外国人评论医学杂志的文章

人食五谷杂粮，总会有生病的时候，这时医学就显得尤为重要。下面是我带来的关于医学方面的英语 文章 ，欢迎阅读!

关于医学方面的英语文章

Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 is one of the most acclaimed novels of the twentieth century. It is a black comedy about life in the military during World War II. It features bombardier John Yossarian, who is trying to survive the military’s inexhaustible supply of bureaucracy and who is frantically trying to do anything to avoid killing and being killed. Heller was able to use his own experiences in the Air Force during World War II to create this character and the novel.

Even though Catch-22 eventually became known as a great novel, it was not originally considered one. When it was first published in 1961, the reviews were tepid and the sales were lackluster. It was not well received at this point at least in part because it presented such a cowardly protagonist at a time when World War II veterans were being lauded for their selfless courage.

Within a few years of the release of the book, as an unpopular war in Southeast Asia was heating up, Heller’s Catch-22 found a new audience eager to enjoy the exploits of Heller’s war-averse protagonist. It was within the framework of this era that Catch-22 was newly discovered, newly examined, and newly credited as one of the century’s best novels.

Let me talk a bit about the expression catch-22. Do you understand what a catch-22 is? This expression is so well known now that it has entered the American lexicon: well, a catch-22 is a situation that is unresolvable, one where there is no good choice, not best path to take.

In Heller’s novel, the catch-22 is a very specific catch in a very specific situation. The situation in which the protagonist found himself was that he wanted to get out of combat by declaring himself insane. So you see that in this situation, there was a very specific catch. In American culture now, though, this expression is used more generally. It refers to any situation where there’s a catch, where there’s no solution, where there’s no way out.

One more bit of information about the expression catch-22, about the number 22 in the expression. This number doesn’t have any real meaning; it just signifies one in a long line of catches. Heller really could have used any number; it didn’t have to be 22. When Heller was first writing the book, he used the number 14; the book was originally titled Catch-14. Then, in the production process, the number was changed to 18, so the title was Catch-18. But then there was a problem with the number 18 because there was another book with 18 in the title, so Heller’s title became Catch-22.

Hemophilia is a condition in which the blood either clots slowly or fails to clot at all. Most people who get a little cut on a finger can put a bandage on the cut, and the cut on the finger will heal because the blood will clot. A blood clot forms from the polymerization of protein fibers that circulate in the blood. A number of protein factors take part in the process, and it is necessary for all of the protein factors to function correctly for blood to clot. Hemophilia exists when any of the factors is either missing or not functioning.

The most common kinds of hemophilia are hemophilia A (or classic hemophilia) and hemophilia B (or Christmas hemophilia), which was named after the first person known to have contracted it. Hemophilia A occurs when clotting factor 8 is not functioning properly; 85% of those who suffer from hemophilia have hemophilia type A. Hemophilia B occurs when factor 9 is not functioning properly; almost all of the rest of those who suffer from hemophilia have hemophilia B.

Hemophilia is generally passed from mother to son, though sometimes it seems to develop spontaneously in some women. Women carry recessive gene but do not generally develop the disease. A mother who carries the defective gene may or may not pass it on to her children. If a mother passes the defective gene to a daughter, the daughter will carry the gene but will most likely not develop the disease. If a mother passes the defective gene to a son, then the son will most likely develop the disease.

Probably the most famous case of hemophilia is often called Royal hemophilia. In this case, Queen Victoria of England, who lived from 1819-1901, was a carrier of the mutating factor 8 that leads to hemophilia type A. Queen Victoria may have inherited the mutated gene from one of her parents, though there is no sign of the mutated gene in the families of Victoria’s parents up to that time that she was born. The mutated factor 8 may also have mutated spontaneously in Victoria, as seems to happen sometimes.

However Victoria came to be a carrier of the gene with the mutated factor, she unfortunately passed it on to some of her children. She had nine children, and three of them, her daughters Alice and Beatrice and her son Leopold, received the mutated gene from their mother. Victoria’s daughters then intermarried with other royal houses of Europe and carried the disease with them. Through Queen Victoria’s daughter Beatrice, the disease was carried into the royal family of Spain. Through Queen Victoria’s daughter Alice, the disease was introduced into the royal families of Austria and Russia, though the disease no longer exists in the Russian family because Victoria’s granddaughter Alexandra and her children were all killed during the Russian revolution.

2022年11月24日，国际医学期刊《柳叶刀》编辑部对原湖北省武汉市金银潭医院院长张定宇、中国医学科学院北京协和医学院副院校长王健伟教授、中日友好医院副院长曹彬教授等人关于“新冠肺炎对患者健康的长期影响”的一篇研究论文发表关注声明。该论文披露了对2020年1月7日至5月29日期间自武汉市金银潭医院出院的1733例患者，在当年6月至9月期间完成的集中随访的研究结果。该论文发现，超过四分之三的COVID-19患者报告了发病6个月后仍有至少一个症状，比如疲劳或肌肉无力。《柳叶刀》编辑部上述关注声明称，《柳叶刀》编辑部在询问通讯作者后，于2022年11月7日被告知，涉事论文中使用的“数据集中的一些变量被错误地打乱了顺序”。“鉴于这些数据错误的程度，我们现在对‘6个月’论文发表关注声明，同时将进一步调查，包括对更正后数据的进一步统计和临床审查。”2022年11月24日，国际医学期刊《柳叶刀》编辑部发布的关注声明涉事论文的标题是《新冠肺炎出院患者的6个月临床结局：一项队列研究》，于2021年1月8日在线发表在《柳叶刀》上。该论文标明，曹彬、张定宇和王健伟贡献相同。曹彬为论文中标注的通讯作者。其中，曹彬的署名单位包括中日友好医院、呼吸与危重症医学科、国家呼吸疾病临床医学研究中心、国家呼吸医学中心。中日友好医院相关网页2021年1月11日发布的信息称，上述研究由武汉市金银潭医院、中日友好医院呼吸中心、国家呼吸医学中心和中国医学科学院病原生物学研究所共同完成。黄朝林、黄立学、王业明、李霞、任丽丽、谷晓颖、康亮、郭丽和刘敏为共同第一作者。该研究评估了COVID-19对患者的长期结局影响。“研究发现，76%的患者在发病6个月后仍有至少一个持续症状。疲劳、肌肉无力是最常见的症状，睡眠障碍、焦虑和抑郁也频繁出现。”“国家呼吸医学中心、中日友好医院和首都医科大学的曹彬教授表示：‘因为COVID-19是一种新发的疾病，我们才刚刚开始了解它对患者健康的长期影响。我们的随访研究表明，大部分患者在出院后仍然会继续受到该病毒的至少部分影响，出院后的医疗照护是非常有必要的，特别是针对住院时病情更重的患者。我们的研究也提示在更大的人群中进行更长期随访研究的重要性，以便了解该疾病可能对人体产生的全面影响。’这项随访研究于2020年6月16日至9月3日期间完成，入选了2020年1月7日至5月29日期间自武汉市金银潭医院出院的1733例患者。患者中位年龄57岁，中位随访时间为发病后186天。”中日友好医院相关网页上述信息称。《柳叶刀》编辑部关注声明针对的文章。该论文称，随访发现，76%的新冠肺炎患者在发病6个月后仍存在至少一个持续症状上述论文的署名作者有ChaolinHuang、LixueHuang、YemingWang、XiaLi、LiliRen、XiaoyingGu、LiangKang、LiGuo、MinLiu、XingZhou、JianfengLuo、ZhenghuiHuang、ShengjinTu、YueZhao、LiChen、DecuiXu、YanpingLi、CaihongLi、LuPeng、YongLi、WuxiangXie、DanCui、LianhanShang、GuohuiFan、JiuyangXu、GengWang、YingWang、JingchuanZhong、ChenWang、JianweiWang、DingyuZhang、BinCao。什么是新冠长期症状？在上述论文发表约一个月前，2020年12月，国际医学期刊《柳叶刀》发表社论称，“直面新冠长期症状困境”，并称，在2020年11月底举办的2020“柳叶刀-中国医学科学院医学与健康大会”上，“曹彬介绍了关于武汉COVID-19患者长期结局的情况，并警示，一些出院患者的功能障碍和并发症可能会持续至少6个月。我们称之为‘新冠长期症状’，这是一个迅猛发展的医学问题而且现在就需要采取行动来应对。”在上述涉事论文发表7个月后，2021年8月，曹彬、王健伟等人在《柳叶刀》上发表了对此前从武汉市金银潭医院出院患者中的1276名患者随访一年的研究结果。他们发现，“还存在至少一种后遗症状的患者比例从6个月时的68%下降到12个月时的49%。”论文的标题是《新冠肺炎住院幸存者的1年临床结局：一项纵向队列研究》。对1276名新冠肺炎出院患者随访一年的研究结果但该论文在首次发表后进行了更正。其更正后的版本最早于2022年5月5日发布在《柳叶刀》网站上。值得注意的是，上述“6个月论文”提及，在新冠肺炎发病6个月后，幸存者报告还存在至少一种症状的比例是76%。但上述“1年论文”提及的相关比例为68%。《柳叶刀》目前尚未披露其关切声明中提及的“数据不一致”是否为这一比例。《柳叶刀》编辑部2022年11月24日发布的上述关注声明称，“在收到了一位研究人员关于这两篇文章之间数据不一致的询问，我们向这两篇文章的通讯作者寻求解释。2022年11月7日，《柳叶刀》编辑部被告知，‘6个月’和‘1年’数据之间的不一致，是由于‘用于6个月的论文的数据集中的一些变量被错误地打乱了顺序’。鉴于这些数据错误的程度，我们现在对‘6个月’论文发表关注声明，同时将进一步调查，包括对更正后数据的进一步统计和临床审查。如有更多信息，我们将立即更新此通知。”此外，2022年5月11日，曹彬和王健伟作为共同通讯作者，在国际学术期刊《柳叶刀呼吸医学》上在线发表论文，报告了对武汉市金银潭医院新冠肺炎出院患者中1192人随访两年的研究结果。该论文称，从2020年1月7日至5月29日，2469新冠肺炎患者从武汉市金银潭医院出院。其中1192人在三次随访中完成了评估，被纳入最终分析；94%的人、1119人参加了感染两年后的面对面访谈。总体而言，新冠康复患者在首次感染后两年时的健康状况仍然差于普通人群，这意味着部分患者需要更长的时间才能完全康复。“还存在至少一种后遗症状的新冠肺炎幸存者的比例从6个月时的68%，显著下降到2年时的55%，疲劳或肌肉无力是最常见的症状。”该论文的标题是《新冠肺炎住院幸存者的2年健康结局：一项纵向队列研究》。该研究被媒体报道为“全球新冠最长随访”。对1192名新冠肺炎出院患者随访2年的研究结果此外，据《柳叶刀》微信公众号发布的消息，2021年7月17日，该期刊发表一项针对英国302家医院超过7万人的观察性研究，发现每两个COVID-19住院患者中会有一人出现至少一种并发症。“来自中日友好医院的曹彬教授及谷晓颖在一篇相关评论中写道：‘考虑到全球有大量的SARS-CoV-2感染者，COVID-19后急性期的公共卫生影响是巨大的。除了分析COVID-19后急性期整个临床疾病谱的多种表现之外，还需要在具有不同人口和临床特征的人群中开展进一步研究，以阐明COVID-19后急性期尤其是远期COVID-19的病理生理机制。此外，还需要研究血清学特征，以及急性SARS-CoV-2感染导致的免疫异常和炎症损伤对后急性期或长期COVID-19的影响。’”中日友好医院官网显示，曹彬，主任医师，教授，博士生导师，专业特长是诊疗呼吸系统感染；现任中日友好医院副院长、呼吸与危重症医学科主任兼呼吸与危重症医学科二部主任、临床医学研究所管委会主任、国家呼吸医学中心常务副主任、中国医学科学院呼吸病学研究院副院长；担任“国际流感和呼吸道病毒感染学会”委员、《ClinicalRespiratoryJournal》杂志副主编、《InternationalJournalofInfectiousDiseases》杂志编辑指导委员会委员、《中华医学杂志》及《中华结核和呼吸杂志》通讯编委。中国医学科学院北京协和医学院官网显示，王健伟，研究员、教授、博士生导师；2006年2月至今，历任中国医学科学院北京协和医学院病原生物学研究所副研究员、研究员、教授、博士生导师，克里斯托弗_梅里埃实验室主任、所长助理、副所长、院校科技管理处处长。2019年6月任副院校长、党委常委。上述信息称，王健伟主要从事重要呼吸道病毒感染致病机制与防治研究，曾获多项人才计划项目支持，系“艾滋病和病毒性肝炎等重大传染病防治”科技重大专项总体组成员、“生物安全关键技术研发”重点专项专家组成员；系中华预防医学会第六届理事会常务理事、Biosafety&Health杂志执行主编。