目录。“目录” 居中，用黑体小二号，段前设置为0磅，段后设置为12磅。目录页顺延“Abstract”页用罗马数字编制页码，位于页面下方居中。

目录依次为：摘要、Abstract、正文(要求列出一、二级标题，一级标题用黑体四号，二级标题用黑体小四号)、参考文献、致谢、附件1：开题报告、附件2：文献翻译(中、英文)。页码数字用小四号。

说明：中英文摘要和目录并非正文，不要设置页眉!

8.参考文献位于正文后另起一页，与正文连续编页码。“参考文献”居中，用黑体小二号，段前设置为0磅，段后设置为12磅。参考文献主要格式如下：

书籍：[序号]作者名(用逗号分隔).书名.版本号(初版不写).出版社名，出版年，引用页码

提示：结束处不要加句号!

例：〔1〕胡玉明，高级管理会计，厦门大学出版社，2005年，第51页

期刊：[序号]作者名(用逗号分隔).题名.刊名，出版年，卷号：(期号)，起始页码～终止页码。

特别提示：凡论文中引用过的参考文献须按照顺序依次在正文引用处进行标注，标注方法：位于引用处最后一句话的句号内，具体操作：在工具栏打开格式-字体-上标。(例：如〔1〕)。

9.致谢页位于参考文献之后，与正文连续编页码，“致谢”居中，用黑体小二号，段前设置为0磅，段后设置为12磅。内容为宋体小四号字。

10.附件1：开题报告(包括研究背景、文献综述、技术路线、进度安排和参考文献五部分，各部分之间不需另起一页)

开题报告的标题居中，用黑体小二号粗体，段前距和段后距均为0磅。标题下为：专业、(准考证号)、姓名，均为黑体四号并居中。

论文开题报告的字体格式要求说明：开题报告的标题应为论文题目，而不是开题报告四个字!

论文开题报告的字体格式要求：开题报告中紧接着是摘要(只需中文)和关键词。“摘要”和“关键词”用黑体小四号，“摘要”内容用宋体小四号，“关键词”包含3至5个词组，中间用逗号分隔，结束时不用标点符号。这里摘要和关键词均不需要开头缩进。然后是正文，正文与关键词之间的距离为12磅。

论文开题报告的字体格式要求：开题报告和文献翻译中，一级标题不需要另起页，一级标题设置段前、段后均为12磅，其余格式与正文同。

论文开题报告的字体格式应该注意：开题报告和文献翻译的页码要根据正文的页码进行连续编码。

11.附件2：文献翻译(中、英文)25000个字符左右，先中文(可比照论文格式)，标题应为所翻译文章的标题，用黑体小二号粗体，居中。这里文献翻译标题下面是原文作者的(英文)姓名，用小三号Times New Roman体加粗，居中。中文译稿结束后空两行注明外文资料来源，文字内容为“外文资料来源：书籍/期刊(按参考文献格式)”，资料来源结束处不要点句号!空2格写：某某译。字体用宋体小四号加粗(非汉字均用Times New Roman体加粗)右对齐。

摘要：音乐是舞蹈的灵魂，同时舞蹈和音乐又很好地统一在一起。优美的音乐可以激发舞蹈者的灵感和想象，同时跳动的音乐节奏又可以提示舞蹈者的动作。而在舞蹈中，舞蹈者的形象也是通过和谐一致的听觉和视觉才引起人们的欣赏美感的。如果没音乐，舞蹈也就失去了生命力。由古至今，音乐是舞蹈的声音，而舞蹈是音乐的表现形式，音乐和舞蹈是紧密相连的不同的艺术，都具有一定的美学价值，而音乐和舞蹈的完美配合，又可以带给人们一场盛大的听觉和视觉盛宴。

关键词：音乐舞蹈跳跃和谐

音乐与舞蹈是紧密联系在一起的，舞蹈者优美的动作和音乐是分不开的。在不同音乐的刺激下，人的听觉通过中枢神经会做出相应的心理反应，从而引起联想。在编排舞蹈时是从音乐开始的，音乐和舞蹈结合在一起，是把舞蹈者的感情突破空间的穿透力而表现出来，让舞者身心交融进而会产生共鸣。因此，在二者的关系中，音乐是舞蹈里不可分割的一个重要部分，音乐以其多样的风格、鲜明轻快的节奏以及优美的旋律而赋予舞蹈更加丰富的艺术表现。舞蹈者在优美的音乐中展开优美的舞蹈动作，不仅可以享受美丽，而且还能够陶冶精神。同时，舞蹈者对伴奏音乐的理解也影响着舞蹈的艺术表现，所以在实际中就需要把舞蹈和音乐和谐的结合在一起，促进二者的共同发展。

一、音乐在舞蹈中的重要地位

(一)音乐可以帮助舞蹈者表达情绪，烘托气氛

音乐的加入可以很好的激发强化舞蹈的表达，如果离开了音乐，舞蹈就不能够充分的表达出感情。由于音乐的一个直接的特点就是渗入人心，因而人们在欣赏时就会经常把音乐中表现出来的感情作为自己的内心感情来体验，而舞蹈在跳舞之前就会先对音乐进行深刻的体验，所以当这种对音乐的理解与感受激发起舞蹈者内心的感情时，这种感情就会通过丰富的舞蹈动作表现出来。这样，音乐的介入，就会首先打动大众观众的感情，也让观众对舞蹈有了更深的理解。另外，音乐的丰富情感也给了舞蹈更加丰富的艺术表现，也拉近了观众和舞蹈的距离。

(二)音乐可以帮助舞蹈者组织动作

音乐和舞蹈具有相同的韵律、节奏以及情感内容，并且在展示时也是同步进行的，因此就要求二者必须做到高度的协调统一。在设计舞蹈动作之前是就必须有音乐的，而不是先有了舞蹈动作之后再配备的音乐。在舞蹈中运用的音乐主要有两种形式，首先可以是为既定的舞蹈情节与主题来创作相关的音乐，其次是可以利用现成的音乐。其中普遍采用的方法是按照音乐来编排舞蹈。例如古典芭蕾就是根据音乐的旋律灵魂来展开的动作技巧，这也称作是舞蹈音乐，主要是利用和谐匀称的音乐来展示舞蹈的动作，但是也要注意，舞蹈并不是仅仅服从于音乐的。这主要表现在，首先如果是为了专门构思的舞蹈来创作音乐，就需要根据舞蹈编导的要求来进行创作。其次舞蹈的配乐也要有选择，因为不是所有的音乐都适合于舞蹈。第三，舞蹈编导在具体编制可以根据舞蹈内容要求对音乐进行相应的修改。

(三)音乐有利于舞蹈的构思创作

由于音乐的丰富性作用，一听到音乐就很容易想起舞蹈，所以舞蹈构想也就产生了。在实际中却还面临着听到的音乐是否可以立即成为伴奏音乐。如果听见音乐就想跳舞，这是对听到的音乐触发的灵感，而这种灵感就推动去创作舞蹈动作。音乐是由时间、感情以及节奏组成的，所以就可以把音乐直接变成舞蹈来应用，所以音乐其实具有伴奏与创作的双重性特征。例如在实际中听到了贝多芬的《命运交响曲》，有人就想创作出和命运有关的舞蹈，于是就产生了《命运》舞蹈。在一定程度上，舞蹈是对音乐的形象化表现，二者是相互依存的，如果没有了音乐，舞蹈就是半成品。同时，所有的曲子都可以自由的跳，这就是根据现成的音乐对舞蹈进行的创作。

二、舞蹈对音乐的升华作用

(一)舞蹈需要音乐的节奏和旋律

音乐是一门单独的艺术形式，但是在舞蹈中的音乐，是舞蹈者对音乐的再创作，舞蹈者在听到音乐之后，根据自己的理解而进行的和音乐一致的肢体动作，就是舞蹈的音乐的诠释、表现。但是这种肢体展示并不是根据音乐中的每个音符用人体来表现出来，而是对音乐精神和情感的展现。另外，音乐与舞蹈的一个共同点就是相同的节奏，而节奏也是舞蹈与音乐相结合的重要基础。在实际中，舞蹈是需要通过音乐来加强动作的展示与情感的渲染的，在表演舞蹈时，也需要有一定的节奏伴奏。在舞蹈中肢体舞动的位移因素就是因为节奏的存在，而任何形式的肢体动作都是在经过节奏加工后才会形成比较优美的肢体动作，而这些是形成舞蹈动作的一个重要前提。音乐的变化比较快，音乐是一门时间艺术，而舞蹈却是空间与时间的艺术，舞蹈不是对音乐中每一个细微的变化做出的机械反映。舞蹈与音乐的另外一个共同点就是抒情。舞蹈与音乐都是对感情的直接表达，但是音乐的表达一般具有抽象性，因而不会对舞蹈具体的感情表达产生干扰或者是矛盾，而是可以和舞蹈有完美结合。由于人具有丰富的情感，任何一种对感情的表现都一个产生到逐渐变化的过程，尤其是把生活中的喜怒哀乐搬到舞台上，就更需要借助一定的表现形式才能把这些情感表达出来。舞蹈中产生的一切肢体动作，都需要围绕人的主体来进行，并根据自然界的规律，对肢体动作进行升华。舞蹈中的任何情绪都是编导者通过对舞蹈作品进行构思之后形成的，然后在进行一定的创编，由舞蹈演员来把握其中的感情，把要表达的情感在舞蹈中呈现、抒发出来。并在此基础上把舞蹈与音乐结合在一起，也把其中的情感结合在一起，因而在选择相应的舞蹈音乐时创作者也需要具备一定的审美能力。

(二)舞蹈中需要音乐的辅助作用

舞蹈艺术是利用肢体的运动形式来表现语言的方式，而对事物事件的发展过程也是通过肢体的移动来实现的，因而运用舞蹈语言也可以把整件事情来表达清楚，但是舞蹈艺术的表现形式却不能够把事件所处的时代背景与发生的环境表现出来。而这一点，却可以通过音乐来弥补。由于音乐具有一定的听觉特征，音乐的表现和创作形式也会留下鲜明的时代情感表现与音乐特征，同时这种时代感也会给欣赏者带来一定的时代感受，比如我们在听到《红星闪闪》、《黄河协奏曲》时就很容易联想到那一代的事情，因此音乐就很好的把舞蹈中表现的事件就做出了交代。在实际中舞蹈艺术是以音乐的节奏和比较夸张的气口来作为肢体动作切入点的。而舞蹈的韵味和感觉都是通过肢体语言来表现的，所以在舞蹈时舞蹈者就会完全释放自己的肢体，另外，舞蹈者还根据音乐的节奏来表现蕴含的情感，而根据明快的节奏舞蹈者在实际舞蹈时也会不停的变换肢体动作，利用强烈的情感张丽给观众一种舞台是空的、舞台上只存在一种情绪的感觉。同时，舞蹈又很好的结合了写意与写实，利用肢体的动态变换过程来传递信息，也通过一定的个性化肢体动作来体现情绪。

(三)舞蹈形象与音乐形象的统一

音乐形象主要是由情绪音乐的形象体育主体音乐的形象相互结合而形成的。在舞蹈的艺术中音乐其实与舞蹈的文学形象具有同样重要的地位，益音乐形象也是舞蹈的一项主心骨，如果舞蹈没有了音乐，舞蹈就会失去色彩和灵魂，所以在舞蹈中离不开音乐的衬托。舞蹈中的舞蹈形象，首先则是舞蹈的主体音乐形象。在一部舞蹈作品里主体音乐形象一般是贯穿始终的一个主要线索，而舞蹈表现的现象也是在以这个线索为中心根据相应的文学形象支配来进行拓展创作的，舞蹈中主体音乐形象是对文学形象的一个很好的诠释，因此舞蹈形象与音乐形象的统一集合就可以让观众通过看和听来欣赏舞蹈艺术，进而陶冶情操，形成美好的精神感受。另外，主体音乐形象与舞蹈音乐形象结合在一起，又可以使舞蹈的形象更加具有个性化与典型化，形成完美统一的舞蹈艺术效果。

三、结语

综上所述，舞蹈动作和音乐是紧密联系在一起的，音乐不仅可以对舞蹈的动作做出提示，还可以给舞蹈者一定的灵感启发。舞蹈中利用听觉与视觉的结合来引起艺术美感的，如果没有了音乐的配合，舞蹈表现也就失去了生命力。因而成功的舞蹈是需要音乐的配合的，有了音乐优美和谐的伴奏，就很容易点燃跳舞者的激情，把舞蹈的内涵完美的呈现出来。

参考文献：

[1]汤晓宁.舞蹈艺术与实践[M].武汉：武汉理工大学出版社，2009.

[2]宋小璐.音乐是舞蹈的灵魂——试论音乐在舞蹈中的重要性[J]. 文化月刊，2009，(07).

[3]慕羽.当代舞蹈编导类群的价值定位——兼谈舞蹈编导的社会责任问题[J].北京蹈学院学报，2005，(04).

[4]陈佩玲.视觉艺术与听觉艺术-论舞蹈钢琴伴奏教学的特点[J].舞蹈，2009，(04).

[5]张娟.乐者舞之魂一舞蹈钢琴伴奏艺术探微[J].西安音乐学院学报，2010，(04).

1. 论文开题报告字体格式要求

2. 毕业论文开题报告格式字体的要求

3. 毕业论文开题报告格式字体

4. 毕业论文开题报告格式要求格式

5. 论文开题报告的打印格式要求

商务英语论文开题报告范文

下面是一篇英语论文的开题报告范文，虽然不是特别好，但也反应了开题报告的格式和写法，有一定的借鉴价值。 function and application of descriptive translation studies

1 introduction

the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).

dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.

2 outline

development and major concepts of dts

in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.

methodolgy

i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文

以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

II. Literature Review

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

翻译专业毕业论文开题报告模板

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文

以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

II. Literature Review

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

翻译学论文开题报告

开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。

1、选题意义和背景

The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.

Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.

Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.

Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.

Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.

2、论文综述/研究基础

1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.

Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.

Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.

In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.

Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.

Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.

This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.

2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.

Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.

As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.

In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.

Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。

Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.

翻译专业开题报告

开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

II. Literature Review

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

选题的原因、基本内容：

翻译论文中期报告模板范文

毕业论文中期报告范文如下：

范文一：

一、毕业设计(论文)完成情景：

1.完成开题报告,并经过指导教师和论文开题答辩小组审查。

⒉收集和整理资料，参阅部分收集到的资料，对论文命题有了初步的认识。

3.寻找实习单位，进行为期一个月的实习，实习资料涉及社会实践和与论文相关的实地研究。

4.查找与阅读论文相关的适宜的英文文献,对其进行翻译并完成。

5.实习期间写下实习周记。

6.经过文献研究和实践研究，对论文命题有了较为全面的理解后，结合前人的研究成果，完成论文初稿的撰写。

二、存在的问题、拟采取的措施：

1.对论文所涉及的知识认识得不够深刻，所以对命题的探讨可是深入。

2.研究中引入的数据不够，对相关问题的支撑程度不足。

3.论文的各部分之间的衔接不够强，有的地方缺少逻辑。

三、导致上述问题主要有两个原因：

一是撰写不够严密。

二是是研究不够深入，针对这两个原因，解决方法有：

1.对论文所涉及的知识以及前人的研究成果理解程度需要更加深刻，在这个基础上才能得到有深度的结论。

⒉需要对已完成的资料进行多次审阅，从资料、结构及用语等方面给予调整。3.对于写作过程中遇到的具体难题要多向指导教师请求援助。

下一步的主要研究任务、具体设想与安排在往后的论文写作中主要研究任务是在已完成的基础上给予完善，具体的方法是参阅更多的相关研究文章，尤其是研究较为完整系统的书籍，深度提取其成果。

结合本文的研究方向与思路来引用，其中具体资料包括会计环境研究时遇到的问题的解决对策的问题。针对此问题，需要更加具体的探索。另外，论文的进度方面，在初稿基础上进行修改，争取在六月初完成论文终稿。

范文二：

本毕业设计的主要资料是在实验测量的基础上透过ABAQUS软件选取适合欃胶类超弹性材料的本构模型，在这段时里已完成工作及进展、存在的问题及解决措施、后期工作安排如下:

一、已完成工作及进展：

1、学会透过学校网站检索课题相关的文章，查找并阅读欃胶类超弹性材料本构模型的相关文献，了解课题的研究背景与好处。

2、在导师的指导下学习有限元软件ABAQUS，完成基础算例，然后根据已有的欃胶单轴压缩实验建立有限元模型，将实验数据导入ABAQUS模型中进行拟合评估，从而最终确定适宜的本构模型并计算出相应参数。

3、完成与毕业设计相关的英文文献翻译。透过对文献的翻译，对数字影像分析法有了初步的认识。

二、存在的问题与解决措施：

透过对ABAQUS软件的学习，使自我对超弹性材料的本构有了更加深入的学习，但此刻还存在对软件使用不熟练、独立处理问题不强等问题。在以后的毕设进程中必须加强学习，并独立自主并熟练使用ABAQUS软件。

三、下一步工作安排：

第八、九周：对论文格式，注意事项进行学习，然后编写并生成论文初稿，让指导教师审阅。第十、十一周：根据导师指点修改论文，并透过导师审核通，最终生成答辩前的最终毕业论文。

范文三：

1.收集和整理资料，参阅部分收集到的资料，对论文命题有了初步的认识。

2.完成开题报告,并透过指导教师和论文开题答辩小组审查。

3.查找与阅读论文相关的适宜的英文文献，对其进行翻译并完成。

4.寻找实习单位，进行为期一个月的实习，实习资料涉及社会实践和与论文相关的实地研究。

5.实习期间写下实习周记，在实习结束后完成实习报告。

6.透过文献研究和实践研究，对论文命题有了较为全面的理解后，结合前人的研究成果，完成论文初稿的撰写。

↓↓↓点击获取更多"论文"相关内容↓↓↓

★ 优秀论文题目2022 ★

★ 毕业论文答辩发言稿 ★

★ 毕业论文答辩致谢词 ★

★ 大学毕业论文评语 ★

学专班姓学

院:业:级:名:号:

指导教师:

一、工作任务的进展情况

1.开题报告结束后,张老师给我们开了有关中期准备工作的见面会,简要指导了我们接下来的任务;2.金相试样的制备

(1)金相检验是研究金属及合金内部组织的重要方法之一,为了在金相显微镜下正确有效地观察到内部显微组织,就需制备能用于微观检验的样品--金相试样,也可称之为磨片.金相试样制备的主要程序为:取样—磨光—抛光一浸蚀等.(2)取样原则:手工用金相显微镜对金属的一小部分进行金相研究,其成功与否,可以说首先取决手工用金相显微镜对金属的一小部分进行金相研究,其成功与否,可以说首先取决所取试样有无代表性.在一般情况下,研究金属及合金显微组织的金相试样应从材料或零件在使用中最重要的部位截取;或是偏析、夹杂等缺陷最严重的部位截取.在分析失效原因时,则应在失效的地方与完整的部位分别截取试样,以探究其失效的原因.对于生长较长裂纹的部件,则应在裂纹发源处、扩展处、裂纹尾部分别取样,以分析裂纹产生的原因.研究热处理后的零件时,因组织较均匀,可任选一断面试样.若研究氧化、脱碳、表面处理(如渗碳)的情况,则应在横断面(3)试样的截取:手工无论采取何种截取方法截取试样,都必须保证不使试样观察面的金相组织发生变化.软材料可用锯、车、刨等方法切取;硬材料可用水冷砂轮切片机、电火花切割等方法切取;硬而脆的材料(如白口铸铁),也可用锤击法获取.对于要测量表面处理层深的试样,要注意切割面与渗层面垂直.研究轧制材料时,如研究夹杂物的形状、类型、材料的变形程度、晶粒拉长的程度、带状组织等,应在平行于轧制方向上截取纵向试样;如研究材料表层的缺陷、非金属夹杂物的分布,应在垂直轧制方向上截取横向试样.金相试样较理想的形状是圆柱形和正方柱体.以具体情况而定.一般可取高为10～15mm,直径φ1o～15mm;方形试样边长为10～15mm为宜.在实际工作中,由于被检材料和零件的品种极多,要在材料和零件上截取理想的形状与尺寸有一定的困难,一般可按实际情况决定.但是以试样的高度为其直径或边长的一半为宜,形状与大小以便于握在手中磨制为原则(4)试样打磨:手工磨光的目的是要能得到一个平整的磨面,这种磨面上还留有极细的磨痕,这将在以后的抛光过程中消除.磨光工序又可分为粗磨和细磨两步.

粗磨:手工对于软材料可用锉刀锉平,一般材料都用砂轮机磨平.操作时应利用砂轮侧面,以保证试样磨平.要注意接触压力不宜过大同时要不断用水冷却,防止温度升高造成内部的组织发生变化.最后倒角时防止细磨时划破砂纸.但对需要观察脱碳、渗碳等表面层情况的试样不能倒角,有时还要采用电镀敷盖来防止这些试样边缘倒角.粗磨完成后,凡不作表面层金相检验的棱边都应倒成小圆弧,以免

在以后的工序过程中会将砂纸或抛光物拉裂.甚至还可能会被抛光物钩住而被抛飞出外,造成事故.

细磨:手工细磨的目的是消除粗磨遗留下来的深而粗的磨痕,为抛光作准备.细磨本身包括多道操作,即在各号砂纸上从粗到细顺序进行.手工细磨的磨削工具是砂纸.按照磨料颗粒粗细尺寸砂纸分为各种规格,分别编号.手工手工磨光法是把使用放在垫有平玻璃板或平铁板的金相砂纸上进行推磨.为了保证试样试面平整而不产生弧形,在磨面上所施力应力求均衡,磨面与砂纸完全接触.同时磨削应循单方向进行,向前推行时进行磨削,回程时把试样提离砂纸.细磨时一般依次从0号(w40)开始,逐一换细一号的砂纸推磨,一般钢铁试样磨到04号砂纸,软材料如铝、镁等合金可磨到05号砂纸.每换下一号细砂纸时,应将试样和手冲洗干净,并将下面垫的玻璃板擦干净,谨防粗砂粒掉入细砂纸上,同时磨面方向应旋转90°,以便观察上次磨痕是否磨掉.在细磨较软的金相试样时,如铝、镁、铜等有色金属是应该在砂纸上涂一层润滑剂,可防止砂粒嵌入软金属材料内,同时减少表面撕损现象.常用的润滑剂有机油、石蜡、汽油溶液、汽油、皂化水溶液、甘油水溶液.制取的试样:

编号

炉号2j061022j06101

钢种16mndr16mndr

规格mm1260

试样方向横向横向

下屈服强度抗拉强度

382341

536513

伸率

编号

冲击温度-10-20-30-40-50

冲击96422824287945163

冲击2376295

冲击38222223721376137

平均值742222299914844

金相编号101112

备注板边中心1∕4

202122

板边中心1∕4

根据以上数据的顺序绘制冲击性能与温度的变化曲线:

二、未按计划完成工作任务的原因

已完成

三、工作中遇到的问题及改进措施

数据处理,学习了origin数据处理的方法,成功地绘制出了变化曲线.四、下一步工作计划

第9周至第10周抛光,制取要观察试样,照照片,第11周结合变化曲线观察分析16mndr低温压力用钢的力学性能

试样抛光手工抛光的目的是除去金相试样磨面上由细磨留下的磨痕,成为平整无疵的镜面.

尽管抛光是金相试样制备中的最后一道工序并由此而得光滑的镜面,但金相工作者的经验是:在金相试样磨光过程中要多下功夫,因为抛光的作用仅能去除表层很薄一层金属,所以抛光结果在很大程度上取决于前几道工序的质量.有时抛光之前磨面上留有少量几条较深的磨痕,即使增加抛光时间也难以除去,一般必须重新磨光.故抛光之前应仔细检查磨面,是否留有单一方向均匀的细磨痕否则应重新磨光,以免白费时间.这是提高金相试样制备效率的重要环节.

姓名学号院 (系) 土木工程学院学科工程力学与海洋工程导师论文题构多尺度有限元分析与试验研究

中期报告日期 2013年3月26日检查组长签字

研究生院培养处制

1.硕士学位论文中期报告在硕士研究生入学后第三学期末或第四学期初进行; 2.报告经中期报告检查组长签字认可后，交院(系)研究生教学秘书备案;

3.如确实不能按时完成论文工作，需在正常毕业时间的两个月前提出延期申请。

硕士学位论文导师审阅记录

硕士学位论文修改说明

附件1-4

硕士研究生发表论文记录单

附件1-5

硕士学位论文检查小组反馈意见表

一、设计(论文)进展状况

1、经过前期的学习和需求分析，我已经大概掌握了java程序的编写过程，以及java中对于框架的运用，加之对数据库的了解，熟悉了java程序与数据库之间的联系。

2、对系统进行了全面分析，并进行了需求分析和功能模块的设计。对系统与数据库之间的关系进行了系统的分析和设计。对数据库中关于考题表的设计进行了优化。

3、实现了数据库的设计，共有8个数据库表。ExamStu考生考题表。Choose选择体表，JCloze填空题表，estimate确定题表，Jquiz简答题表，choose—an表选择题答案表，Jcloze—an填空题答案表，estimate—an确定题答案表等。

4、已经实现了对不一样类型的考题按难度设置进行抽取，并组合

(1)管理员登录进行考题的录入

(2)管理员对数据库中考题的管理，如删除，修改

(3)学生登录后能够从系统得到一份自动分配的考卷

(4)教师登录后能够看到考生考卷，并进行评阅

(5)对于考生提交的考卷系统能够自动进行相关的打分，如选择题，确定题

5、已完成与专业相关的3000—5000字的外文资料的翻译。

二、存在问题及解决措施

1、存在的问题是：管理员和学生以及教师的权限问题

解决的措施是：根据输入的用户名，密码，到数据库里检索数据，根据该用户的权限值，保存成session，当打开一个新的页面，确定session。

2、存在的问题是：考题随即分配问题

解决的措施是：设计数据库时在各个考题表中设置一个关键字来区别已经选中的考题。

3、存在的问题是：对于考生试卷中确定，填空以及选择题自动比对的问题

解决的措施是：添加了一个答案表，并且设置了一个与之相联系的表的关键字

4、存在的问题是：在数据库设计时，考生考完试后，考生所答试卷不能正确的和考题关联上

解决的措施是：设置主外键进行表与表之间的联系。

5、存在的问题是：系统安全性的问题

解决的措施是：

(1)运用数据库自身的安全管理措施以及windows安全管理措施

(2)在系统资源访问上，增加过滤器验证身份，以到达可靠性。

三、后期工作安排

1、继续完成考生考试过程中关于得到随即分配考题的问题，关于考试过程中考题难度的浮动问题

2、集中测试考题分配问题

3、测试不一样人员的权限问题，不一样身份登录只能看到相应的页面，构成测试报告文档。

4、完善系统的安全性。并进行测试，构成测试报告文档。

5、系统的验收测试，并构成测试报告文档。

6、完成该系统后，在指导教师的指导下，针对本系统的开发，存在的问题

以及对系统开发的经验总结，写出一篇一万五千字左右的论文，作为对所完成毕业设计的.汇报与总结

(1)研究进度安排

川崎病是一种急性、自限性的全身血管炎，好发于5 岁以下婴幼儿。1962 年在日本首次发现，1967年日本学者川崎富作首先报道，此后欧、亚、美、澳洲及南非各地均有报道。由于本病病因未明，临床表现比较复杂，全身多系统均可受累，尤以冠状动脉为甚，在日本和美国已经取代风湿热成为儿童获得性心脏病的最常见疾病，目前已成为最常见的小儿后天性心脏病之一，并可能为成人缺血性心脏病的危险因素之一。近年来， KD 无论在流行病学、病因及发病机制的研究以及临床诊疗上均获得了诸多进展。本论文根据预定的开题报告内容以及进度合理安排，目前已经就相关文献综述以及国内外研究现状进行了分析与总结，为本文的研究奠定了理论基础。

(2)目前已完成的研究工作及结果

本文已经对相关案例进行了预定的选取。本文选取2013年10月-2014年7月在三峡大学仁和医院、宜昌市中心医院及宜昌市二医院就诊的川崎病患儿20例，年龄波动于6月~8岁，平均年龄(±)岁，男：女=2:1。受检对象按入选顺序编号，如第1个入选对象编号为1。诊断标准选用美国心脏病协会制定的川崎病诊断标准：

1)发热持续5天以上，抗生素治疗无效，不能被其他已知疾病所解释;

2)双眼结膜充血(非渗出性);

3)口唇鲜红、皲裂，口唇点膜弥散性充血，杨梅舌;

4)多形性红斑、皮瘆;

5)在急性期有手足硬肿，掌距红斑;在恢复期指(趾)端甲床皮肤移行处有膜状脱皮;

6)急性非化脓性颈淋巴结大，常为单侧，其直径>或更大。

以上标准至少满足5项，可确诊为川崎病，其中1)为必备条件。若患儿不明原因发热超过5天，伴其他诊断标准中的3项，并经二维超声心动图或冠状动脉造影确诊存在冠状动脉扩张或冠状动脉瘤，除外其他疾病，亦可确诊。对于所有患者的一般资料进行了充分的统计，同时在此基础上对患者进行了随机分组，从

三峡大学硕士学位论文中期报告

而为后续的研究奠定基础。

(3)后期拟完成的研究工作及进度安排

后期，本文将首先就检测KD患儿表达CCL5、CCR5的具体细胞。收集KD患儿和正常对照组外周血 3- 4 ml，PBMC分离：无菌肝素钠抗凝血 3- 4ml，经Ficoll

密度梯度离心法分离提取外周血单个核细胞( PBMCs)。同时在分析以及检测的基

础之上，对结果进行分析包括：

1)明确CCL5、CCR5分别在外周血PBMC中的具体表达细胞;

2)对于活化前后的T细胞，CCL5、CCR5的表达水平有何变化;

3)找到CCL5、CCR5之间在川崎病患儿中表达的联系。

经过上述比较，研究CCL5与CCR5在川崎病患儿外周血中的表达变化，从而为川崎病发病机制和治疗手段提供新的思路。研究结果如下表所示：

表1 趋化因子CCL5对T细胞趋化性影响

视野0 10 20 50 100 300 500

①21 50 88 57 60 52 33

②26 45 82 57 60 36 36

③12 44 43 14 32 60 61

④40 76 55 69 61 57 66

⑤19 55 63 29 53 43 50

⑥14 55 76 23 40 46 53

⑦17 35 59 41 55 30 30

⑧9 33 47 65 32 38 47

⑨13 14 25 20 30 36 29

合计171 407 538 375 423 398 405

平均数/视野± ± ± ± ± ± ±

表2 CCR5阻断剂对T细胞趋化性影响

视野0 10 50 100 200

①50 30 18 13 10

②38 23 13 12 9

③44 19 12 5 5

④72 25 17 5 7

⑤78 27 9 7 9

合计282 124 69 42 40 平均数/视野± ± ± ± ±

通过对趋化因子CCL5/ CCR5对T细胞趋化性影响，我们的实验结论如下:

1、趋化因子受体CCL5/ CCR5在川崎病患儿外周血中高表达，提示他们可能与川崎病患儿外周血的发生和发展密切相关，另外，受体CCRS可能是川崎病标志物之一。

2、趋化因子受体CCL5在川崎病患儿外周细胞中有明确表达，且为功能性受体。

十浓度呈现明显的

3、在实验组中加入趋化因子CCLS后SACC-83细胞内的Ca

瞬时上升现象(见图1)，而利用受体CCRS阻断剂Maraviroc和CCRSmAb将细胞表

十浓度无明显的波动变化(见图面的受体CCRS阻断后，跟踪监测发现细胞内的Ca

1)。

4、趋化因子CCLS与其受体CCRS结合后，对川崎病患儿外周细胞的运动性、侵袭性、趋化性和增殖效应均产生了促进作用，其机理可能是CCL5/ CCR5生物轴通过引起细胞内钙离子浓度的改变，启动了癌细胞内钙离子相关的信号。

(4)存在的困难与问题

趋化因子(chemokines)是细胞因子超家族中的成员之一，是一类对细胞具有定向趋化吸引作用的小分子蛋白质，它可以定向吸引免疫细胞参与免疫应答和免疫病理过程[12]。到目前为止，至少有50种趋化因子被发现，其由70-125个氨基酸组成，分子量在8-11KD不等。大多数趋化因子含有4个保守的半胱氨酸形成的两个特征性的二硫键，故其有很相似的高级结构，C端为α螺旋，N 端不规则，有比较高的生物学活性，与受体相结合。

趋化因子首先作为趋化性介质被发现，但随着对趋化因子研究的深入，现在已经认识到趋化因子不但对白细胞具有趋化作用，而且在免疫细胞和器官的发育、免疫应答过程、炎症反应、病原体感染、创伤修复及肿瘤形成和转移等方面发挥广泛的生理和病理作用〔14-16〕。随着近年来对趋化因子及其受体研究的深入，国内外众多学者均已发现其二者结合在自身免疫性疾病中对T细胞的募集及趋化进行作用，并将相应T细胞聚集至靶器官发生组织器官损伤。Wenzel等在研究系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)时发现CXCL10及其受体CXCR3的结合可定向招募细胞毒性T 细胞进入靶器官最终造成皮肤损害;Barone 等研究表明，干燥综合征(SS)患者泪腺角膜上皮细胞CXCL9、CXCL10、CXCL11及受体CXCR3 表达均升高;Goulvestre 等通过对甲状腺组织中表达的细胞因子和相应趋化因子研究，得出CCL21、CXCL12、CXCL13、CCL22在自身免疫性甲状腺疾病(AITD)患者的甲状腺组织中的表达增加，其中自身免疫性疾病甲状腺组织中有异位二级淋巴滤泡形成的CXCL12、

三峡大学硕士学位论文中期报告

CXCL13、CCL22的表达显著增加。目前对于趋化因子及其受体的研究点在于趋

化因子在自身免疫性疾病中所起的募集、趋化T细胞至靶器官的作用，但其在川崎病中的具体作用研究尚不多，目前的研究对于趋化因子CCL5及其受体CCR5在川崎病中的表达及意义研究较少，缺乏相关文献的支持以及数据的保障，同时本文研究的内容以及提取方法相对复杂。由此要求研究中必须要花费更多的精力以及时间以保证研究结果的合理性与准确性，同时也需要进一步进行文献的搜集与整理，特别是对于国外文献的搜集与调查，从而为本文的研究奠定基础。

(5)如期完成全部论文工作的可能性。

目前，已经采集了部分研究对象资料，并进行了相对应的分组及采血。同时，国内学者已进行过CCL5、CCR5在其他疾病中的表达研究，可提供相应的研究方法及路线参考。而笔者的前期预实验已分离出PBMC并成功进行了T细胞的活化增殖。因此，后续能够按照最初的进度完成论文工作，并且保证研究质量以及结论的准确性。

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