关于人工智能的论文英语

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science which aims to create it. Textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents,"[1] where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions which maximize its chances of success.[2] John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956,[3] defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines."[4]The field was founded on the claim that a central property of human beings, intelligence—the sapience of Homo sapiens—can be so precisely described that it can be simulated by a machine.[5] This raises philosophical issues about the nature of the mind and limits of scientific hubris, issues which have been addressed by myth, fiction and philosophy since antiquity.[6] Artificial intelligence has been the subject of breathtaking optimism,[7] has suffered stunning setbacks[8] and, today, has become an essential part of the technology industry, providing the heavy lifting for many of the most difficult problems in computer science.[9]AI research is highly technical and specialized, deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other.[10] Subfields have grown up around particular institutions, the work of individual researchers, the solution of specific problems, longstanding differences of opinion about how AI should be done and the application of widely differing tools. The central problems of AI include such traits as reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects.[11] General intelligence (or "strong AI") is still a long-term goal of (some) research.[12]Thinking machines and artificial beings appear in Greek myths, such as Talos of Crete, the golden robots of Hephaestus and Pygmalion's Galatea.[13] Human likenesses believed to have intelligence were built in every major civilization: animated statues were worshipped in Egypt and Greece[14] and humanoid automatons were built by Yan Shi,[15] Hero of Alexandria,[16] Al-Jazari[17] and Wolfgang von Kempelen.[18] It was also widely believed that artificial beings had been created by Jābir ibn Hayyān,[19] Judah Loew[20] and Paracelsus.[21] By the 19th and 20th centuries, artificial beings had become a common feature in fiction, as in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein or Karel Čapek's . (Rossum's Universal Robots).[22] Pamela McCorduck argues that all of these are examples of an ancient urge, as she describes it, "to forge the gods".[6] Stories of these creatures and their fates discuss many of the same hopes, fears and ethical concerns that are presented by artificial problem of simulating (or creating) intelligence has been broken down into a number of specific sub-problems. These consist of particular traits or capabilities that researchers would like an intelligent system to display. The traits described below have received the most attention.[11][edit] Deduction, reasoning, problem solvingEarly AI researchers developed algorithms that imitated the step-by-step reasoning that human beings use when they solve puzzles, play board games or make logical deductions.[39] By the late 80s and 90s, AI research had also developed highly successful methods for dealing with uncertain or incomplete information, employing concepts from probability and economics.[40]For difficult problems, most of these algorithms can require enormous computational resources — most experience a "combinatorial explosion": the amount of memory or computer time required becomes astronomical when the problem goes beyond a certain size. The search for more efficient problem solving algorithms is a high priority for AI research.[41]Human beings solve most of their problems using fast, intuitive judgments rather than the conscious, step-by-step deduction that early AI research was able to model.[42] AI has made some progress at imitating this kind of "sub-symbolic" problem solving: embodied approaches emphasize the importance of sensorimotor skills to higher reasoning; neural net research attempts to simulate the structures inside human and animal brains that gives rise to this intelligenceMain articles: Strong AI and AI-completeMost researchers hope that their work will eventually be incorporated into a machine with general intelligence (known as strong AI), combining all the skills above and exceeding human abilities at most or all of them.[12] A few believe that anthropomorphic features like artificial consciousness or an artificial brain may be required for such a project.[74]Many of the problems above are considered AI-complete: to solve one problem, you must solve them all. For example, even a straightforward, specific task like machine translation requires that the machine follow the author's argument (reason), know what is being talked about (knowledge), and faithfully reproduce the author's intention (social intelligence). Machine translation, therefore, is believed to be AI-complete: it may require strong AI to be done as well as humans can do it.[75][edit] ApproachesThere is no established unifying theory or paradigm that guides AI research. Researchers disagree about many issues.[76] A few of the most long standing questions that have remained unanswered are these: should artificial intelligence simulate natural intelligence, by studying psychology or neurology? Or is human biology as irrelevant to AI research as bird biology is to aeronautical engineering?[77] Can intelligent behavior be described using simple, elegant principles (such as logic or optimization)? Or does it necessarily require solving a large number of completely unrelated problems?[78] Can intelligence be reproduced using high-level symbols, similar to words and ideas? Or does it require "sub-symbolic" processing?[79][edit] Cybernetics and brain simulationMain articles: Cybernetics and Computational neuroscience There is no consensus on how closely the brain should be the 1940s and 1950s, a number of researchers explored the connection between neurology, information theory, and cybernetics. Some of them built machines that used electronic networks to exhibit rudimentary intelligence, such as W. Grey Walter's turtles and the Johns Hopkins Beast. Many of these researchers gathered for meetings of the Teleological Society at Princeton University and the Ratio Club in England.[24] By 1960, this approach was largely abandoned, although elements of it would be revived in the can one determine if an agent is intelligent? In 1950, Alan Turing proposed a general procedure to test the intelligence of an agent now known as the Turing test. This procedure allows almost all the major problems of artificial intelligence to be tested. However, it is a very difficult challenge and at present all agents intelligence can also be evaluated on specific problems such as small problems in chemistry, hand-writing recognition and game-playing. Such tests have been termed subject matter expert Turing tests. Smaller problems provide more achievable goals and there are an ever-increasing number of positive broad classes of outcome for an AI test are:Optimal: it is not possible to perform better Strong super-human: performs better than all humans Super-human: performs better than most humans Sub-human: performs worse than most humans For example, performance at draughts is optimal,[143] performance at chess is super-human and nearing strong super-human,[144] and performance at many everyday tasks performed by humans is quite different approach is based on measuring machine intelligence through tests which are developed from mathematical definitions of intelligence. Examples of this kind of tests start in the late nineties devising intelligence tests using notions from Kolmogorov Complexity and compression [145] [146]. Similar definitions of machine intelligence have been put forward by Marcus Hutter in his book Universal Artificial Intelligence (Springer 2005), which was further developed by Legg and Hutter [147]. Mathematical definitions have, as one advantage, that they could be applied to nonhuman intelligences and in the absence of human is a common topic in both science fiction and in projections about the future of technology and society. The existence of an artificial intelligence that rivals human intelligence raises difficult ethical issues and the potential power of the technology inspires both hopes and Shelley's Frankenstein,[160] considers a key issue in the ethics of artificial intelligence: if a machine can be created that has intelligence, could it also feel? If it can feel, does it have the same rights as a human being? The idea also appears in modern science fiction: the film Artificial Intelligence: . considers a machine in the form of a small boy which has been given the ability to feel human emotions, including, tragically, the capacity to suffer. This issue, now known as "robot rights", is currently being considered by, for example, California's Institute for the Future,[161] although many critics believe that the discussion is premature.[162]Another issue explored by both science fiction writers and futurists is the impact of artificial intelligence on society. In fiction, AI has appeared as a servant (R2D2 in Star Wars), a law enforcer (. "Knight Rider"), a comrade (Lt. Commander Data in Star Trek), a conqueror (The Matrix), a dictator (With Folded Hands), an exterminator (Terminator, Battlestar Galactica), an extension to human abilities (Ghost in the Shell) and the saviour of the human race (R. Daneel Olivaw in the Foundation Series). Academic sources have considered such consequences as: a decreased demand for human labor,[163] the enhancement of human ability or experience,[164] and a need for redefinition of human identity and basic values.[165]Several futurists argue that artificial intelligence will transcend the limits of progress and fundamentally transform humanity. Ray Kurzweil has used Moore's law (which describes the relentless exponential improvement in digital technology with uncanny accuracy) to calculate that desktop computers will have the same processing power as human brains by the year 2029, and that by 2045 artificial intelligence will reach a point where it is able to improve itself at a rate that far exceeds anything conceivable in the past, a scenario that science fiction writer Vernor Vinge named the "technological singularity".[164] Edward Fredkin argues that "artificial intelligence is the next stage in evolution,"[166] an idea first proposed by Samuel Butler's "Darwin among the Machines" (1863), and expanded upon by George Dyson in his book of the same name in 1998. Several futurists and science fiction writers have predicted that human beings and machines will merge in the future into cyborgs that are more capable and powerful than either. This idea, called transhumanism, which has roots in Aldous Huxley and Robert Ettinger, is now associated with robot designer Hans Moravec, cyberneticist Kevin Warwick and inventor Ray Kurzweil.[164] Transhumanism has been illustrated in fiction as well, for example in the manga Ghost in the Shell and the science fiction series Dune. Pamela McCorduck writes that these scenarios are expressions of the ancient human desire to, as she calls it, "forge the gods."[6]

“人工智能”是大学本科自动化专业所开设的一门专业选修课，为了能够调动自动化专业的学生对本课程学习的积极性，对《人工智能》这门专业选修课程的 教学 方法 进行了探索和 总结 。以下是我整理分享的关于人工智能结课论文的相关 文章 ，欢迎阅读!

对《人工智能》专业选修课教学的几点体会

摘要：“人工智能”是大学本科自动化专业所开设的一门专业选修课，为了能够调动自动化专业的学生对本课程学习的积极性，提高《人工智能》专业选修课的教学效果，我们结合近几年的实际教学 经验 ，从优选教材、考核方式、教学内容调整、教学手段的改进和实践教学等方面对《人工智能》这门专业选修课程的教学方法进行了探索和总结。

关键词：人工智能 优选教材 考核方式内容 手段 实践

人工智能(Aritificial Intelligence，英文缩写为AI)是一门综合了应用数学、自动控制、模式识别、系统工程、计算机科学和心理学等多种学科交叉融合而发展起来的的一门新型学科，是21世纪三大尖端技术(基因工程、纳米科学、人工智能)之一。它是研究智能机器所执行的通常与人类智能有关的职能行为，如推理、证明、感知、规划和问题求解等思维活动，来解决人类处理的复杂问题。人工智能紧跟世界社会进步和科技发展的步伐，与时俱进，有关人工智能的许多研究成果已经广泛应用到国防建设、工业生产、国民生活中的各个领域。在信息网络和知识经济时代，人工智能现已成为一个广受重视且有着广阔应用潜能的前沿学科，必将为推动科学技术的进步和产业的发展发挥更大的作用。因此在我国的大中专院校中开展人工智能这门课的教学与科研工作显得十分紧迫。迄今为止，全国绝大多数工科院校中的自动控制、计算机/软件工程、电气工程、机械工程、应用数学等相关专业都开设了人工智能这门课程。南京邮电大学自动化学院自2005年成立至今，一直将“人工智能”列为自动化专业本科生的选修课程，到目前为止已经有八年的历史了。由于南京邮电大学是一所以邮电、通信、电子、计算机、自动化为特色的工科院校，因此，学校所开设的许多专业都迫切需要用人工智能理论和方法解决科研中的实际问题。在问题需求的推动下，南邮人经过多年的努力工作，在人工智能科研方面取得了丰硕的成果，如物联网学院所开发的现代智能物流系统、自动化学院所开发的城市交通流量控制与决策系统，为本课程的开设提供了典型的教学案例。我们结合近几年的实际教学经验，从优选教材、考核方式、教学内容调整、教学手段的改进和实践教学等方面对人工智能课程教学方法进行了总结归纳。

一、优选教材

目前，国内有关人工智能课程的中英版教材种类非常多，遵循实用、简单、够用的原则，再经过授课老师和学生们的共同调研，我们选用由中南大学蔡自兴教授主编的《人工智能及其应用》第三版作为南邮本课程的授课教材。本书覆盖的人工智能知识体系比较全面，包含知识表示、搜索推理、模糊计算、专家系统等。本书主要针对计算机、自动化、电气工程等本科专业的学生所编写，内容基础，难度适中。蔡教授所编写的这本教材全面地介绍了人工智能的研究内容与应用领域，做到了内容新颖、简单易懂、兼顾基础和应用，受到了全国广大师生们的一致好评，多年的教学实践证明我们所选择的教材是恰当的、正确的。

二、考核方式

在全国大部分高等院校，“人工智能”这门课大都选择开卷考试的方式来进行考核。为了强化学生对人工智能这门课基础知识的掌握，南京邮电大学自动化学院选用闭卷考试的方式来进行考核。为了打消部分学生想在期末闭卷考试中通过作弊手段来完成人工智能这门课考核的侥幸心理，我们加强了对学生平时考勤成绩、课下作业成绩和实验成绩的考核，从而杜绝了“一纸定成绩”的现象。我们对人工智能这门课的最后期末成绩是按如下权重来划分的：平时考勤成绩占10%、课下作业成绩占10%、实验成绩占20%、最后的期末考试卷面成绩只占60%。为了克服国家现行 教育 体制的弊端，避免学生“机械式”地的应对教学和考试，我们对考试题型进行了调整，不再是以往的填空、选择、简答等题型，而是改为以解决实际问题为导向的应用题型为主，这样学生只需要在理解授课内容的基础上利用自己的思维来解题就可以了，这也体现了国家目前正在提倡的应用型教学导向。

三、教学内容调整

对于本科生而言，人工智能这门课程所需要讲授的内容实在太多，由于课时所限，我们必须精简教学内容，让学生在掌握基础知识的同时，也能够了解它的具体应用。因此，我们将人工智能这门课程的教学内容分为两个部分：第一部分是基本理论和方法，包括人工智能的概述、知识表示方法、确定性推理方法等;第二部分为人工智能研究成果的具体应用，包括神经元网络计算、模糊智能计算、专家知识库系统、机器语言学习等。通过对教材内容的合理调整和安排，使得授课计划能够比较全面地覆盖了人工智能这门课程的基本知识点，从而满足了学生们的求知需求。

四、教学手段的改进

(一) 激发学生的学习兴趣

经过长时间的教学我们发现，在选修“人工智能”这门课程时，每个学生的心中所想各有不同，这些学生在刚开始学习时兴趣还比较强烈，但随着教学内容变得越来越抽象，学生逐渐对这本课的学习失去了信心，甚至上课时间不去听课，使授课教师对教学也渐渐失去了信心，导致恶性循环，严重影响了教学质量。针对这种现象，我们认为，在开课前充分激发学生的学习兴趣是很有必要的。我们要结合学校的实验条件，开课前给学生演示“机器人医疗服务”实验，通过该实验的演示，让学生们看到机器人能够给病人提供多项人性化的服务，理解人工智能技术在开发医疗服务机器人多项关键技术中的应用，让学生在开课前能够对本课程的学习产生极大的兴趣，实践证明这种方法是有效的。

(二) 借助多媒体教学

多媒体教学是现代教学过程中一种非常重要的形式，它往往根据教学目的和学生们的特点，通过合理的设计、选择教材内容，应用公式、图形、文字、视频等多种媒体信息进行有机组合并通过电脑和投影机显示出来，与传统教学手段相结合，形成合理的教学过程结构，达到最优化的教学效果。人工智能这门课具有针对性强、内容抽象、公式繁琐等特点，学生学习起来比较困难，为了让学生生动、形象地学习该课程，我们在教学过程中充分利用了多媒体技术来组织教学。例如在课堂教学过程中播放南邮自动化学院梁志伟博士带领学生所开发的“智能 足球 机器人”比赛片段;让学生在线观看北京大学工学院谢广明博士带领学生所开发的“自主视觉机器鱼”录像片段等。在讲解某些重要的求解算法时，借助Matlab软件和投影机，直接展现该算法的求解过程，从而改善了课程教学的形式，提高了教学质量。 (三)提倡课堂 辩论

我们在教学过程中打破了传统的“老师讲课学生听课”的教学模式，多次组织课堂辩论，辩论的主题包括人工智能研究过程中出现的技术困惑、人工智能研究成果转化中的市场前景等。如组织了“电脑PK人脑”“电脑是否让电视消失”“电脑的未来发展方向在哪里”等一系列 辩论会 。经过激烈的辩论，无论正方还是反方都感觉自己收获很大，增长了知识，开阔了眼界。在教学过程中通过将学生由“被动听课”角色变换为“主动参与”角色，大大地调动了学生的学习积极性，从而提高了课堂教学质量。

五、实践教学

实践教学是课堂教学不可缺少的重要组成部分，通过让学生亲自动手实验来对理论知识进行检验和应用是目前国内外各个大学提高学生综合素质、增强学生市场竞争力的重要手段。人工智能实验教学的目的是让学生通过亲自动手体会授课中的各种智能控制算法，从而使学生能够更加形象地掌握课本知识。人工智能教学计划安排了4学时实验课，设置了“传教士和野人过河”“机器人路径规划”这两个人工智能问题，要求学生独立完成这2个实验题目的编程，并书写实验 报告 。通过实验，学生动手实践了课堂上所掌握的理论知识，加深了对智能算法的理解。

人工智能是一门实用性较强的课程，我们总结了近几年来的教学经验，从优选教材、考核方式、教学内容调整、教学手段的改进和实践教学五个方面对人工智能课程教学进行了总结。从学生的反馈来看，我们所总结的教学经验对于指导新教师讲授“人工智能”这门课程具有积极的作用，需要指出的是，我们仍有很多不足之处，需要在以后的教学过程中不断努力完善，提高自己的教学能力，争取更好的教学效果。

参考文献

[1]蔡自兴，徐光佑.人工智能及其应用[M].北京：清华大学出版社，2003.

[2]路小英，周桂红，赵艳等.高等农业院校《人工智能》课程的教学研究与实践[J].河北农业大学学报：农林教育版，2007，9(4)：66-68.

[3]马建斌，李阅历，高媛. 人工智能课程教学的探索与实践[J].河北农业大学学报：农林教育版，2011，13(3)：330-332.

[4]赵海波.人工智能课程教学方法的探讨[J].科技信息，2011，(7)：541.

[5]张廷，杨国胜.“人工智能”课程教学的实践与探索[J].课程与教学，2009(11)：133-134.

本研究得到了江苏省2011年度研究生双语授课教学试点项目—“模式识别与智能系统”项目经费的资助。

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