winonafirst1
于饮食文化的论文: 论饮食文化汉译英中的“意译 论饮食文化汉译英中的 意译” 意译〔摘要〕把中国的饮食文化翻译为英语是一件很复杂的工作。要把饮食文 化,尤其是菜谱忠实地传达出来,要兼顾菜名的“形美、音美、意美”,又要考 虑到西方人的饮食所讲究的内容和实质,同时还需要关注菜肴本身的材料、烹 调方法和人们的饮食文化心理。本文搜集了大量的菜谱英语译名并加以归纳, 总结出中国饮食文化尤其是菜谱汉译英中的“意译”情况。 〔关键词〕菜谱 翻译 “意译” 〔中图分类号〕H315〔文献标识码〕A〔文章编号〕1009-5349(2010) 11-0042-02 引言 民以食为天,饮食是人们日常生活的大事。饮食文化也是世界各族人民文 化中不可缺少的一部分,在各族文化中占有非常重要的地位。在经济全球化的 趋势下,越来越多的外国人到中国来工作,或者跟中国人打交道,而他们也在 不断地了解中国, 学习中国文化。 饮食文化是中国文化中的一个很重要的部分, 很多外国学者及外国游客对此兴趣浓厚。要做好饮食文化的对外宣传,我们首 先就要把我国的菜谱翻译出来、整理成文。大多数中国食谱的命名方式都是“形 美、音美、意美”,让食客看得舒服的同时,还充满着期待。中式菜谱的翻译除 了要求语义对等,还必须注重文化联系,这就要求翻译出来的菜名符合西方人 的文化、语言、价值观等思维。 根据王秀芬在其论文《浅析中式菜谱的文化和翻译》的总结和归纳,我国 的学者把菜名译成英文的常用方法有四种。 (1)写实型命名法。如“烤乳猪”被译为 Roast Piglot,“糖醋排骨”被译为 Spareribs with Sweet and Soysauce” (2)写意型命名法。如“红烧狮子头”被译为 Stewed Meat Balls with Brown Sauce.“芙蓉水晶虾”被译为 Shrimps Cooked with Eggwhite. (3)典故型命名法。如“东坡肉”被译为 Dongpo Braised Pork.“叫花鸡”被译 为 Beggar’s Chicken. (4)以地名、数字命名法。如“北京烤鸭”被译为 Peking Duck.“八宝饭”被译 为 Eight-Jewel Rice Pudding. 这四种菜谱的翻译法基本上都能被外国人所接受。 然而从翻译的方法来说, 许多菜名都采用了意译。 一、意译 意译总是与直译、音译联系在一起的。关于意译,钱歌川在其著作《翻译 漫谈》中是这样定义的:“采用原文大意,或甚至有时候改变原意,依译者自己 的意思写出,结果是不大忠于原文(钱歌川,1980:11)。”在汉译英中,很 多时候,直译会让外国人莫名其妙。 在把中国饮食文化对外宣传的翻译过程中,不管写实型命名法还是典故型 命名法的菜谱,都不可避免地采用意译。 二、中国菜谱的意译 中国的菜谱五花八门, 各具特色。 有的只看菜名就对其做工材料一目了然, 有的则采用历史文化典故,让客人在品菜的同时,感受文化气氛;而有的菜名 确实展示了地方特色和民族风情,有的则采取的是浪漫主义的命名方式,让食 客充满遐想。很多菜名还采用了文化典故、历史事件、成语、俗语、谚语来命 名,这就约束了中国菜名翻译时的直译手法。因为很多时候,直译会让外国人 费解,中国人若是不了解这道菜,也会被英文译文弄得莫名其妙,不知所谓。 所以,在把中国菜名翻译成译文的时候,更应该多采用意译的方法。本文通过 分析、归纳和总结,发现中国菜谱采用意译通常有以下三种。 (一)直译表达不明时,常采用意译把菜谱译出 文化的差异必然导致理解上的困难。不是所有的外国人都有那么好的中文 语言基础和积淀,很多中文说法、词语在我们炎黄子孙看来毫不费劲,但是在 外国人眼里,这些表达可能引起误解,或者让他们在点菜时,因为不理解不了 解而无从下手。直译菜名很多时候并不适合外国人看,因为直译往往会让一样 东西在两种语言中呈现出很大的差异,译文跟原文也许会互不相干或是背道而 驰。因为不是所有的中文词汇都能在英文中找到语义与之对等的单词。或者有 时候找到与之意思相近或者相同的单词,但是这些词不一定可以传达菜名的用 意,因为菜名通常还包含着深厚的文化内涵。这时候,菜名的翻译只能采用意 译,在直译不能确切表达菜名本意的时候,添加成分,以达到解释说明的作用。 如,白饭,如果直译,则为 White Rice,但是中国人说“白饭”,强调的并 非它的颜色而是它的内容,是指单独的米饭,不包括菜或其他配料。所以,为 求更准确地表达出中文“白饭”二字的涵义,译者此时应该舍弃直译而采用意译, “Plain White Rice”,加上 plain 一词,外国人更容易联想到饭本身的材料,有 white 他们也不会想到“黑米饭去”。 又如“凤凰玉米羹”这道菜,中国人大概都知道这道菜中的凤凰并非指一种 鸟,而指的是鸡,称之为凤凰只是为求好听,因为这样命名会让这道菜显得更 有档次。若把其中的“凤凰”译为 phoenix,则让外国人纳闷,因为凤凰仅仅是传 说中的一种鸟,并非真实存在的动物,如果搬到餐桌上来了,让人难以置信。 虽然很多外国人可以在不明真相的情况下点了这道菜,但是上菜时,他们总会 知道这里的“凤凰”的真实身份,或许到时候很多外国食客会觉得失望。所以对 于这道菜,我们可以译为 corn and chicken porridge。 又如“臭豆腐”,有人直译为“Smelly tofu”。这种译法算不上错,因为 Smelly 一词本身就能很确切地描述出臭豆腐的气味特点。但是,很多外国食客也会因 为“Smelly”一词而放弃对此食物的尝试。其实臭豆腐除了臭,也还有香的一面, 闻起来臭,吃起来香,这就是臭豆腐的特点。所以,我们应该采用意译的方法, 把“臭豆腐”译为“stinky tofu”。 (二)结合菜肴所需的主要材料翻译菜名 很多菜谱包含了俗语或习语,而对于俗语、习语的翻译,直译也无法正确 表达其含义,此时多采用意译。然而,对于菜名的翻译,又不能完全等同于单 独的俗语、习语本身的翻译。单独的俗语、习语本身的翻译采用解释、增译等 方法传达其内涵和意思,然而包含俗语、习语的菜名,不仅要求翻译工作者能 够通彻领悟俗语、习语本身的含义,还要注意俗语、习语本身与菜肴之间的紧 密联系。习语、成语做菜名时所反映的文化内涵和历史渊源,比菜名本身更为 重要。此外,翻译人员在翻译时还必须注意把菜肴所需的主要材料表达出来, 但又不能过多剔除习语、成语本身的意蕴。因为如果仅仅传达了成语、俗语等 意思,而忽略菜肴材料的介绍,则会让食客在点菜的时候难以兼顾营养的搭配 和均衡。如果食客只是对菜名好奇而点菜,到时候上的菜全部是肉类,这会让 客人觉得很油腻,整个饭局吃得不够尽兴。同时从营养的角度来说,也是不科 学的。所以,翻译人员在翻译的过程中,不能仅仅把菜名当作是简单的一个词 语来翻译,而应该把菜名与菜肴所需的主要材料结合起来,力求使菜谱的翻译 能够完美、忠实地表达原意。 如,中国有道菜叫“过山峰炖清汤”,如果翻译此菜名时采用直译,则会将 其译为 Guoshan Peak clear soup。对于此译文,不仅外国人看不懂,就连土 生土长的中国人也摸不清这道菜是用什么做的,点了这道菜他们将会品尝到什 么。实际上,这是一道鸡汤。“过山峰”在此当然不可能是一座山峰,也不可能 是山上的某块材料,而是指鸡块本身。为此,我们的翻译工作者把此菜译为 Mountain Peak chicken clear soup。译文既表达了中文原意,又指出了菜肴所 需的材料,同时也不会让外国食客误解 Mountain Peak 在此菜名中的含义。 又如,我们日常生活中常见的一道家常菜“麻婆豆腐”,很多饭馆将其译为 Ma Po’s bean curd。此种译法对于熟悉此菜的中外食客而言是无关紧要的,然 而并非所有的外国食客都了解中国的饮食文化。Ma Po 会被理解为一个人名。 她的豆腐可做菜名,对食客当然具有一定的吸引力,但是这菜毕竟还是豆腐, 不管是谁的牌子,对很多外国食客而言不一定有吸引力,或者说他们并不一定 清楚这个豆腐与其他豆腐的不同之处。但是如果我们采用“意译”的方法,把菜 肴的材料填补上去,说不定可以引发食客的兴趣,刺激其的食欲。“麻婆豆腐” 的特别之处在于它的烹饪所需的配料。所以,我国的翻译工作者也把它译为 “Bean curd with mince and chili oil”。 还有“蚂蚁上树”一菜,单看中文菜名,很多中国食客也会认为是吃蚂蚁, 因为在中国的饮食文化当中,蚂蚁也是可以吃的,也可以泡酒,或是打汤。而 实际上,这道菜是面条跟碎肉末一起烹饪的。煮熟以后,肉末附在面条上,就 如蚂蚁爬到了树上一样。此菜的中文菜名的命名是采用比喻的方法,所以我们 在翻译此菜名时,不可以简单地译为 Ants climbing trees,因为 Ants 会让外国 人食欲尽失。同时,此种译法又不能正确地反映出这道菜的真正内涵,所以把 这个菜名译为 Vermicelli with cpicy minced pork 更受青睐。 (三)意译关注菜肴的烹饪方法 用“意译”翻译出其材料固然好,但是单看材料也不一定就能表达出一道菜 的真正风味,因为同一材料根据不同的刀法和烹调方法可以做出千变万化的多 种佳肴。饮食文化很讲究刀法和烹调方法,如烘(baking)、蒸(steaming)、 煮(boiling)、炸(deepfrying)、剥皮(skinning)、腌制(pickling)、切片 (slicing)、切碎(mingcing)、熏(smoking)等。烹饪方法在食物、菜肴的 制作过程中非常重要,因为它不仅影响了食物的味道,还影响了食物的营养和 口感。所以,在直接翻译菜名材料不能传达菜肴的本质意思的时候,我们可以 采用意译的方法,在意译中注重烹饪方法的翻译。 如“千层饼”被译为“multiple-layer steamed bread”突出了饼的形状, “steamed”又明确了这种饼的烹调方法。 此种译法又让外国食客门路清晰而不至 于会错意点错菜,这比“multiple-layer bread”多了一层“multiple-layer bread”的 意思,而多出的这层意思就是烹饪的方法。“multiple-layer bread”可以让外国食 客明白千层饼的外表和材料,而 steamed 又能让客人了解这道事物的做工程 序。 又如“茄汁鸡脯”这道菜,从菜名就可以看出其材料的主要成分:茄汁和鸡 肉。然而单看菜名,一般食客并不知道其中的制作过程和方法,因为任何人都 很难从菜名中寻究出很明显的答案来。用茄汁和鸡肉混在一起可以做出几个样 式的菜来,而直译这两个材料并不能让客人想象出菜肴的味道。事实上,这里 的鸡肉是油炸过的。熟悉这道菜的真正内容和其烹调方法之后,我们就可以将 其译为“Fried chicken in tomato sauce”。此菜译文突显了烹调方法,又充满了 西方饮食风味,让外国食客倍感亲切。 又如“桶子鸡”,若直译为“Chicken in pail”,则让人误以为此菜为炖品,拿 桶来盛装以求新鲜。事实上,这道菜是干的,跟盐焗鸡差不多,只是这里选用 的鸡为童子鸡。所以,这道菜译为“Spring chicken in salt”时,则会让外国食客 更容易从菜名上最快地获取其所需信息而不影响菜肴文化内涵的传达。 菜谱的翻译有时候让人费心费力,但有时候也可以让人舍繁从简。在很多 大餐馆的菜单上,菜谱旁边大都附上图片。有了图片,食客无需从文字上考虑 太多菜肴所包含的材料。此时,菜谱的翻译尽可以从简,只突出其刀法或者其 烹调方法即可。 如“铁扒比目鱼”,在有图片说明的情况下,我们可将其译为“Grilled Sole”。 在此不需要突出盛装菜肴的器皿,也不需强调此菜为汤类还是干炒类或是其他 的。 三、结语 把中国菜谱翻译成英文,既要兼顾菜名给人留下的特有意象,又要考虑到 西方人的饮食思维和爱好,兼顾菜肴本身的材料、烹调方法和人们的饮食文化 心理。因为文化上的差异,加上翻译中出现的语义上的困难,所以“意译”在菜 谱的翻译中占着非常重要的地位,因为“意译”比直译更能让译者更好地传达中 国的饮食文化,其译文也能更易为外国食客所接受。当然,因为意译本身有时 候也会让译文失去菜名原有的韵味,语言也失去了色调,所以,中国菜谱的翻 译还将是未来长期的研究话题。 【参考文献】 [1]王秀芬.浅析中式菜谱的文化和翻译[J].金华职业技术学院学 报,2001(01). [2]伦淑新.直译与意译浅析[J].中国校外教育(理论),2007(11). [3]钱歌川.翻译漫谈[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1980. [4]卫虹.短命的意译词语[J].语文研究,1984(01).
包子熊二
With China's accession to the WTO and foreign relations activities have increased, and the restaurant industry to the world are faced with this problem. Therefore, we, as the restaurant industry practitioners, more or less understand the point of eating English, it is very necessary. Food including professional English language daily conversation, cooking technical terms in English and Chinese food menu, and so on, and this is particularly so with a Chinese food menu in English is most common. Chinese food to the menu translated into English, Chinese food dishes on-come to understand the composition and method of naming. Chinese food dishes are normally the name of raw materials, cooking method, the color flavor-shaped dishes, dishes such as birthplace of the founder or form. This reflects the contents and characteristics of the dishes named method called realism of the nomenclature, in addition to reflecting the Enjoyable dishes profound meaning of nomenclature. Due to the differences in Chinese and English major, we have Chinese food dishes in the Chinese translated into English by the time should be used realism of the nomenclature, as far as possible, dishes of raw materials, cooking, dishes, such as the flavor-translated to allow guests clear. One, dubbed the beginning of the translation method 1 � introduced dishes of raw and auxiliary materials: Formula: Hain (shape) + (with) Excipients Example: Almond Chicken Little chicken cubes with almond Beef tofu beef with beancurd Tomato Spread Scrambled egg with to tomato 2 � introduced the ingredient and flavoring dishes: Formula: Hain (shape) + (with, in) parsley Example: mustard pork duck webs with mustard sauce Frying chicken chicken in Scallion oil Rice wine sauce fish rolls with rice wine Second, to the beginning of the cooking method of translation method 1 � introduced dishes and the cooking method dubbed: Formula: Cook method + ingredient (SHAPE) Examples: soft fried cut soft-fried pork fillet Cooked roast suckling pig Speculation eel - Stir-fried eel slices 2 � Act introduced dishes and the cooking ingredient, supplies Formula: Cook method + ingredient (shape) + (with) Excipients Aberdeen ginger chicken, braised chicken fillet with tender ginger 3 � Cook on the dishes, ingredient and flavor: Formula: Cook method + ingredient (shape) + (with, in) parsley Example: stewed beef braised beef with brown sauce Remove pork fried shredded pork with Sweet and sour sauce Boiled pork stewed pig hoof in clean soup Third, shape or taste to the beginning of the translation method 1 � on the shape of dishes (taste) and the ingredient, supplies Formula: shape (taste) + ingredient + (with) Excipients Example: from a sesame crisp chicken with sesame chicken Chenpi rabbit small diced rabbit with orange peel At the center of chicken-Sliced chicken with seasonal vegetables 2 � introduced dishes taste, cooking method and ingredient Formula: Cook method taste + + ingredient Example: fried ribs crisp fried spareribs Soft-boiled fish tender stewed fish Stuffed chicken fragrant fried chicken 3 � on the shape of dishes (taste), the ingredient and flavoring Formula: shape (taste) + ingredient + (with) parsley Example: Chefs fish sliced fish with tomato sauce Law Ma chicken cutlets chicken with hot pepper Crispy shrimp rice wine crisp shrimps with rice wine sauce Fourth, the names or place names beginning with the translation method 1 � introduced dishes founder (birthplace) and the ingredient Formula: names (names) + ingredient Example: Ma Ma Po beancurd Great tofu Sichuan dumplings Sichuan boiled dumpling 2 � introduced dishes founder (birthplace), Cook law and Hain Formula: names (names) + + ingredient cooking method Example: Dongpo far elbow DongPo stewed pork joint Beijing roast duck Roast Beijing Duck Chinese food dishes in the process of translation into English, we can use a variety of different methods, and each dish can start from different angles translation. For example, Sichuan in the "strange" Several features are the following translation: 1. Sauteed chicken cubes with peanuts 2. Gongbao chicken cubes 3. Diced chicken with chilli and peanuts Clearly, the English translation of Chinese food dishes is flexible. As we used in the translation of the final method which can be used according to his or her specific situation and 好了上一句不是哦西西
kisscat0317
川菜分为三派:蓉派(上河帮)、渝派(下河帮)、盐帮派(小河帮)。
“三派"已有定论的基础上,规范化表述为:
上河帮川菜即以川西成都、乐山为中心地区的川菜;
小河帮川菜即以川南自贡为中心的盐帮菜,同时包括宜宾菜、泸州菜和内江菜。
下河帮川菜即以老川东地区达州菜、重庆菜、万州菜为代表的江湖菜。
三者共同组成川菜三大主流地方风味流派分支菜系,代表川菜发展最高艺术水平。
Sichuan cuisine is divided into three schools: Rong School (Shanghe Gang), Chongqing School (Xiahe Gang) and Salt Gang (Xiaohe Gang).
On the basis of the existing conclusion of the "Three Schools", the standardized expression is as follows:
Hebang Sichuan cuisine is Sichuan cuisine centered on Chengdu and Leshan in western Sichuan.
Xiaohebang Sichuan cuisine is salt-banged cuisine centered in Zigong, southern Sichuan, and includes Yibin cuisine, Luzhou cuisine and Neijiang cuisine.
Xiabang Sichuan Cuisine is the Jianghu Cuisine represented by Dazhou Cuisine, Chongqing Cuisine and Wanzhou Cuisine in East Sichuan.
Together, they constitute the three major local flavor schools of Sichuan cuisine, representing the highest artistic level of Sichuan cuisine development.
划分争议
关于川菜地域的划分还有一些不同的说法,王大煜在全国政协文史资料委员会编《川菜史略》中介绍:“川菜大致上可以分为成都帮、重庆帮、大河帮、小河帮、自内帮,每个流派都有其特殊的形成背景和代表的菜品。”
四川旅游学院杜莉教授在《中国烹饪概论》一书中认为现代的四川风味菜主要由川东、川西、川南、川北四个地方风味组成。
卓越精品装饰
中国饮食文化涉及到食源的开发与利用、食具的运用与创新、食品的生产与消费、餐饮的服务与接待、餐饮业与食品业的经营与管理,以及饮食与国泰民安、饮食与文学艺术、饮食与人生境界的关系等,深厚广博。 从外延看,中国饮食文化可以从时代与技法、地域与经济、民族与宗教、食品与食具、消费与层次、民俗与功能等多种角度进行分类,展示出不同的文化品味,体现出不同的使用价值,异彩纷呈。俗话说就是填饱肚子,就是一个“吃”字。形式比较原始,只解决人的最基本的生理需要。境界一“果腹”吃的第一大境界当然是“果腹”,俗话说就是填饱肚子,就是一个“吃”字。形式比较原始,只解决人的最基本的生理需要。这个境界的吃,不需要费心找地儿,各种商场的小吃城;街头的成都美食和中式的快餐店,如:各式面馆、永和豆浆等,西式快餐的麦当劳、肯德基也可列入其中,一盘宫保鸡丁,一盘白菜豆腐,外加一小碗汤,一碗主食足以。一个人,两个人,三五人均可。这个境界的吃千万别麻烦,一麻烦就脱离了本质,吃起来也就十分不爽。境界二“饕餮”吃的第二大境界应该是“饕餮”。吃的是一个“爽”字。呼三五好友去一家稍大众的馆子,稀里哗啦点上满满的一大桌菜,价钱却不贵,胡吃海塞一通,兴致所致,还能吆喝两声,划几下拳,甚至还可以赤膊上阵。适合这种吃法的有涮肉、大众菜等。但免不了一个“俗”字,有不雅之嫌疑,同时也有浪费之嫌疑。境界三“聚会”吃的第三大境界应该是“聚会”。此境界重在这个“聚”字。家人、朋友、加班聚餐等都属于这一类。这种吃不需要太多的讲究,“吃”是个形式,关键在“聚”背后的引申含义。逢年过节、生日聚会、升迁发奖,友人来访,随便找个理由都可以去趟馆子,这是一种礼节上的习惯。这种吃讲究个热闹。不需要太豪华和奢侈。金百万、金鼎轩、小土豆、稍微高档一点的川菜馆如巴国布衣等之类都可以满足需要,高档一点的还可以去吃一些比较流行和有名气的馆子。境界四“宴请”吃的 西餐第四大境界应该是“宴请”。多以招待为主。商场招待、官场招待、公务招待、上下级招待、危机处理招待、重大事情招待等都属于这一范畴。这种吃不以“吃”的本质为主旨,关键在于这个招待背后的目的。所以,这种吃重在讲究一个排场,价钱昂贵,因此也多以公款招待为主。在京城,这是支撑餐饮经济的重要支柱。这种吃都有一个共同点,大多都是在“包间”进行,所以,对馆子的要求要严格一点。如各大宾馆饭店的豪华餐厅,知名大酒楼等、海鲜、鱼翅、鲍鱼宴、官府菜等。但这个境界的吃难免给人一种有暴殄天物之叹,吃后回来,却又发现没有吃饱。境界五“养生”吃的第五大境界应该是“养生”。它比较讲究“食补”,是大吃大喝在认识观念上的一种理性升华。这种吃多以正宗的煲汤为主:甲鱼汤、老鸦汤、野山菌汤等,足足地焖上十多个小时,满满地端上来,味道纯正,饱饱地喝上一顿,无比滋润,真乃人生一大幸事,就是从心理上对积劳的身体也是一个安慰。在北京,这样的馆子有很多,进入饭店的正门,有一排瓷罐摆着,大多比较正宗。江西来的瓦罐、广东来的各式煲、云南来的野山菌汤、正宗的鱼翅煲、潮洲来的燕窝汤、官府菜的南瓜鱼翅都是比较典型的。但有时价钱却是一个瓶颈,不是一般人轻易就能上口的。境界六“解馋”吃的第六大境界应该是“解馋”,吃的东西一定要“鲜”。这个境界有两个层次:一是吃“物”,如那些只常听说却鲜见的鲜物鲍鱼、龙虾、法式大餐之类;二是吃“名”、吃“文化”:如大董和全聚德的烤鸭,顺峰、黎昌的海鲜以及淮扬菜、杭州菜、本帮菜、谭鱼头火锅、皇城老妈、孔乙己酒店等境界七“觅食”吃的第七大境界应该是“觅食”,那就得四处去“找”。在寻找中获得“吃”的乐趣,是本境界的一大妙处。这个“找”又分为两个层次,一个是有目的地去找口头盛传的流行馆子;一个是漫无目的地找寻意中的吃处。这个“找”字重在一个偶然发现,豁然开朗,一下子就对上了当时的心情和感觉。境界八“猎艳”吃的第八大境界应该是“猎艳”,所以馆子要“奇”。这样的馆子都是比较稀罕的特色店,如:非洲来的、越南来的等都在这一范畴。“新”、“奇”、“特”是主要特征。适合这类馆子的人群一般是时尚人士、有品位的少夫少妻、白领人群等。价钱中档,不用担心被宰。境界九“约会”吃的第九大境界应该是“约会”,这时吃的已经不是“物”,而是“情”。大多的时候,点的多,吃的少。这种吃千万不要是两个同性别的人,以免让人误会,最好也不要是夫妻,因为已过了“约会”的阶段。凡是到这种地方来吃的,两人之间大多都有一种心灵上的默契,说出来就变得俗,不表现出来又压抑。于是,以一个“吃”的借口“会”在一起,吃也吃了,谈也谈了,尽管大多的时候没有吃。适合这类吃的馆子如:茶餐厅、有餐饮服务的咖啡店,而且一定还要有柔软的沙发。境界十“独酌”吃的最后一个境界应该是“独酌”,在于一个“品”字,吃什么不太重要,关键是一个寥落的心情,要么伤感、要么闲适。这种馆子一定要是隐匿在很深的巷子里,店面古朴,又十分宁静。这个时候还应该有一瓶古典的酒,最好屋外再飘着零星的雨丝或雪花。一个人浅斟低酌,物我两忘。惟一的遗憾是,这种店已经很少有,恐怕只有在梦里才可以见得着。
很多时候会想起
摘要] 由于自然环境和物产不同,形成了东西方不同的文化,中西饮食便沿着各自的道路发展起来.传统的西方文化是一种畜牧文化和海洋文化,中国文化则是一种农耕文化和陆地文化,两种不同的文化反映出人们生产生活空间和方式的差异,其中饮食是具有代表性的一个方面,从菜单命名使用的词汇即可略见一斑.一、由于自然环境和物产不同,形成了东西方不同的文化,中西饮食便沿着各自的道路发展起来.传统的西方文化是一种畜牧文化和海洋文化,中国文化则是一种农耕文化和陆地文化,两种不同的文化反映出人们生产生活空间和方式的差异,其中饮食是具有代表性的一个方面,从文化命名使用的词汇即可略见一斑.两种饮食文化的差别主要表现在原料种类、烹饪方法、进餐方式、菜式命名等四个方面.(一)原料种类.西餐原料主要是动物类和海洋鱼类,辅以植物类,中餐原料主要是植物类和淡水鱼类,辅以动物类.随着社会发展和中西方交流的增加,两种饮食体系所使用的原料有趋同的趋势,但差别仍然比较明显.中国人视为珍馐美味的猫、狗、鸽子西方人是不会尝试的,而西方人习以为常的海洋鱼类、贝壳类可能为多数内地中国人见所未见,中国人的"食谱"范围比西方人的丰富得多.(二)烹饪方式.这是中西餐饮的一大差别,也是饮食文化差异的隐性因素.烹饪方法的差异又表现在三个方面:首先是原料的粗加工,所谓"食不厌精、脍不厌细",基础就是原料的粗加工,中餐对此十分讲究,加工后的原料形状多种多样,有整体(Whole)、块(Cubes)、片(Slices)、卷(Rolls)、条(Strips)、段(Segments)、丝(Shreds)、丁(Dice)、粒(Grains)、末(Mince)、蓉(泥)(Mash)、浆(Thickliq 2uid)、汁(Juice)等,西餐原料的处理则较为简单,一般有整体、块、片、丁、泥等几种形状;其次是火候,中式烹调讲究用火,三十多种加工方法许多是西餐中没有的,西餐烹调加工时间较短、火温适中;三是调味,中餐的复合味型多,要求原料入味,西餐则强调原料本味及调料的独立使用.(三)进餐方式.这是中西饮食文化差异的显性因素,也是中西方文化中的社会心理、价值观、民族习俗方面的差异在饮食上的表现.刀叉与筷子、圆桌与条桌等各不相同,在菜式和道数上双方虽然都有程式,但一分一合,互相对立,由此产生的宴请礼仪、饮酒方式、席间气氛也大不相同.(四)菜式命名.中餐讲究"作",西餐注重"吃",中菜命名讲究文雅、含蓄和吉利,注重表情、联想功能,寓情、寓意,便使用了多种修辞手法,除少量大众化菜肴以原料直接命名外,相当一部分菜是以创始人、景物、典故和传闻来命名的,这种命名方法的缺点是菜名与原料无明显关联,往往不知所云,如"八仙过海""、佛跳墙"等.西菜命名则直截了当,突出原料,极少使用类似中菜命名的修辞手段,虽少了艺术性,但多了实用性.当然,西菜命名也讲究高雅,但表现方法则是以法文命名."WhenwetalkofmeatonourtableweuseFrenchwords,(porc)(boeuf).Chickensbecomepoultry(poulet),andacalfbecomesveal(veau).EvenifourmenuswerenotwritteninFrenchoutofsnobbery,theEnglishweusedinthemwouldstillbeNormanEnglish."《(高级英语》P28)这是由于罗曼人曾经征服英国,英国农民在牧养牲畜时,讲的是盎格鲁-撒克逊英语,而这些牲畜被端到餐桌上给法国统治者享用时,就有了法语名称,相沿成习,它变成了一种高雅.另外,由于菜单源于法国以及法国饮食文化对西方饮食文化的深远影响,许多西餐菜肴自然用了法语名称,如:胡萝卜蓉汤(Pureealacrecy)、罗宋汤(Bor2schalaRusse)、芝士左口鱼(Fletanalamornay)等.二、中餐菜单英译的基本原则中餐曾有"食单"而无菜单,它和"番茄"、"洋芋"一样来自于西方,并很快融入中国饮食文化,形成了自己的特色,成为餐饮业不可或缺的一项"硬件".随着东西方文化交流的更加深入和广泛,来到中国的外宾越来越多,一张好的菜单就是一份高明的宣传单,一份本土化的菜单将使他们的中国之行更加完满.菜单最初只是厨师备忘的单子,但今非昔比,当今菜单有了更多功能:11向客人说明食品饮料的种类和价格,便于顾客挑选;21反映餐厅的经营方针,标志着餐厅商品的特色和标准;31是客人和接待者之间的沟通渠道;41是菜品研究的资料;51加强宣传,促进销售.小小菜单,作用多多.由于东西方文化和食物原料、制作方法存在诸多差异,菜单的翻译远不象想象的那么简单.影响菜单翻译的最重要因素是烹饪方法和菜式命名,翻译时应把握好二者的特点,既要符合西餐菜肴命名习惯,又要体现中餐特色,切忌望文生义或按字面含义直译.翻译过程中必须把握以下六个原则:第一,注重菜单的信息功能,保证菜名提供准确、足够的信息,而不能简单地按照中菜名称的修饰词而直译,以便外宾选择.如"麻婆豆腐"译成"Pockmarkedwoman'sbeancurd"、"八仙过海"译为"EightImmortalscrossingthesea"",鱼香肉丝"译为"Fish-flavorshreddedpork"就会使外宾茫然或误解.第二,要发挥菜单的促销作用.应借鉴中菜命名的艺术手法,尽量反映中餐烹饪特色,尤其对一些历史悠久、流传广泛的菜肴在翻译后还可以附加说明.这样既保留菜名信息,又引人兴趣,以达到吸引食客的目的.第三,把握中餐烹调方法的类别.为反映中餐对火候的讲究和其艺术性,可进行适当修饰.中餐烹调方法分类如下:烧、烧、烩、 、焖Braise炖、煨Stew煎、炸、酥Deep-fry爆、炒、熘、滑Stir-fry、Quick-fry干炒、干煸、焙Sauté煮、汆、涮、白灼Boil烧、烤、烘、 Roast、Barbecue、Broil、Bake蒸、腌、卤、酱、熏、酿、扒、烫、糟等有对等词,可一对一翻译,较特殊的做法如"油淋"可归入"煎炸"类,西餐没有拔丝方法,类似方法有Candy、Toffee.第四,尽量译出原料加工后的形状.原料形状在西餐中并不重要,但在中餐中却能反映出烹调的技艺水平,译文应予保留,确实累赘的,则可省略.第五,把握原料这一核心,无论中菜如何命名,均须翻译出原料,再加上烹调方法和味型等辅助因素.第六,避免文化冲突.中菜命名为了吉祥,借用了一些不能食用的物品或西方人忌讳食用的动物名,翻译时应按原料名直译,如果原料本身是西方人忌食的,这道菜可省略不译.如"翡翠鱼翅"、"红烧狮子头",真正的翡翠当然不能食用的,其实它就是蔬菜,而狮子西方人更不会食用,我们也是以其威武来形容"肉圆"罢了,直译会引起"血腥"的感觉.又如"脆皮乳鸽",将象征着和平的鸽子烹而食之,也是西方人不能接受的,所以最好把它略过.三、中餐菜名英译的具体探讨上面提出了中餐菜单英译的六原则,下面就一些中餐菜名英译进行具体探讨.11以原料命名的菜不加修辞,直译最为简便,烹饪方法不必译出.中菜汤类命名一般按此方法,翻译的处理就是"原料加汤".如:双冬牛肉-Beefwithmushroomandbambooshouts口蘑菜心-Mushroomswithcabbageheart青椒肉丝-Shreddedporkandgreenchili豆腐汤-Beancurdwithmushroomsoup21以烹调方法加原料命名.因为烹调方法是饮食文化的核心组成部分,翻译时必须译出烹调方法.中菜的一些烹调方法是西餐所没有的,有些则相近,翻译时用近义词亦可.如"干煸"在西餐中没有,其操作过程是:先用油炸原料,然后以少许油翻炒,迅速将油炒干后起锅,并不是加油直接炒.英语中有两个字与之意义相近,一是sauté--friedquicklyinapanwithalittlehotbutterorotherfat.意识是"快炸、煎";一是torrefy--todryuporparchwithheat(.)意识是"烘干、烤干、焙干",从制作过程看,sauté更合适些.如:炸蛋卷-Deep-friedeggrolls回锅肉-Slicedporkdoublysautéedinsoysauce干煸牛肉丝-Sautéedbeefshreds31烹调方式加原料和作料命名.作料是决定味型的最重要因素,翻译时也不能省略.如豉汁蒸带子,省略作料就成了清蒸,味道完全不同.酱爆肉去掉"soypaste",成了无任何特点的"煎肉",二者有天渊之别.其它如:豉汁蒸带子-Steamedscallopswithcuredsoybean酱爆肉-Quick-friedporkwithsoypaste茄汁石斑鱼-Deepfriedgaroupawithtomatosauce41风味菜肴.风味菜主要因其味型特点而得以广泛流传,所以除原料外,应译出风味,一些有确切起源地的菜,还应该加上地名.鱼香肉丝的确切译名应为"Stir-friedporkshredsSichuanstyle"或"Stir-friedporkshredsingarlicsauce",不能译为"Fish-flavorshreddedpork",是因为"鱼香"作为川菜的一种风味,使用了固定搭配的作料,与真正的鱼没有任何关系,译为"Fish-flavor",菜中并无"Fish",给人以误导之嫌.其他风味菜还有:湘味牛肉丝-SlicedbeefHunanstyle糖醋排骨-Friedporkchopinsweet-soursauce荷叶粉蒸肉-Steamedporkcoatedgroundriceonlotusleaf51以人名、地名命名的菜肴,一般全部译出,人名前最好加上头衔或职业,对那些知之甚少或译出后外宾不能理解的,则去人名加味型.东坡肉-PoetDongpo'sbraisedpork毛氏红烧肉-ChairmanMao'sstewedporkwithsoysauce北京烤鸭-Beijingroastedduck东江酿豆腐-BeancurdstuffedwithporkminceDongjiangstyle61用象形手法或借用典故、传说命名.这是中菜命名的一个特点,它集中反映了中国饮食文化的特色,具有很深的社会内涵,也是翻译的难点,处理方法是还其本原,译出主料、作料或做法,能兼顾修辞含义时则兼顾,切不可拘泥于原名而直译.翡翠鱼翅-Double-boiledshark'sfinwithve 2getable翡翠不能食用,仅是一个代称,指绿色的蔬菜,翻译时不能按字面译为"Jadeshark'sfin",否则外宾会莫名其妙.蚂蚁上树-Sautéedbeanvermicelliwithspicymeatsauce蚂蚁在中餐中虽可以入菜,但此蚂蚁非彼蚂蚁,而是用酱油和淀粉和过的肉末.直译可能引起外宾的惊诧.桔瓣鱼汆-Quick-boiledfishballsorangepet 2alshaped这道菜是指鱼汆外形似桔瓣,其实菜中无桔瓣,也无桔味,翻译时不可将之作为原料,译名中加"orangepetalshaped",是为了增加美感,增强促销功能.叫化鸡-Bakedchickenvagabondstyle或Bakedchickenwrappedwithmud此菜相传为乞丐创制,取名时以"叫化"代"乞丐",是一种美化,翻译时,以"vagabond"代"beg2gar",也是一种美化.后一译名比较实在,但少了前者的浪漫味道.麻婆豆腐-Beancurdwithmincedporkinhotsauce这道菜在我国广为流传",麻婆"成了一个特殊的称谓,外宾没有它的文化背景,翻译时只能取味型.如将之译为"Pockmarkswoman'sbeancurd",即使外宾理解,也失去了美感.霸王别姬-Steamedturtleandchickeninwhitesauce寿比南山-Steamedchickeninpumpkin连生贵子-Lotusnutsinsyrup这些纯为吉利的象征名称,不仅不能直译,也无法直译,所以只能还原处理.如为了促销,可对这些菜附加说明.71菜名含器具的可译出器具,也可直译原料,作为一种特殊的做法,以译出器具为佳.有加工作用的器具在西餐中是不会搬上桌子的,这也是中餐的一个特点,它表现了中餐的艺术性.器具一般有火锅、锅仔、铁板、沙锅、煲等.八珍火锅-Eightdelicacieshotpot锅仔甲鱼-Braisedturtleinminipot铁板牛柳-Vealslicesfriedonironplate汆圆粉丝煲-Stewedmeatballsandbeanver 2micelliincasserole以上探讨了中菜英译的一些基本方法.由于中国菜种系繁多,原料区别大,烹饪方法各具特色,菜名千差万别,翻译时还需具体研究,否则不能把握其特点,准确翻译也就无从谈起.四、菜单的编排除命名方面的差异外,在菜的分类和编排方式上二者也不相同,这是由于用餐方式和上菜顺序不同所引起的.中餐菜单按原料分类,呈纵向序列,西餐菜单按一次食用菜的道数编排,呈平行并列.中餐菜单菜肴的排列一般是按冷菜凉碟类、肉类、鱼类、海鲜类、禽类、蔬菜类、汤类、点心水果类、主食类的顺序进行,饮料酒类单列.西餐菜单菜肴的排列则按进食顺序安排,分为开胃菜类(APPETIZERS)、汤类(SOUPS)、色拉类(SAL2ADS)、主菜类(ENTREES)(包括肉类、鱼类、海鲜
翻滚的石榴
Joins WTO along with our country and develops foreign relations theactivity to increase day by day, the dining industry also faces ismoving towards world this question. Therefore, we took the diningindustry jobholders, more or less understands a related dining aspectspecialized English, is extremely essential. Dining specialized English mainly includes daily conversationterminology, cooking technology terminology and Chinese meal Englishmenu and so on, but this especially uses by the Chinese meal Englishmenu universally. Must translate the Chinese meal menu English, first understandingChinese meal vegetable constitution and naming method. Chinese mealvegetable usually by the raw material name, boils the system method,the cooked food, cooked food founder or place of origin constitutionand so on color fragrance shape. This kind of reflection cooked foodcontent and the characteristic naming method is called practicalizing命名法, in addition also has the reflection cooked food profoundmeaning enjoyable 命名法. Because Chinese and English difference very big, we in Chinese mealvegetable translates into by Chinese English time, should usepracticalizing 命名法, the cooked food raw material, boils as faras possible the system method, the cooked food taste and so ontranslates, in order to lets the visitor be clear. First, the translation method which begins by the host material 1 introduction cooked food main material and supplementarymaterial: Formula: Main material (shape) + (with) supplementary material Example: Almond diced chicken chicken cubes with almond Beef bean curd beef with beancurd The tomato scrambles eggs Scrambled egg with to tomato 2 introductions cooked foods main material delicious juice: Formula: Main material (shape) + (with, in) taste juice Example: Black mustard duck feet duck webs with mustard sauce Onion oil chicken chicken in Scallion oil The rice acanthocepola krusensternii curls fish rolls withrice wine Second, boils the translation method which the system methodbegins 1 introduction cooked food boils the law and the mainmaterial: Formula: Boils the law + host material (shape) Example: 软炸 fillet soft-fried pork fillet Roasts suckling pig roast suckling pig Fries ricefield eel piece Stir-fried eel slices 2 introductions cooked foods boil the law and the hostmaterial, the supplementary material Formula: Boils the law + host material (shape) + (with) thesupplementary material Young Jiang Shaoji strip braised chicken fillet with tenderginger 3 introductions cooked foods boil the law, the host materialdelicious juice: Formula: Boils the law + host material (shape) + (with, in) the tastejuice Example: Red-roast beef braised beef with brown sauce 鱼香肉丝 fried shredded pork with Sweet and sour sauce Clear cooks pig's feet stewed pig hoof in clean soup Third, the translation method which begins by the shape or thefeeling in the mouth 1 introduction cooked food shape (feeling in the mouth) andhost material, supplementary material Formula: Shape (feeling in the mouth) + host material + (with)supplementary material Example: Sesame seed crisp chicken crisp chicken with sesame Dried orange peel rabbit Ding diced rabbit with orange peel When vegetables chicken piece Sliced chicken with seasonalvegetables 2 introductions cooked foods feeling in the mouth, boils thelaw and the main material Formula: The feeling in the mouth + boils the law + mainmaterial Example: Fragrant crisp spareribs crisp fried spareribs Water 煮嫩 fish tender stewed fish The fragrance fries chicken nugget fragrant fried chicken 3 introductions cooked foods shape (feeling in the mouth),host material delicious juice Formula: Shape (feeling in the mouth) + host material + (with)taste juice Example: Tomato sauce fish fillet sliced fish with tomatosauce Pepper hemp chicken nugget cutlets chicken with hot pepper Yellow wine crisp skin shelled fresh shrimp crisp shrimps withrice wine sauce Fourth, the translation method which begins by the personalname or the geographic name 1 introduction cooked food founder (place of origin) and mainmaterial Formula: Personal name (geographic name) + main material Example: Mapo bean curd Ma Po beancurd Sichuan boiled dumplings Sichuan boiled dumpling 2 introductions cooked foods founder (place of origin), boilsthe law and the main material Formula: The personal name (geographic name) + boils the law +main material Example: Dongpo simmers elbow DongPo stewed pork joint Beijing roast duck Roast Beijing Duck Becomes English in Chinese meal vegetable famous translator inthe process, may use many kinds of different method, moreover eachvegetable all may obtain from the different angle carries on thetranslation. For example, in the Sichuan cuisine "the gongbao chicken"this vegetable has following several kinds to translate the law: chicken cubes with peanuts chicken cubes chicken with chilli and peanuts Thus it can be seen, a Chinese meal vegetable Englandtranslates the method is flexible. Finally uses which method as for usin the translation, then may act according to various people's customand the special details determination.
jhaiyun888
chicken cubes with peanuts chicken cubes chicken with chilli and pean鱼香肉丝 fried shredded pork with Sweet and sour sauce uts � on the shape of dishes (taste) and the ingredient, supplies Formula: shape (taste) + ingredient + (with) Excipients Example: from a sesame crisp chicken with sesame chicken Chenpi rabbit small diced rabbit with orange peel At the center of chicken-Sliced chicken with seasonal vegetables Joins WTO along with our country and develops foreign relations theactivity to increase day by day, the dining industry also faces ismoving towards world this question. Therefore, we took the diningindustry jobholders, more or less understands a related dining aspectspecialized English, is extremely essential. Dining specialized English mainly includes daily conversationterminology, cooking technology terminology and Chinese meal Englishmenu and so on, but this especially uses by the Chinese meal Englishmenu universally. Must translate the Chinese meal menu English, first understandingChinese meal vegetable constitution and naming method. Chinese mealvegetable usually by the raw material name, boils the system method,the cooked food, cooked food founder or place of origin constitutionand so on color fragrance shape. This kind of reflection cooked foodcontent and the characteristic naming method is called practicalizing命名法, in addition also has the reflection cooked food profoundmeaning enjoyable 命名法. Because Chinese and English difference very big, we in Chinese mealvegetable translates into by Chinese English time, should usepracticalizing 命名法, the cooked food raw material, boils as faras possible the system method, the cooked food taste and so ontranslates, in order to lets the visitor be clear. First, the translation method which begins by the host material 1 introduction cooked food main material and supplementarymaterial: Formula: Main material (shape) + (with) supplementary material Example: Almond diced chicken chicken cubes with almond Beef bean curd beef with beancurd The tomato scrambles eggs Scrambled egg with to tomato 2 introductions cooked foods main material delicious juice: Formula: Main material (shape) + (with, in) taste juice Example: Black mustard duck feet duck webs with mustard sauce Onion oil chicken chicken in Scallion oil The rice acanthocepola krusensternii curls fish rolls withrice wine Second, boils the translation method which the system methodbegins 1 introduction cooked food boils the law and the mainmaterial: Formula: Boils the law + host material (shape) Example: 软炸 fillet soft-fried pork fillet Roasts suckling pig roast suckling pig Fries ricefield eel piece Stir-fried eel slices 2 introductions cooked foods boil the law and the hostmaterial, the supplementary material Formula: Boils the law + host material (shape) + (with) thesupplementary material Young Jiang Shaoji strip braised chicken fillet with tenderginger 3 introductions cooked foods boil the law, the host materialdelicious juice: Formula: Boils the law + host material (shape) + (with, in) the tastejuice Example: Red-roast beef braised beef with brown sauce 鱼香肉丝 fried shredded pork with Sweet and sour sauce Clear cooks pig's feet stewed pig hoof in clean soup Third, the translation method which begins by the shape or thefeeling in the mouth 1 introduction cooked food shape (feeling in the mouth) andhost material, supplementary material Formula: Shape (feeling in the mouth) + host material + (with)supplementary material Example: Sesame seed crisp chicken crisp chicken with sesame Dried orange peel rabbit Ding diced rabbit with orange peel When vegetables chicken piece Sliced chicken with seasonalvegetables 2 introductions cooked foods feeling in the mouth, boils thelaw and the main material Formula: The feeling in the mouth + boils the law + mainmaterial Example: Fragrant crisp spareribs crisp fried spareribs Water 煮嫩 fish tender stewed fish The fragrance fries chicken nugget fragrant fried chicken 3 introductions cooked foods shape (feeling in the mouth),host material delicious juice Formula: Shape (feeling in the mouth) + host material + (with)taste juice Example: Tomato sauce fish fillet sliced fish with tomatosauce Pepper hemp chicken nugget cutlets chicken with hot pepper Yellow wine crisp skin shelled fresh shrimp crisp shrimps withrice wine sauce Fourth, the translation method which begins by the personalname or the geographic name 1 introduction cooked food founder (place of origin) and mainmaterial Formula: Personal name (geographic name) + main material Example: Mapo bean curd Ma Po beancurd Sichuan boiled dumplings Sichuan boiled dumpling 2 introductions cooked foods founder (place of origin), boilsthe law and the main material Formula: The personal name (geographic name) + boils the law +main material Example: Dongpo simmers elbow DongPo stewed pork joint Beijing roast duck Roast Beijing Duck Becomes English in Chinese meal vegetable famous translator inthe process, may use many kinds of different method, moreover eachvegetable all may obtain from the different angle carries on thetranslation. For example, in the Sichuan cuisine "the gongbao chicken"this vegetable has following several kinds to translate the law: chicken cubes with peanuts chicken cubes chicken with chilli and peanuts Thus it can be seen, a Chinese meal vegetable Englandtranslates the method is flexible. Finally uses which method as for usin the translation, then may act according to various people's customand the special details determination.
naerman163
With China's accession to the WTO and foreign relations activities have increased, and the restaurant industry to the world are faced with this problem. Therefore, we, as the restaurant industry practitioners, more or less understand the point of eating English, it is very necessary. Food including professional English language daily conversation, cooking technical terms in English and Chinese food menu, and so on, and this is particularly so with a Chinese food menu in English is most common. Chinese food to the menu translated into English, Chinese food dishes on-come to understand the composition and method of naming. Chinese food dishes are normally the name of raw materials, cooking method, the color flavor-shaped dishes, dishes such as birthplace of the founder or form. This reflects the contents and characteristics of the dishes named method called realism of the nomenclature, in addition to reflecting the Enjoyable dishes profound meaning of nomenclature. Due to the differences in Chinese and English major, we have Chinese food dishes in the Chinese translated into English by the time should be used realism of the nomenclature, as far as possible, dishes of raw materials, cooking, dishes, such as the flavor-translated to allow guests clear. One, dubbed the beginning of the translation method 1 � introduced dishes of raw and auxiliary materials: Formula: Hain (shape) + (with) Excipients Example: Almond Chicken Little chicken cubes with almond Beef tofu beef with beancurd Tomato Spread Scrambled egg with to tomato 2 � introduced the ingredient and flavoring dishes: Formula: Hain (shape) + (with, in) parsley Example: mustard pork duck webs with mustard sauce Frying chicken chicken in Scallion oil Rice wine sauce fish rolls with rice wine Second, to the beginning of the cooking method of translation method 1 � introduced dishes and the cooking method dubbed: Formula: Cook method + ingredient (SHAPE) Examples: soft fried cut soft-fried pork fillet Cooked roast suckling pig Speculation eel - Stir-fried eel slices 2 � Act introduced dishes and the cooking ingredient, supplies Formula: Cook method + ingredient (shape) + (with) Excipients Aberdeen ginger chicken, braised chicken fillet with tender ginger 3 � Cook on the dishes, ingredient and flavor: Formula: Cook method + ingredient (shape) + (with, in) parsley Example: stewed beef braised beef with brown sauce Remove pork fried shredded pork with Sweet and sour sauce Boiled pork stewed pig hoof in clean soup Third, shape or taste to the beginning of the translation method 1 � on the shape of dishes (taste) and the ingredient, supplies Formula: shape (taste) + ingredient + (with) Excipients Example: from a sesame crisp chicken with sesame chicken Chenpi rabbit small diced rabbit with orange peel At the center of chicken-Sliced chicken with seasonal vegetables 2 � introduced dishes taste, cooking method and ingredient Formula: Cook method taste + + ingredient Example: fried ribs crisp fried spareribs Soft-boiled fish tender stewed fish Stuffed chicken fragrant fried chicken 3 � on the shape of dishes (taste), the ingredient and flavoring Formula: shape (taste) + ingredient + (with) parsley Example: Chefs fish sliced fish with tomato sauce Law Ma chicken cutlets chicken with hot pepper Crispy shrimp rice wine crisp shrimps with rice wine sauce Fourth, the names or place names beginning with the translation method 1 � introduced dishes founder (birthplace) and the ingredient Formula: names (names) + ingredient Example: Ma Ma Po beancurd Great tofu Sichuan dumplings Sichuan boiled dumpling 2 � introduced dishes founder (birthplace), Cook law and Hain Formula: names (names) + + ingredient cooking method Example: Dongpo far elbow DongPo stewed pork joint Beijing roast duck Roast Beijing Duck Chinese food dishes in the process of translation into English, we can use a variety of different methods, and each dish can start from different angles translation. For example, Sichuan in the "strange" Several features are the following translation: 1. Sauteed chicken cubes with peanuts 2. Gongbao chicken cubes 3. Diced chicken with chilli and peanuts Clearly, the English translation of Chinese food dishes is flexible. As we used in the translation of the final method which can be used according to his or her specific situation and determined.
中国菜蕴涵并且承载着中国悠久的历史文化,丰富的风俗习惯,及各异的生活方式和思维方式,是中国文化的重要组成部分。随着中外文化交流的不断加强,中国菜的准确翻译变得愈
1、全国一、二级农业和生物学术性刊物上发表的相关文章,有权威;下面刊物发表有经常性。2、《中国蔬菜》双月刊国内统一刊号CN11-2326/S邮发代号82-131
摘要] 由于自然环境和物产不同,形成了东西方不同的文化,中西饮食便沿着各自的道路发展起来.传统的西方文化是一种畜牧文化和海洋文化,中国文化则是一种农耕文化和陆地
写作思路:可以从中国的历史上的饮食文化进行追溯描述,从古至今的饮食的传承与发展等等,比如“以和为美”与中国食文化,“意境美与中国食文化”等等。 正文: 食文化历
翻译是将一种语言所表达的意思用另一种语言准确而完整地表达出来。下文是我为大家整理的关于的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考! 篇1 漫谈英文定语从句的翻译