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我自己写的苔丝的论文Tess’s tragedyWhy it was Tess to face the abuse of the fate? What makes Tess’s tragedy?Tess of the D'Urbervilles, written by Thomas Hardy, was published in the year of 1891. It is a story about the tragic experience of a pretty country girl Tess. Tess had an ordinary farmer’s family. Although her life was poor, it was peacefil at the same time. But one day, God, “The President of the Immoral”, began to play a cruel joke on this girl. Her father, John Durbeyfied learnt that they were descended from the D’Urbervilles, an ancient family once renowned in England. Her mother urged Tess to claim kinship with the remaining D’Urbervilles, so that they could live a better live. Unwillingly, Tess came in contact with the Stoke D’Urbervilles. There she met Alec D’Urbervilles, who showed off the estate and always seduced her. Having received a job of tending to chickens, Tess stayed in the D’Urbervilles. Her tragic life had just begun. Alec seduced Tess and make her pregnant. Being humiliated and resoluted, she went back home. Despite the rumors all around,Tess gave birth to a child, who was called Sorrow but died soon because of grave illness. For several weeks, Tess was overwhelmed by grief and sorrow. Nevertheless, without financial support, Tess had to leave home and went to work as a dairymaid at a distant farm, where she met Angel Claire. They fell in love and engaged. Then came the wedding night, too honest to keep any secret, Tess admitted about Alec D’Urbervilles and the child. She begged for forgiveness, but Angel left her in disgust. Tess again returned home alone, only found that her family remained impoverished and she even had no place to stay. In the meantime, Alec D’Urbervilles, appeared again. He promised to support her family, only as a means to make Tess dependent. At the end of hope, the girl jumped into the trap of the shameless man. However, the tragedy had not finished yet. Angel Claire, who was remorseful for his mercilessness, came back, but to find the cruel reality. And his arrival made Tess even more desperate. She stabed Alec in the heart and killed him. Then she escaped with him. They managed to hide for a while in a wood before they came to Stonehenge, where she was arrested. She was hanged later. The turn of events and the moment of catharsis prove that the novel is a classic Aristotelian tragedyIn Tess of the D'Urbervilles, although Hardy told a story about a seduced woman which was a tradional one, he had created a brand new image of woman. In his point of view, Tess was a seduced woman with a pure heart, a victim of the old fashioned morals. She was beautiful, simple and unadorned. With the ability of toleration, she can sacrifice herself to her family. She trustsed peolpe and loved people which made her different from others. Tess was a combination of tenderness and passion. She loved Angel Claire heart and soul with all her intense emotions and 100% turst. Even though being dumped, she didn’t change her mind. She never seeked fame and wealth. What she really valued was self-respectation and freedom. She claimed kinship with the fake D’Urbervilles was to help her family get out of the poverty. After seduced by Alec, she went back home despite of Alec’s retention instead of marrying him. The soul of Tess was chast for she owned such a noble moral integrity.“No one is perfect in this world, the perfection of human being is represent on the the understand of life, the love for living, the desire of dream and the loyalty to love. But, unfortunately, the morals of capitalism are all based on egoism. This makes it totally opposite to all the faire ideals of the people, and the chief offender of the death of beauty of human nature. “①This is a social custom without the foundation of the nature. However, this ethic, which is advocate by the bourgeoisie, has a sacred quality, and it is believed to be forever right thing. Tess is the victim of this fallacy. By the sad story of Tess, Hardy announced the hypocrisy of this the process of telling the story of Tess, Hardy once tried to explain the reason of tragedy by eay of the theme of inheritance, natural rules, the prediction of tragedy and karma saying. At last, Hardy’s sence of realism helped him find out the real reason of Tess’s fate. In chapter 11. Hardy wrote: Why it was that upon this beautiful feminine tissue, sensitive as gossamer,and practicall blank as snow as yet, there should have been traced such a coarse pattern as it was doomed to receive; why so often the caorse appropriates the finer thus, the wrong man the woman, the wrong woman the man ,many thousand years of analytical philosophy have failed to explain to our sense of order. It was clear that Hardy didn’t think that the karma thing can explain the reason of Tess’s tragedy. An immeasurable social chasm, the society then was the real reason of Tess’s tragedy. In chapter 12, on Tess’s way home, Hardy let the readers experience her pressure form religion, morals, costum and every part from the society. When the sketcher began painting”THY DAMNATION, SLUMBERETH, NOT.” and “THOU, SHALT, NOT, COMMIT---” poor Tess felt that someone had known her experience somehow and questioned her crime. She felt the punishment was just around the corner. After Tess retuned home, she lived in the deep sorrow and lonelyness. It seemed that there was a long long journey in front of her, rugged and muddy. She had to finish it herself without any mercy and help. She could only fight against the fate all pain of loosing the virgin is giant, and the pressure came from everywhere. And there is no denying that Tess’s psychology state made her pain more serious. In chapter 13 Hardy wrote: But this encompassment of her own characterization based on shreds of convention, peopled by phantoms and voices antipathetic to her, was a sorry and mistaken creation of Tess's fancy--a cloud of moral hobgoblins by which she was terrified without reason. It was they that were out of harmony with the actual world, not she. Walking among the sleeping birds in the hedges, watching the skipping rabbits on a moonlit warren, or standing under a pheasant-laden bough, she looked upon herself as a figure of Guilt intruding into the haunts of Innocence. But all the while she was making a distinction where there was no difference. Feeling herself in antagonism she was quite in accord. She had been made to break an accepted social law, but no law know to the environment in which she fancied herself such an anomaly. It was obivious that Tess’s lonelyness and sadness came from herself to some extent. This psychology structure was formed by the social consciousness without conscious. Angel Claire’s love was idealized. His love was idealism and departed from the reality. The change of his love to Tess was concequence of the conflicton of dream and reality. His dream failed from the battle and he came back to traditional morals. “the so-called open minded Angel Claire was not only a hypolcritical guard but also a compeletely Snobbish villain“ ②In the story, Alec D’Urbervilles was representer of the evil of the Bourgeois class. He treated Tess as if she was just a sexual partner. When Hardy shaped this character, he tried to make a connection between the hypocrisy of moral and religion. Especially, in religion, woman was the source of all evils which gave a reason to the Bourgeois class to insult them. Alec D’Urbervilles was also the symbol of the religion, from which we can see the link between it and Tess’s death. Although in the story, the beauty was stained, the good was ruined by the evil, Hardy still conformed the optimism from Tess, for her ran after love and loved life. When she was seduced and suffered from the rumors everywhere, we can still see the power of defeat and confidence of life. She was fortitudinous when faced the diseaster and had the brave to sacrifice announced the social root of Tess’s tragedy figured that Tess was distroyed by the system of the capitalism. Therefore the meaning of Tess’s tragedy was not only a personal fight but rose to the level that all the workers should ask for human right and complaint the whole capitalism system.① Nie Zhenzhao ② Arnold Kettle Works CitedNie Zhenzhao Arnold Kettle