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毕业论文翻译别人文章

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毕业论文翻译别人文章

我感觉我这几年硕士白读了,,,科技论文翻译起来好累,后面找的北京译顶科技。

如果文献是英文或者其他语种的,翻译成中文时,知网系统的数据库并没有类似的内容来进行对比。所以知网系统收录了你抄袭的那篇英文文献的话,对于翻译成中文的内容是并不能有效的检测出。但是要注意了,抄袭的英文文献是否被别人用过,如果别人也跟你一样,翻译过这篇文献,并被知网收录。那么你检测的时候就会被显示抄袭他的文章,这到底能不能检测出来,还得查了才知道,不代表没有别人翻译过的可能性。而且如果是投稿发表,并不建议你这么做,到时候被发现抄袭,后果是比较严重的。个人建议理解内容后,按照自己的意思再重新写一遍比较靠谱。不然有可能被撤销学位或者吊销学位证书等。像早检测,是有知网vip,知网pmlc,还有知网期刊,小分解。或许可以看看。

这是个糊涂的办法。首先,你未来的论文答辩考官通常主要是你所写的这篇论文所涉及领域的研究者,如果这篇汉语论文有一点点学术价值,他们很有可能是注意过的,你的风险太大;如果这篇汉语论文没什么学术价值,那么你翻成英文也不能确保答辩通过呀。另外有些细节你想过没有,比如参考文献怎么解决?写一篇英语论文,参考的绝大多数文献都是汉语的?而且和另一篇汉语论文的参考文献一模一样?其次,翻译并不比写作更容易,在学术论文上也是这样。汉语论文无论结构还是行文都和英语的有明显差异,你要是能把一篇汉语论文改编成典型的英语论文,那么以你的水平就不会发愁写不出英语论文了。所以你不如光明正大地参考若干篇汉语论文,然后加上一些英语文献的综述,把它们整理成你自己的文字,并标明观点和引文的出处,这样就是合格的英语论文了,不仅比翻译省力,关键是不违规。

最好是外国人

毕业论文翻译和别人一样

文献资料是参考的,这么小的范围之内同一个课题难免相同吧。只要内容不是一样就行了。

不可以。可以引用,但要标注(文内和参考文献部分都要有),直引要有作者姓、作品出版的年份,引用部分加引号,标注页码;间接引用文内要标注作者的姓以及作品的出版年份。翻译整理后做成自己论文的一部分绝对是剽窃。

这个外文翻译好像没有拿去检测

请咨询“中华会计代理专家事务所”,这家单位专业提供

毕业论文翻译了别人的英文

如果文献是英文或者其他语种的,翻译成中文时,知网系统的数据库并没有类似的内容来进行对比。所以知网系统收录了你抄袭的那篇英文文献的话,对于翻译成中文的内容是并不能有效的检测出。但是要注意了,抄袭的英文文献是否被别人用过,如果别人也跟你一样,翻译过这篇文献,并被知网收录。那么你检测的时候就会被显示抄袭他的文章,这到底能不能检测出来,还得查了才知道,不代表没有别人翻译过的可能性。而且如果是投稿发表,并不建议你这么做,到时候被发现抄袭,后果是比较严重的。个人建议理解内容后,按照自己的意思再重新写一遍比较靠谱。不然有可能被撤销学位或者吊销学位证书等。像早检测,是有知网vip,知网pmlc,还有知网期刊,小分解。或许可以看看。

是抄袭。

抄袭与形式上相类似的行为进行区别:

1).抄袭与利用著作权作品的思想、意念和观点。一般的说,作者自由利用另一部作品中所反映的主题、题材、观点、思想、等再进行新的创作,在法律上是允许的,不能认为是抄袭。

2).抄袭与利用他人作品的历史背景、客观事实、统计数字等。各国著作权法对作品所表达的历史背景、客观事实统计数字等本身并不予以保护,任何人均可以自由利用。但完全照搬他人描述客观事实、历史背景的文字,有可能被认定为抄袭。

3).抄袭与合理使用。合理使用是作者利用他人作品的法律上的依据,一般由各国著作权法自行规定其范围。凡超出合理使用范围的,一般构成侵权,但并不一定是抄袭。

4).抄袭与巧合。著作权保护的是独创作品,而非首创作品。类似作品如果是作者完全独立创作的,不能认为是抄袭。

判断抄袭与其它行为的区别,可以从下面5个方面去分析:

1).看被告对原作品的更改程度

2).看原作品与被告作品的特点

3).看作品的性质

4).看作品中所体现的创作技巧和作品的价值

5).看被告的意图

扩展资料:

写论文的技巧

1、选题来源。

好的选题是论文能够发表的重要因素。一般而言,论文选题可以从看书中来,从时政中来,从现实中来,从积累中来,从深挖中来,从联系中来。具体而言,通过看书、关注时政、现实,通过日常积累,对一个问题的深入挖掘,对问题联系地看,都可以发现问题,确定论文题目。

2、初列提纲。

选好题后,就试着列出提纲。一般提纲以三部分或四部分居多。每一个一级标题下又可以分为二级标题、三级标题。实在没有三级标题,能列出一二级标题也可。这个提纲也是一个初步的提纲,后面在撰写过程中,可能会根据撰写来修改。

3、开始撰写。

提纲列好后,就要设定目标,每天撰写一点。如果是三部分,每一部分有三个二级标题,那么,我们可以设定每天写一个二级标题的内容,这样差不多九天就可以完成论文。要是速度够快的话,可以一天写两个甚至三个二级标题的内容。

4、规定进程。

一旦开始撰写后,每天就要花点时间专门来撰写规定的任务,不可拖沓。每撰写一部分内容前,都要去查找这部分内容的相关资料,形成总体意识、印象、观点,便于我们的撰写。撰写过程中,每一部分都要精益求精,达到能够发表的程度。如此,及时推进,论文就能按时完成。

5、从头修改。

论文第一次撰写完成后,要回过头来,从头读到尾,从头看到尾,进行修改。因为,第一次撰写过程中难免会有错字甚至不通顺的地方,通读通看可以发现问题。而且,写完一篇文章后,个人对这个问题的看法、思维、观点会有变化,这样我们在从头看的过程中可能会对文章进行若干修改,以便达到较好的质量。

6、完善要素。

论文主体部分完成后,接下来就是去完善作者、作者单位、所在城市及邮编、中英文摘要、关键词、参考文献等。

要在纵览全文的基础上,把核心观点提炼出来,写出摘要,使得别人看了摘要就知道文章的主要内容是什么。关键词一般3到5个就够。参考文献一般是尾注式插入,引用书要具体到页码,引用期刊也要具体到页码,引用报纸要具体到期数。

参考资料来源:百度百科-抄袭

英语论文写作中有两种摘抄方式,一种是直接摘抄文本,另一种是用自己的说法重复,不论如何,两种方式都需要在论文最后写明文章来源与原作者名(注名方式有点复杂就不多说了)。即便是翻译,最后至少也会落入“用自己的说法重复”的范畴,所以如果没有列明文章来源的话就会形成抄袭。如果整篇文章都是从原文翻译得来的,那么还涉及一个翻译权的问题(对,翻译权),而且会是非常明显的抄袭行为。当然以上这些都是英美标准,在国内可能不适用,这方面你还是应该遵从导师/上级的意见。

这是个糊涂的办法。首先,你未来的论文答辩考官通常主要是你所写的这篇论文所涉及领域的研究者,如果这篇汉语论文有一点点学术价值,他们很有可能是注意过的,你的风险太大;如果这篇汉语论文没什么学术价值,那么你翻成英文也不能确保答辩通过呀。另外有些细节你想过没有,比如参考文献怎么解决?写一篇英语论文,参考的绝大多数文献都是汉语的?而且和另一篇汉语论文的参考文献一模一样?其次,翻译并不比写作更容易,在学术论文上也是这样。汉语论文无论结构还是行文都和英语的有明显差异,你要是能把一篇汉语论文改编成典型的英语论文,那么以你的水平就不会发愁写不出英语论文了。所以你不如光明正大地参考若干篇汉语论文,然后加上一些英语文献的综述,把它们整理成你自己的文字,并标明观点和引文的出处,这样就是合格的英语论文了,不仅比翻译省力,关键是不违规。

经济学人文章翻译

这篇文章有几个非常有意思的句子和表达,我贴出来,大家一起赏析一下: 佳句篇:   Sentence 1. He helped popularise the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which ruffled many scientific feathers when it was first suggested. 解析: Ruffle弄皱的意思 Ruffle one’s feathers惹怒(想想逆毛流撸猫) The idea that ...用的是同位语从句,不太多,常用搭配是the evidence that,the concept that 等。That后从句解释idea, concept或evidence等。 Which的指代问题。Which指代的不是上文任何一个出现的单词或词组,而是Dr. Cochran的这波操作。Sentence 2. Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. disproportionately不成比例地 主干and复合句+非谓语动词scoring+as引导的从句(插入后置定语) 每个部分都不难,集合到一起就对理解产生障碍了。Sentence 3. But in the Middle Ages, success in Christian society tended to be violently aristocratic (warfare and land), rather than peacefully meritocratic (banking and trade). 这个句子不难,为什么拿出来是因为这个violently的用法。简单来讲,这一个单词乍一看是作aristocratic的副词,实则在翻译(以及理解)当中,我们必须单独翻译成一个实意的成分,而且作副词处理。 Aristocratic贵族统治 Meritocratic德治Sentence 4. That small, reproductively isolated groups of people are susceptible to genetic disease is well known. 主语从句,注意 5. Most of the dozen or so disease genes that are common in them belong to one of two types: they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair. 典型长句,如何解析? Most of the dozen or so  disease genes that are common in them  belong to one of two types: Or so大约 斜体作的是disease genes they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair. either or后面是两个in... 第一个in后面的which form part of the insulating outer sheaths解释的是Sphingolipids that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals解释的是sheaths。 也就是说,(非限制性)定语从句后面紧接另一个定语从句。 第二个in后面很简单,但!!!文章最后一段有解释,对于 文章结构 至关重要。Sentence 6&7. Thus, the theory goes, the pressure  to keep the sickle-cell gene in the population because of its malaria-protective effects balances the pressure  to drive it out because of its anaemia-causing effects. It therefore persists without becoming ubiquitous. 两句话放一起。 主干已加黑。很有意思的句子,工整、对仗,而又解释非常清楚。 下一句,persist和ubiquitous用词极其精准,整句话像外科手术般,精准简练。作者还是怕读者一下子没读懂,用简单而又高效的句子总结下。写作手法很老练高超,字字玑珠,像极了宝马M3。Sentence 8. Genes that promote intelligence in an individual when present as a single copy create disease when present as a double copy. 乍一看没什么稀奇,再一看,把一个comparison分别放在了主语和谓语的修饰成分中,可谓老辣。 作何解? That promote intelligence对genes做了一个限定,指的是genes的其中一种特征,然后用when说明了适用情况。 Create谓语的主语也是genes,但这时候是没有限定的genes。Create disease做的是限定,其实对应的是promote intelligence。后面同样用一个when来说明范围。 简单来讲,genes的含义做了一个缩小和限定,又在create的时候恢复了genes的双重功能含义。 Promote intelligence和create diseases一个对应,尽管成分差别很大。 两个when的对比。 可谓神句。Sentence 9. An Israeli clinic devoted to treating people with Gaucher's has vastly more engineers, scientists, accountants and lawyers on its books than would be expected by chance. Than (what) would be expected by chance. 省略了what。。。你能理解吗? 还有这个books,这个同语境关联强烈。好的表达: 1. ruffle one’s feather 2. Tremble at the thought 3. Affirm作不及物动词(Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. ) 4. aristocratic . meritocratic 5. Exact a price类似用法 exert influence附原文及翻译: Natural genius? 天生我才? The high intelligence of Ashkenazi Jews may be a result of their persecuted past 德系犹太人的高智商或许是因为曾经遭受迫害的后果 THE idea that some ethnic groups may, on average, be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran, a noted scientific iconoclast, is prepared to say it anyway. He is that rare bird, a scientist who works independently of any institution. He helped popularise the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which ruffled many scientific feathers when it was first suggested. And more controversially still, he has suggested that homosexuality is caused by an infection. 某些少数民族的平均智商高于其他民族这一说法,是很多不敢公开的假设之一。不过著名的科学狂人Gregory Cochran 决意要做第一个吃螃蟹的人。他很特别,总是独立工作而不属于任何机构。某些曾被诊断并非病菌引起的疾病,其实病源来自传染病。这一观点因他的推动受到了关注。此观点一经提出,就受到了许多科学家的反对。这还不算,更具争议的是,他认为同性恋也是由传染病引起的。 Even he, however, might tremble at the thought of what he is about to do. Together with Jason Hardy and Henry Harpending, of the University of Utah, he is publishing, in a forthcoming edition of the Journal of Biosocial Science, a paper which not only suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in question are Ashkenazi Jews. The process is natural selection. 然而就算是Cochran,也为自己接下来要做的事捏了一把汗。他准备同Utah大学的Jason Hardy与Henry Harpending一同,在最新一期的《生物社会科学杂志》发表一篇论文,文中不仅提出了某一少数民族比其他民族更聪明这一观点,还解释了这一结果产生的过程。文中两大主角就是德系犹太人和自然选择。 History before science 不管是否科学,先来看看历史 Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as Tay-Sachs and breast cancer. These facts, however, have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been put down to social effects, such as a strong tradition of valuing education. The latter was seen as a consequence of genetic isolation. Even now, Ashkenazim tend to marry among themselves. In the past they did so almost exclusively. 德系犹太人不仅在IQ测试上表现不俗,正常人一般在100分左右,而他们大多都能得个112-115分,而且虽然人数不多,但他们在欧洲知识、文化生活中的地位却举足轻重。想想弗洛伊德、爱因斯坦、马勒,我们就会点头称是了。但同时,他们中患有如泰-萨克斯病、乳腺癌这类严重的遗传疾病的比率明显高于其他种族。这些事实,最初被人们认为是毫无联系的。前者被说成是社会原因引起的,如浓烈的价值观教育的传统;后者则被说成是基因隔离的结果,不过即使是现在,德系犹太人还是愿意同本族人结婚,在过去,就更是如此了。 Dr Cochran, however, suspects that the intelligence and the diseases are intimately linked. His argument is that the unusual history of the Ashkenazim has subjected them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this paradoxical state of affairs. 但Cochran博士对以上两点表示质疑,并认为德系犹太人的天赋异禀与痛病缠身联系密切。他认为正是异常的历史环境强加给了德系犹太人独有的进化压力,才导致了这些看似奇怪的现象。 Ashkenazi history begins with the Jewish rebellion against Roman rule in the first century AD. When this was crushed, Jewish refugees fled in all directions. The descendants of those who fled to Europe became known as Ashkenazim. 德系犹太人的历史源于公元1世纪。犹太人在反对罗马人的统治失败后,犹太难民四散而逃,逃亡欧洲的犹太后裔就是如今的德系犹太人。 In the Middle Ages, European Jews were subjected to legal discrimination, one effect of which was to drive them into money-related professions such as banking and tax farming which were often disdained by, or forbidden to, Christians. This, along with the low level of intermarriage with their gentile neighbours (which modern genetic analysis confirms was the case), is Dr Cochran's starting point. 在中世纪,欧洲的犹太人在法律上地位很不平等,结果之一就是他们不得不从事与金钱相关的职业,如被人看不起或不准基督徒涉足的银行或征税工作,此外,他们只能与邻居中社会地位较低的非犹太人通婚(这种状况通过现代基因学分析得到了证实)。上述就是Cochran 博士论文的起点。 He argues that the professions occupied by European Jews were all ones that put a premium on intelligence. Of course, it is hard to prove that this intelligence premium existed in the Middle Ages, but it is certainly true that it exists in the modern versions of those occupations. Several studies have shown that intelligence, as measured by IQ tests, is highly correlated with income in jobs such as banking. 他认为欧洲犹太人从事的职业都是些需要一定智商的职业,虽不能证明这些职业在中世纪时就是这样了,但在当代它们确实如此。一些研究表明,智力水平(按智力测试的标准来算)与工资水平(如那些从事银行工作的人)联系密切。 What can, however, be shown from the historical records is that European Jews at the top of their professions in the Middle Ages raised more children to adulthood than those at the bottom. Of course, that was true of successful gentiles as well. But in the Middle Ages, success in Christian society tended to be violently aristocratic (warfare and land), rather than peacefully meritocratic (banking and trade). 这些历史记录证明了,那些在欧洲工作地位较高的犹太家庭子女存活率要高于那些地位较低的犹太家庭。情况对于那些其他种族的也是一样的。但在中世纪,基督教社会中所谓的成功多是贵族通过战争与土地强争豪取,而非通过量才而用(如从事银行或贸易工作)和平地获得。 Put these two things together—a correlation of intelligence and success, and a correlation of success and fecundity—and you have circumstances that favour the spread of genes that enhance intelligence. The questions are, do such genes exist, and what are they if they do? Dr Cochran thinks they do exist, and that they are exactly the genes that cause the inherited diseases which afflict Ashkenazi society. 把智力与成功的关联以及成功与生殖力的关系合二为一,你就具备了有利于智商提高的基因传播的条件。问题是这种智商基因确实存在吗?假如它果真存在的话,那究竟是什么呢?科克伦博士认为它们的确存在,而且正是那种引起折磨德系犹太人遗传疾病的基因。 That small, reproductively isolated groups of people are susceptible to genetic disease is well known. Constant mating with even distant relatives reduces genetic diversity, and some disease genes will thus, randomly, become more common. But the very randomness of this process means there should be no discernible pattern about which disease genes increase in frequency. In the case of Ashkenazim, Dr Cochran argues, this is not the case. Most of the dozen or so disease genes that are common in them belong to one of two types: they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair. The former genes cause neurological diseases, such as Tay- Sachs, Gaucher's and Niemann-Pick. The latter cause cancer. 众所周知,越是人口稀少并且生育范围狭小的种族就越易患遗传疾病。总是于同族人通婚,就算不是近亲,也会较少遗传的多样性,同时也会使某些致病基因没有规律地在该种族内部泛滥起来。而这种无规律性意味着人们不知道何类致病基因会被大量传播。但对德系犹太人来说,Cochran 医生指出,情况却并非如此。他们当中最常见的十几种疾病基因基本上可以归结于两类:一类参与神经细胞中鞘脂类特殊脂肪)的储存。鞘脂组成一部分绝缘外层鞘,允许神经细胞发射电子信号。另一类参与DNA 的修复。前者基因会引发神经性疾病,如泰萨二氏病、脑苷脂沉积病和神经鞘磷脂沉积病;而后者会导致癌症。 That does not look random. And what is even less random is that in several cases the genes for particular diseases come in different varieties, each the result of an independent original mutation. This really does suggest the mutated genes are being preserved by natural selection. But it does not answer the question of how evolution can favour genetic diseases. However, in certain circumstances, evolution can. 上述看起来并非毫无规律。而且更趋于规律的表现就是,在一些病例中,特殊疾病的致病基因来自于不同的变体,而每个变体都是独立的原基因变异的结果。这就印证了变异基因是自然选择保留下来的结果,可它却不能回答自然选择为什么会成了遗传疾病的帮凶,但在一些特殊的条件下,进化能够产生这样的结果。 West Africans, and people of West African descent, are susceptible to a disease called sickle-cell anaemia that is virtually unknown elsewhere. The anaemia develops in those whose red blood cells contain a particular type of haemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen. But the disease occurs only in those who have two copies of the gene for the disease-causing haemoglobin (one copy from each parent). Those who have only one copy have no symptoms. They are, however, protected against malaria, one of the biggest killers in that part of the world. Thus, the theory goes, the pressure to keep the sickle-cell gene in the population because of its malaria-protective effects balances the pressure to drive it out because of its anaemia-causing effects. It therefore persists without becoming ubiquitous. 如西非人以及他们的后代易患一种叫做镰状细胞性贫血的疾病,这种病在西非之外几乎都没人听说过。贫血症发于那些红血球中含有一种特殊的血红蛋白,其蛋白质中含有氧气的人。但这种镰状细胞性贫血症只会发生在同时有两组这种致病的血红蛋白(父母都有这种血红蛋白)的人身上。而那些只有一组的人不但不会患这种贫血症,也不会患疟疾,该病被称为非洲的头号杀手。因此,我们可以这样说,抵御疟疾的特性使得镰状细胞在得以人体中存活下来,同时这种细胞导致贫血症的特性也会被人体排斥,只有在为保持这两种状态而产生的压力达到平衡时,才不会有任何一个特性占据上风。 Dr Cochran argues that something similar happened to the Ashkenazim. Genes that promote intelligence in an individual when present as a single copy create disease when present as a double copy. His thesis is not as strong as the sickle-cell/malaria theory, because he has not proved that any of his disease genes do actually affect intelligence. But the area of operation of some of them suggests that they might. Cochran博士认为,德系犹太人也面临着同样的情况,他们的某些基因如果以单组出现就可以提高智力,一旦以双组出现就会引起疾病。显然,该理论并不如他的镰状细胞/疟疾理论那样具有说服力,因为他尚未证明任何一种致病基因确实能够影响智力,但是某些基因的活动区域显示它们或许真能影响智力。 The sphingolipid-storage diseases, Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's and Niemann-Pick, all involve extra growth and branching of the protuberances that connect nerve cells together. Too much of this (as caused in those with double copies) is clearly pathological. But it may be that those with single copies experience a more limited, but still enhanced, protuberance growth. That would yield better linkage between brain cells, and might thus lead to increased intelligence. Indeed, in the case of Gaucher's disease, the only one of the three in which people routinely live to adulthood, there is evidence that those with full symptoms are more intelligent than the average. An Israeli clinic devoted to treating people with Gaucher's has vastly more engineers, scientists, accountants and lawyers on its books than would be expected by chance. 鞘脂储存类疾病,如泰萨二氏病、脑苷脂沉积病和神经鞘磷脂沉积病,都涉及到连接神经细胞的凸起的多余生长和分叉。显然,这种生长和分叉太多的话就会引起疾病。但是,也有可能,仅有单份致病基因的人会出现比较有限的、但仍然加强了的凸起生长。这将有助于加强脑细胞之间的连接,或许因此导致智力提高。实际上,在脑苷脂沉积病的例子中,在三分之一能够活到成年的患者中,确实有证据表明完全发病的人拥有高于平均值的智商。根据一家专门治疗脑苷脂沉积病的以色列诊所的医疗记录,患者中的工程师、科学家、会计和律师的比例多于常人。 Why a failure of the DNA-repair system should boost intelligence is unclear—and is, perhaps, the weakest part of the thesis, although evidence is emerging that one of the genes in question is involved in regulating the early growth of the brain. But the thesis also has a strong point: it makes a clear and testable prediction. This is that people with a single copy of the gene for Tay-Sachs, or that for Gaucher's, or that for Niemann-Pick should be more intelligent than average. Dr Cochran and his colleagues predict they will be so by about five IQ points. If that turns out to be the case, it will strengthen the idea that, albeit unwillingly, Ashkenazi Jews have been part of an accidental experiment in eugenics. It has brought them some advantages. But, like the deliberate eugenics experiments of the 20th century, it has also exacted a terrible price. 为什么基因修复系统失灵会提高智力,现在还不清楚原因何在。虽然,陆续有证据表明产生问题的基因之一参与了调节大脑的早期发育,但是这仍是该论题最薄弱的环节。不过,该理论也有令人信服的地方:它对于拥有单份泰萨二氏病或脑苷脂沉积病或神经鞘磷脂沉积病基因的人会比普通人更聪明做出了明确而可检验的预测。Cochran 博士和他的同事认为,这些人的智商因此会比平均水平高出5 个点。尽管有人不愿接受,假如确实如此的话,它将有力地证明,德系犹太人在不经意间经历了优生实验,而这为他们带来了智商上的优势。但是,如同发生在20 世纪的人为的优生实验一样,它同样让他们付出了可怕的代价。

翻译之路道阻且长,必经百般磨砺。每周精修一篇《经济学人》中译文,主要目的是琢磨语言,一方面学习英文表达,另一方面深入思考中文表达。尽量避免“翻译腔”,就算是没有白费功夫了。【这里是我的精修】Low-Earth-orbit satellites Round and round they go The launch of thousands of new satellites will boost the space economy 近地轨道卫星 转圈圈 【转呀转呀转呀转】 将有数千颗新卫星升空,推动太空经济发展 【数千颗新卫星即将升空,太空经济将迅猛发展】Space is becoming more crowded. On December 3rda Falcon 9 rocket made by SpaceX thundered into the sky. On board were 64 small satellites, more than any American company had launched before in one go. They have an array of uses, from space-based radar to the monitoring of radio-frequency emissions. One, designed by Trevor Paglen, an artist, will soon unfurl a 30-metre reflective structure that will shine down on Earth like an artificial star, visible to the naked eye. 太空正变得越来越拥挤。12月3日,SpaceX制造的一枚猎鹰九号火箭轰隆升空。它上面装载了64颗小型卫星,超过之前任何一家美国公司单次发射卫星的数量。从天基雷达到无线电发射监测,这些卫星的用途多种多样。其中一颗由艺术家Trevor Paglen设计,内嵌的30米场反射器不久将会打开,变成一颗肉眼可见的人造星星,在地球的上空闪光。 【太空越来越拥挤了。12月3日,SpaceX发射了一枚猎鹰9号火箭,这一次共有64颗小型卫星随之升空,创下了美国公司单次发射卫星数量的新纪录。这些卫星用途多样,从天基雷达到无线电监测等十分广泛。其中还包括一颗由艺术家特雷弗·裴格伦(Trevor Paglen)设计的艺术卫星,它将在太空中释放约30米长的反射器,变身为肉眼即可观赏到的人造卫星。】These objects are part of the latest breed of low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellites, which are designed to whizz around the planet only a few hundred kilometers above its surface. This month’s launch is just a taste of what is planned. SpaceX and OneWeb, a communications firm, plan to launch satellites in their thousands, not hundreds (see briefing). The pair are set to double the total number of satellites in orbit by 2027. 这些都属于最新型的近地轨道卫星,在距地表仅几百公里的轨道上绕行。本月发射的只是计划中的以下部分。SpaceX和卫星通信公司OneWeb计划发射几千而不是几百颗卫星。两家公司的目标是让轨道卫星的综述到2027年增加一倍。 【此次发射的卫星都属于最新型近地轨道卫星(LEO),运行轨道距离地面不过几百公里。此次发射活动也只是更宏大计划的牛刀小试。SpaceX和通信公司OneWeb打算发射数以千计的卫星,几百个尚不足为道,到2027年,它们要把在轨卫星的数量增加一倍。】That promises to change things dramatically on Earth. LEO satellites can bring internet connectivity to places where it is still unavailable or unaffordable. This will also be an enduring source of new demand for the space economy. Morgan Stanley, a bank, projects that the space industry will grow from $350bn in 2016 to more than $ by 2040. New internet satellites will account for a half this increase. 这会给地球带来巨大改变。近地轨道卫星可以为目前还未接入互联网或者联网成本过高的地区提供网络连接。而这也将是太空经济新需求的持久源泉。摩根士丹利预测,航天业的规模将从2016年的3500亿美元增长至2040年的超过万亿美元。其中一半的增长将源自新兴互联网卫星。 【这将给人类社会带来巨大改变。有了近地轨道卫星,目前没有网络或者网络太贵的地区就能联网了。太空经济也将因此获得源源不断的新需求。摩根士丹利预测,到2040年,太空行业规模将从2016年的3,500亿美元增长到超过万亿美元,其中一半将来自互联网卫星。】For that to happen, however, three worries must be overcome. Debris is the most familiar concern. As long ago as 1978, Donald Kessler, a scientist at NASA, proposed a scenario in which, when enough satellites were packed into low-Earth orbits, any collision could cause a chain reaction which would eventually destroy all space craft in its orbital plane. The syndrome which bears Mr. Kessler’s name weighs heavily on the minds of executives at the new satellite firms. Debris could conceivably render entire tracts of space unusable for decades. (Collisions have already happened. In 2009 an American satellite and a Russian one crashed into each other above Siberia, sending over a tonne of metal fragments swirling around the planet at thousands of kilometers per hour.) 然而,要实现这一点必须解决三大忧患。其中最为人熟知的一个是空间碎片。早在1978年,美国国家航空航天局的科学家DO哪来的Kessler就提出,当足够多的卫星进入近地轨道时,任何碰撞都可能引起连锁反应,最终破坏所在轨道平面内的所有航天器。这一被命名为“凯斯勒综合症”的理论是压在新型卫星公司高管心头的一块大石。碎片可能导致整个太空轨道在几十年内都无法使用。(碰撞事件已有发生。2009年一颗美国卫星和一颗俄罗斯卫星在西伯利亚上空相撞,产生的一吨多金属碎片以每小时数千公里的速度在地球上空旋转。) 【然而,要实现这一愿景,尚需解决三大问题。太空垃圾首当其冲。1978年,美国国家航空航天局的科学家唐纳德·凯斯勒(Donald Kessler)就曾提出,当近地轨道卫星达到一定的密集程度,一旦发生碰撞,连锁反应将摧毁该轨道平面上的所有航天器。这种情景被命名为“凯斯勒综合症”,给新兴卫星公司高管的心头投下了一片阴影。一旦太空轨道上挤满了碎片,或许数十年都不能再发射航天器了。(太空碰撞已经不再是设想。2009年,一颗美国卫星和一颗俄罗斯卫星在西伯利亚上空相撞,留下了一吨多金属碎片以每小时数千公里的速度在地球上空飞速旋转。)】Solutions exist. One is to grab malfunctioning satellites and pull them down into Earth’s atmosphere. Another is to monitor space more intensively for debris; a US Air Force programme called Space Fence is due to start in 2019. But technology is only part of the answer. Rules are needed to govern the safe disposal of old satellites from low-Earth orbit. The United States’ Federal Communications Commission is revising its regulations with this in mind. Other countries should follow suit. 解决办法是有的。一个方案是“捉住”故障卫星,将其下拉至地球大气层中。另一个方案是更严密地检测太空中的碎片,美国空军一项名为“太空篱笆”(Space Fence)的相关计划将于2019年启动。但技术只是解决方案的一部分,还需要制定规则来管理近地轨道就卫星的安全处置问题。为此美国联邦通信委员会(FCC)正在修订相关规定。其他国家也应效仿。 【解决办法还是有的。首先,可以将发生故障的卫星抓住并拖入地球大气层中。其次,更严密地监控太空碎片;美国空军就将在2019年启动Space Fence(太空篱笆)计划。但是科技只是一个方面。要安全清除近地轨道上的旧卫星,还需要相关政策加持。美国联邦通信委员会(FCC)正在沿着这个思路修订相关规定。其他国家也应如此。】Cyber-security is a second, long-standing worry. Hackers could take control of a satellite and seal intellectual property, redirect data flows or cause a collision. The satellite industry has been slow to respond to such concerns. But as more of the world’s population comes to rely on the infrastructure of space for access to the internet, the need for action intensifies. 第二个担忧存在已久——网络安全。黑客可能劫持卫星,窃取知识产权,重新定向数据流,或者让卫星相撞。卫星行业对这类问题反应迟缓。但随着世界上越来越多人口依赖太空基础设施接入互联网,就此类风险采取行动变得愈加迫切。 【其次,网络安全隐患存在已久。黑客可能劫持卫星,窃取知识产权,重新定向数据流,甚至让卫星相撞。对于这些问题,卫星行业的反应一直很缓慢。但是,越来越多的人口需要依赖太空基础设施才能连接互联网,因此,采取行动已变得十分紧迫。】The third issue follows from the first two. If a simple mistake or a cyber-attack can cause a chain reaction which wipes out hundreds of billions of dollars of investment, who is liable? Underwriters are studying the plans of firms that wish to operate large numbers of satellites. But there is a long way to go before the risks are well understood, let alone priced. 第三个问题因前两者而生。如果一个简单错误或一次网络攻击就可能导致连锁反应,令数千亿美元的投资化为乌有,那么谁该为此负责?保险公司正在研究那些想要运营大量卫星的企业提出的计划。但要充分了解其中的风险尚需时日,更别说要为这些风险定价了。 【问题之三与前两者联系密切。如果一个小小的错误或者一次网络攻击就能引发连锁反应,足以让数百亿美元投资化为乌有,那么这笔账该找谁来算呢?保险公司正在帮助有意运营大量卫星的公司研究保险计划,但是充分了解其中风险尚需时日,要给风险定价岂不是难上加难。】As space becomes more commercialized, mind-bending prospects open up: packages shuttled across the planet in minutes by rocket rather than by plane, mining equipment sent to asteroids, a stream of paying passengers launched to orbit and beyond. All that and more may come, one day. But such activities would raise the same questions as LEO satellites do. They must be answered before the space economy can truly blossom. 随着太空空间变得更商业化,让人脑洞大开的前景渐现:通过火箭而不是飞机在几分钟之内横跨地球递送包裹;把采矿设备发射到小行星上;把付费乘客“发射”到地球轨道或更远的地方。某一天,这些乃至更多的想法也许都会一一实现。但这些活动会和近地轨道卫星引发同样的问题。必须首先回答这些问题,太空经济才能真正开花结果。 【太空的商业化程度越来越高,千奇百怪的想法也纷纷涌现:用火箭代替飞机送快递,几分钟就能穿越地球;把采矿设备发送到小行星上去;花钱买票就能去地球轨道甚至更远的地方。未来某天,或许再光怪陆离的想法也能成真。但是那时,人们还是要面对近地轨道卫星今天面对的问题。只有尽快找到解决办法,太空经济才能真正百花齐放。】

英语专业毕业论文翻译别人的

原则上是不行的 。原则上是自己翻译。

我空间博文有一些方法介绍,你可以去瞅瞅,具体点我名称,找到我的空间找出论文名称关键词的英文翻译,在谷歌学术中搜索

这是个糊涂的办法。首先,你未来的论文答辩考官通常主要是你所写的这篇论文所涉及领域的研究者,如果这篇汉语论文有一点点学术价值,他们很有可能是注意过的,你的风险太大;如果这篇汉语论文没什么学术价值,那么你翻成英文也不能确保答辩通过呀。另外有些细节你想过没有,比如参考文献怎么解决?写一篇英语论文,参考的绝大多数文献都是汉语的?而且和另一篇汉语论文的参考文献一模一样?其次,翻译并不比写作更容易,在学术论文上也是这样。汉语论文无论结构还是行文都和英语的有明显差异,你要是能把一篇汉语论文改编成典型的英语论文,那么以你的水平就不会发愁写不出英语论文了。所以你不如光明正大地参考若干篇汉语论文,然后加上一些英语文献的综述,把它们整理成你自己的文字,并标明观点和引文的出处,这样就是合格的英语论文了,不仅比翻译省力,关键是不违规。

查重是肯定没问题的,但是文献出处之类的需要自己安排好了。网络中文资源一般没有严谨的出处,所以比较难找。不过可以去找一些相关的书目做一个假的works cited,论文只看格式,不会去查你的文献出处的。

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