威廉华兹华斯论文文献

fox_abbey朋友，你好。以下分别是英国诗人威廉·华兹华斯、英国湖畔派诗人、以及自由诗相关资料，希望这些资料能够对你写论文有所帮助。首先是威廉·华兹华斯的相关资料：威廉·华兹华斯（1770～1850）英国诗人，与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。华兹华斯生于律师之家，少孤，就学于剑桥大学，1790年和1791年两次赴法。当时正是法国大革命的年代，年轻的华兹华斯对革命深表同情与向往。回国后不久，局势剧变，华兹华斯对法国大革命的态度渐趋保守，最后，终于成为安享“桂冠诗人”称号的保守派。华兹华斯的诗以描写自然风光、田园景色、乡民村姑、少男少女闻名于世。文笔朴素清新，自然流畅，一反新古典主义平板、典雅的风格，开创了新鲜活泼的浪漫主义诗风。1798年华兹华斯与柯尔律治共同发表的《抒情歌谣集》宣告了浪漫主义新诗的诞生。华兹华斯在1800年《抒情歌谣集》第二版的序言中详细阐述了浪漫主义新诗的理论，主张以平民的语言抒写平民的事物、思想与感情，被誉为浪漫主义诗歌的宣言。此后，华兹华斯的诗歌在深度与广度方面得到进一步的发展，在描写自然风光、平民事物之中寓有深意，寄托着自我反思和人生探索的哲理思维。完成于1805年、发表于1850年的长诗《序曲》则是他最具有代表性的作品。华兹华斯诗才最旺盛的时期是1797至1807年的10年。其后佳作不多，到1843年被任命为“桂冠诗人”时已经没有什么作品了。然而纵观他的一生，其诗歌成就是突出的，不愧为继莎士比亚、弥尔顿之后的一代大家。其次是英国“湖畔派”的相关资料：湖畔派诗人 是指十九世纪英国浪漫主义运动中较早产生的一个流派。主要代表有华兹华斯(1770-1850)、柯勒律治(1772-1834)和骚塞(1774-1843)。由于他们三人曾一同隐居于英国西北部的昆布兰湖区，先后在格拉斯米尔和文德美尔两个湖畔居住，以诗赞美湖光山色，所以有“湖畔派诗人"之称。英国浪漫主义运动的开端，是以华兹华斯和柯勒律治在一七九八年出版的《抒情歌谣集》为标志的。华兹华斯于一八OO年在诗集再版时撰写的《序言》，成为英国浪漫主义向古典主义宣战的一篇艺术纲领。由于他们对古典主义传统法则的反抗，宣扬浪漫主义的艺术方法，故又将湖畔派诗人称为“浪漫派的反抗”。湖畔派诗人起初都同情法国革命，随着革命的深入，由害怕革命而退却，进而逃避现实，迷恋过去，美化中世纪的宗法制，幻想从古老的封建社会中去寻找精神的安慰与寄托。骚塞和华兹华斯曾先后被敕封为桂冠诗人，其中骚塞甚至公开与青年诗人拜伦、雪莱为敌。当湖畔派诗人的消极倾向日益明显的时候，青年诗人拜伦、雪莱开始登上文坛，向湖畔派诗人展开论争。拜伦在一八O九年完成的讽刺长诗《英格兰诗人和苏格兰评论家》中，不仅回答了消极浪漫主义者操纵的刊物《爱丁堡评论》对拜伦诗作的攻击，而且还严厉地谴责了湖畔派诗人的消极倾向。由于他们敢于向湖畔派诗人作斗争，因而被英国绅土们斥之为撒旦(恶魔)，所以文学史上称拜伦、雪莱和济慈为“撒旦派”。一般说，湖畔派诗人代表消极浪漫主义倾向，撒旦派代表积极浪漫主义精神。虽然湖畔派诗人在与古典主义的斗争中有过贡献，在诗歌的艺术上有较深的造诣，但其历史地位远不及撒旦派重要。最后则是自由诗相关资料：自由诗是白话文学领域中的先行者，它的产生可以看作是五四新文学和五四文学革命开端的标志。五四运动前旧体诗词的腐朽最为明显，反映在思想内容上无病呻吟言之无物；在形式上又死死坚守着陈腐不变的格律。为此，胡适明确指出：形式上的束缚，使精神不能自由发展，使良好的内容不能充分表现......五七言八句的律诗决不能容丰富的材料，28字的绝句决不能写精密的观察，长短一定的七言五言决不能委婉表达出高深的理想和复杂的感情。......近来的新诗发生，不但打破七言五言的诗体，并且推翻词调曲谱的种种束缚，不拘格律，不拘平仄，不拘长短，有什么题目，做什么诗，诗该怎么做就怎么做（胡适《谈新诗》）。这一主张，成为后来白话新诗创作的经典理论。自由诗从旧式诗词格律的镣铐里脱胎而出，在体式、音节、语言方面力求解放，显示出新的特色：首先是破除僵化陈腐文言，以白话加入诗行。尤其是提倡以接近大众口语的简洁亲切的俗字俗语取代文言的艰涩滥调，实写社会状况，表现真挚的感情和崭新的思想。其次是在音节韵律上破除旧体诗词的声韵、格律平仄，废除骈偶典故等僵化的束缚，讲究切合自然音乐而不必拘于音韵（康白情《新诗之我见》），诗歌的声气音节轻重缓急、抑扬顿挫只求合乎诗人自身情绪感兴的自然消涨和语气的自然节奏。另外，在体式上有意追求一种无拘无束自由自在的表达方式。不为格律音韵所束缚，毫无顾忌的倾吐心里的东西，诗既不分行也不押韵，即使分节分行也完全按照作品内容而随意排列，以此形成了自由诗艺术形式上的主要特点。自由诗在思想内容上最引人注目的特点，便是对被压迫被奴役的下层工农劳动者的悲惨命运，表现出深切的同情和关怀。前所未有的以大量篇幅，展现了他们现实人生的苦难，以此来揭示旧社会贫富尖锐对立和封建专制的本质特征。另一显著特点是在反封建专制种种旧传统旧观念的精神禁锢和束缚的主题上更多地寄寓着渴求个性自由解放、独立不阿的意义。这一特点又集中地体现在以汪静之和冯至为代表的爱情婚姻题材的自由诗创作中。他们赤裸裸地表述男女青年在恋爱上的欲望和要求，毫无拘束地自由放肆地歌唱自己的青春爱情，清澈见底地倾吐和展露五四青年不受传统道德观念束缚的内心深处的自由向往和个性解放要求，表现出一种蔑视旧礼教的叛逆姿态和对婚姻对自由的如火如荼的热切向往，真正地显示出五四要求个性自我解放的时代主题。自由诗中也有一些赞美劳动意义，歌颂劳动人民优良品质，抒写对理想社会和光明前景憧憬的作品，这些作品尤为可贵的思想特征是往往在赞美的文字里透露出反封建的主题和乐观明朗积极进取的倾向，体现出新的时代精神。还有相当数量的写景抒情短诗，诸如冰心、宗白华的那些诗意幽美的小诗，虽然不如揭示劳苦大众悲惨命运和歌唱追求爱情自由反叛封建旧礼教的诗篇深刻动人，但它们开掘和探索人生的意义，并由此展示出这方面的苦恼迷惘感伤和愤懑，同样映照出时代的投影，并且在思想感情的表现上尤为真挚细腻新颖，显得别有意味。自由诗的不足也非常明显：一方面诗的语言和形式自由自在地开放缺乏应有的约束，自由成章，语风散漫，总显得平铺直叙，一览无余。这种过分直露和明快的毛病不仅使诗作本身缺乏应有的意境和充沛深刻的感情，也从整体的构成上丧失了诗歌的美感，并且损害了在冲破旧体诗词镣铐的基础上兴起和发展起来的白话新诗的信誉和地位。另一方面以太多太盛的说理入诗，使理念多于情感，这亦反映出诗人体验生活的肤浅和对诗歌抒情特点的幼稚把握。与此相联系的是，那些描述社会人生苦难生活的诗作的写实手法也较肤浅，多以旁观姿态和一些生活表象的罗列堆集手法，因而缺乏对现实社会的细致观察和更深刻的分析，这些都是自由诗的通病。

William Wordsworth (1770-1850) British poet, who spent his life in the Lake District of Northern England. William Wordsworth started with Samuel Taylor Coleridge the English Romantic movement with their collection LYRICAL BALLADS in 1798. When many poets still wrote about ancient heroes in grandiloquent style, Wordsworth focused on the nature, children, the poor, common people, and used ordinary words to express his personal feelings. His definition of poetry as "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings arising from "emotion recollected in tranquillity" was shared by a number of his followers. "Poetry is the breath and finer spirit of all knowledge; it is the impassioned expression which is in the countenance of all Science." (from Lyrical Ballads, 2nd ed., 1800) William Wordsworth was born in Cockermouth, Cumberland, in the Lake District. His father was John Wordsworth, Sir James Lowther's attorney - the fifth Baronet Lowther was the most feared and hated aristocrat in all of Cumberland and Westmoreland, "an Intolerable Tyrant over his Tenants and Dependents". However, the magnificent landscape deeply affected Wordsworth's imagination and gave him a love of nature. He lost his mother when he was eight and five years later his father. The domestic problems separated Wordsworth from his beloved and neurotic sister Dorothy, who was a very important person in his life. Dorothy had especially fresh contact to nature from a very early age. Her thoughts and impression were a valuable source of inspiration for her brother, who also introduced himself as Nature's child. The first time she saw the sea, she burst into tears, "indicating the sensibility for which she was so remarkable," Wordsworth remembered. With the help of his two uncles, Wordsworth entered a local school and continued his studies at Cambridge University. As a writer Wordsworth made his debut in 1787, when he published a sonnet in The European Magazine. In that same year he entered St. John's College, Cambridge, from where he took his B.A. in 1791. During a summer vacation in 1790, Wordsworth went on a walking tour through revolutionary France. He also traveled in Switzerland. On his second journey in France, Wordsworth had an affair with a French girl, Annette Vallon, a daughter of a barber-surgeon, by whom he had a illegitimate daughter Anne Caroline. The affair was basis of the poem 'Vaudracour and Julia', but otherwise Wordsworth did his best to hide the affair from posterity. After his journeys, Wordsworth spent several aimless and unhappy years. In 1795 he met Coleridge. Wordsworth's financial situation became better in 1795 when he received a legacy and was able to settle at Racedown, Dorset, with his sister Dorothy. Encouraged by Coleridge and stimulated by the close contact with nature, Wordsworth composed his first masterwork, Lyrical Ballads, which opened with Coleridge's 'Ancient Mariner.' About 1798 he started to write a large and philosophical autobiographical poem, completed in 1805, and published posthumously in 1850 under the title THE PRELUDE. The long work described the poet's love of nature and his own place in the world order. "Dust as we are, the immortal spirit grows Like harmony in music; there is a dark Inscrutable workmanship that reconciles Discordant elements, makes them cling together In one society." The winter 1798-99 Wordsworth spent with his sister and Coleridge in Germany. There he wrote several works, including the enigmatic 'Lucy' poems. After return he moved Dove Cottage, Grasmere. In 1802 married Mary Hutchinson. They cared for Wordsworth's sister Dorothy for the last 20 years of life - she had lost her mind as a result of physical ailments. Almost all Dorothy's memory was destroyed, she sat by the fire, and occasionally recited her brother's verses. Wordsworth's second collection, POEMS, IN TWO VOLUMES, appeared in 1807. In the same year Thomas de Quincey met first time Wordsworth and wrote about him and other Lake Poets in several essays. He described revealingly Wordsworth's mean appearance and Dorothy's lack of sex appeal. The frankness of his text, although published in the 1830s and 1840s, was considered indiscreet by later Victorian critics. "... Wordsworth was of a good height (five feet ten), and not a slender man; on the contrary, by the side of Southey, his limbs looked thick, almost in a disproportionate degree. But the total effect of Wordsworth's person was always worst in a state of motion. Meantime, his face - that was one which would have made amends for greater defects of figure." (from Reminiscenes of the English Lake Poets by Thomas de Quincey, 1907)Wordsworth's path-breaking works were produced between 1797 and 1808. In a letter to Lady Beaumont he said: "Every great and original writer, in proportion as he is great and original, must himself create the taste by which he is to be relished." His poems written during middle and late years have not gained similar critical approval. Wordsworth's Grasmere period ended in 1813 when he moved to Rydal Mount, Ambleside, where he spent the rest of his life. His daughter Catherine and beloved son Thomas had died and his friendship with Coleridge, suffering from addiction, was breaking apart. Coleridge did not visit Grasmere, although he had made a trip to the Lake District. Wordsworth was appointed official distributor of stamps for Westmoreland. From the age of 50 his creative began to decline, but tree female assistants took care of him, and filled his life with admiration. Wordsworth abandoned his radical faith and became a patriotic, conservative public man. In 1843 he succeeded Robert Southgey (1774-1843) as England's poet laureate. Wordsworth died on April 23, 1850. The second generation of Romantics, Byron and Shelley, considered him 'dull.' Later the philosopher Bertrand Russell summed up the poet's career: "In his youth Wordsworth sympathized with the French Revolution, went to France, wrote good poetry, and had a natural daughter. At this period he was called a 'bad' man. Then he became 'good,' abandoned his daughter, adopted correct principles, and wrote bad poetry." Dorothy Wordsworth (1771-1855) published travel books and journals, such as GRASMERE JOURNALS 1800-03 and THE ALFOXDEN JOURNAL 1798, in which she described the friendship of Wordsworth and Coleridge. After a serious illness in 1829, she was obliged to lead the life of an invalid, which deeply affected her imaginative and mental powers. For further reading: The Hidden Wordsworth by Kenneth R. Johnston (2001); 1798: The Year of the Lyrical Ballads, ed. by Richard Cronin (1998); The Revolutionary 'I' by Ashton Nichols (1998); Disowned by Memory by David Bromwich (1998); The Hidden Wordsworth by Kenneth R. Johnston (1998); William Wordsworth: A Biography by Hunter Davies (paperback in 1997); William Wordsworth by John Williams (1996); Becoming Wordsworthian by Elisabeth A. Fray (1995); A Literary Guide to the Lake District by G. Lindop (1993); Wordsworth and the Beginnings of Modern Poetry by R.M. Rehder (1981); Wordsworth's Second Nature by J.K. Chandler (1984); A Wordsworth Companion by F.B. Pinion (1984); Life by M. Moorman (1957/1965); Wordsworth and the Human Heart by J. Beer (1978); Reminiscences of the English Lake Poets by Thomas de Quincey (1907) - See also: WALTER DE LA MARE - Museums: Dove Cottage, Town End, Grasmere - former home of William and Mary Wordsworth, closed mid-January to mid-February; Rydal Mount, Ambleside - Wordsworth lived there from 1813 to 1850. Still a family house of his descendants. Closed Tuesdays 1 November to 28 February, and in January; Wordsworth House, open April to October - Suom. Wordsworth: Runoja, 1949 - suom. Aale Tynni, Yrjö Jylhä, Lauri Viljanen Selected works:AN EVENING WALK, 1793 DESCRIPTIVE SKETCHES, 1793 THE BORDERS, 1795-96 LYRICAL BALLADS, 1798 (with Coleridge) LINES WRITTEN ABOVE TINTERN ABBEY, 1798 UPON WESTMINSTER BRIDGE, 1801 ON POETIC DICTION, 1802 INTIMATIONS OF IMMORTALITY, 1803-06 POEMS I-II, 1807 MISCELLANEOUS SONNETS, 1807 TRACT ON THE CONVENTION OF CINTRA, 1809 ESSAY UPON EPITAPHS, 1810 THE EXCURSION, 1814 THE WHITE DOE OF RYLSTONE, 1815 PETER BELL, 1819 THE WAGGONER, 1819 THE RIVER DUDDON, 1820 MEMORIALS OF A TOUR ON THE CONTINENT, 1822 ECCLESIASTICAL SKETCHES, 1822 YARROW REVISITED, 1835 THE PRELUDE, OR GROWTH OF A POET'S MIND, 1850 THE RECLUSE, 1888 PROSE WORKS, 1896 THE POETICAL WORKS, 1940-49 SELECTED POEMS, 1959 LITERARY CRITICISM, 1966 LETTERS OF DOROTHY AND WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, 1967 LETTERS OF THE WORDSWORTH FAMILY, 1969 COMPLETE POETICAL WORKS, 1971 PROSE WORKS, 1974 POEMS, 1977 THE LOVE LETTERS OF WILLIAM AND MARY WORDSWORTH, 1981 THE FIVE-BOOK PRELUDE, 1997 (ed. by Duncan Wu) SELECTED CRITICAL ESSAYS, 1999 (ed. by G.W. Meyer)

他是我很喜欢的诗人呢 给你介绍吧~威廉 华兹华斯（1770～1850）Wordsworth，William英国浪漫主义诗人。1770年4月7日生于北部昆布兰郡科克茅斯的一个律师之家，1850年4月23日卒于里多蒙特。8岁丧母。5年后，父亲又离开了他。亲友送他到家乡附近的寄宿学校读书。1787年进剑桥大学，曾在1790年、1791年两次访问法国。其间与法国姑娘阿内特·瓦隆恋爱，生有一女。1795年从一位朋友那里接受了一笔遗赠年金，他的生活有了保障，也有了实现回归大自然夙愿的可能，便同妹妹多萝西移居乡间。1797年同诗人柯尔律治相识，翌年两人共同出版《抒情歌谣集》。1798～1799年间与柯尔律治一同到德国游历，在那里创作了《采干果》、《露斯》和组诗《露西》，并开始创作自传体长诗《序曲》。1802年与玛丽·哈钦森结婚。此时开始关注人类精神在与大自然交流中得到的升华，并且发现这一主题与传统的宗教观实际上并行不悖，因此重新皈依宗教。同时，在政治上日渐保守。华兹华斯诗歌创作的黄金时期在1797～1807年。随着声誉逐渐上升，他的创作逐渐走向衰退。到了1830年，他的成就已得到普遍承认，1843年被封为英国桂冠诗人。由于他与柯尔律治等诗人常居住在英国西北部多山的湖区，1807年10月的《爱丁堡评论》杂志称他们是湖畔派的代表诗人。18世纪末、19世纪初在英国西北部的湖畔有一些诗人聚集，其诗作多描写湖区，故称他们为“湖畔派”。早期诗歌《晚步》和《素描集》中，对大自然的描写基本上未超出18世纪的传统。然而，从《抒情歌谣集》开始，一反18世纪的诗风，将一种崭新的风格带到诗歌创作中，开创了英国文学史上浪漫主义诗歌的新时代。他为《抒情歌谣集》的再版所写的序言被认为是浪漫主义文学的宣言。他的作品还有《不朽的征兆》以及由《序曲》和《漫游》两部分组成的哲理性长诗《隐者》等。1770年4月7日，威廉·华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）出生在英国坎伯兰郡的考克茅斯。华兹华斯排行第二，上有一个哥哥，下有一个妹妹和两个弟弟。其父是个律师。华兹华斯8岁丧母，13岁丧父，少年时期一直在几家亲戚的监护之下，住在寄宿学校中，与兄弟姐妹们分开生活。五个孩子从父亲那里继承的遗产主要是对一位贵族的8500镑的债权。但这贵族在1802年去世之前，一直不愿偿还这笔钱，可以说，华兹华斯青少年时期的生活是十分贫寒的。但是他生活地区的美丽自然风光，疗救和补偿了他在物质与亲情上的缺失，因而华兹华斯的对早年的回忆并不觉得贫苦。他对自然有着“虔诚的爱”，将自然看成是自己的精神家园。受学校老师的影响，开始写诗。华兹华斯的第一首诗歌完成于1784年。--------------------------------------------------------------------------------1787年他进入剑桥大学圣约翰学院学习，熟读了希腊拉丁文学，学习意大利文、法文和西班牙文。1790年和1791年两次赴法。当时正是法国大革命的年代，年轻的华兹华斯对革命深表同情与向往。回国后不久，局势剧变，华兹华斯对法国大革命感到失望。1795年，他和妹妹多萝茜以及诗人柯勒律治居住在北部山地的湖区，并在此消磨了一生。1798年华兹华斯与柯勒律治共同发表了《抒情歌谣集》，1800年这部诗集再版时华兹华斯写了序言。《抒情歌谣集》出版时，华兹华斯并未受到重视，《序言》出版后，更遭到批评家的反对。1807年他的两卷集出版时仍受到批评界的攻击。但从19世纪初叶起，他在诗歌上的成就逐渐得到承认，激进派诗人如利·亨特也称他为颂扬大自然的新型诗歌的开创者和领袖，说他的诗取代了18世纪矫揉造作的诗风。人们认为《抒情歌谣集》宣告了浪漫主义新诗的诞生。在艺术上华兹华斯对雪莱、拜伦和济慈都有影响。1843年被封为英国“桂冠诗人”，为宫廷写了不少应景诗，艺术成就大不如前。1850 年4月23日去世。增加部分：The poet Robert Southey as well as Coleridge lived nearby, and the three maen became known as“Lake Poets”.骚塞，柯勒律治也居住在同一地城，三人并称为“湖畔诗人”