毕业论文外文翻译：将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。
翻译要求：
1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。
2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。
3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。
原文就是指原作品,原件，即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。
译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本，这个中文版本就称为译文。
主要标准
翻译是语际交流过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁。一般来说，翻译的标准主要有两条：忠实和通顺。
忠实
是指忠实于原文所要传递的信息，也就是说，把原文的信息完整并且准确地表达出来，使译文读者得到的信息与原文读者得到的信息大致相同。
通顺
是指译文规范、明白易懂，没有文理不通、结构混乱、逻辑不清的现象。
实践产生理论，欧美许多国家的翻译理论是五花八门的。从大的方面来看，可以分为两大派：一派是翻译可能论，一派是翻译不可能论。其实，完完全全百分之百的可能是没有的，完完全全百分之百的不可能也是没有的。
世界上一切翻译活动都是在这两个极端之间进行的。欧洲许多著名的人物，比如马丁·路德、M.阿诺德、.纽曼、.波斯特加特、H.白洛克、.诺克斯、V.那巴可夫等等，都对翻译提出了自己的理论。据《开塞尔世界文学百科全书》的意见，这些理论中有些是刚愎自用的。
Second, edutainment, learning, in which - to create a rich type of activity, so that the child be happy to communication. Jean Piaget said: "Children who do not have their true activities, education can not succeed." So just to learn in class can only be self-enclosed, from the perspective of human development is far from enough. Teachers should try to expand time and space, to provide practical experience for young children opportunities. Because the origin of speech is a specific situation, in certain situations can produce the language motivation, so as to promote language development. Therefore, we have a wealth of activities for young children to create a form, so that children take the initiative with interest into oral communication training to actively observing, thinking, imagination, so that their language would, such as trickle, flow Xintian . 1, "Yan Dao" - take a look at to help tell Vision is the first sensory awareness of things. We have arranged a number of education-based activities in order to look at in order to stimulate students to the visual senses to help the child visual image to understand things, so that children Chujingshengqing quickly into his new role. See in-kind: the use of a specific kind of physical creation of the scene to speak of child care training. Such as: We are in the active course "Understanding Fruit", they can put a large glass dish filled with fruit and produce, in front of the children so that they carefully observed all kinds of fruit shape, color, taste a variety of fruit taste, in such situations , child fun, a great need to speak, but also happy to exchange ideas. Look at pictures, animation: early childhood oral communication in order to plug-communication-based, image pictures, animation for students to demonstrate a specific oral communication scenarios, can always "grabbed" the children's heart. In composing stories "over timber wolf", when, with tense music on a computer screen to produce a small gathering of animals in the river, dodging the trees behind the scenes of a wolf. The animals in the end how the Lobos beat it? Full of playful element of the picture immediately aroused the spark children's creative thinking, they opened a heated debate: Some say the animals lured into a river and drowned the timber wolf, timber wolf, some say they are birds peck it died ... ... by looking at the animation, children's desire to explore has been mobilized immediately, which makes oral lesson achieved good results. See Nature: Nature is the birthplace of artistic language. Led the children came to the embrace of nature, they will enjoy more wonderful and strange scenes of Four Seasons: Spring, the sun shining gently on the earth, everywhere a vibrant green; summer, the rumbling of thunder shaking the earth, eye-catching The lightning pierced the gray sky; fall, bright red covered with branches of the persimmon, it is watering for a snatch; winter, snow, powder makeup jade puzzle world presented in front of kids ... ... all of this, are naturally already theme ready to speak. Through hikers, look for the fall of the Garden and other activities to guide their children into nature, and observe the four seasons of the landscape, and inspire their desire to speak, to conduct oral training. 2, "ears" - to listen to say that Hearing the information the brain receives another major source of spoken language training, an important way to foster hearing. Our activities to stimulate children to use voice hearing organs, to mobilize them to soul music school, Lee studied the psychological factors that make kids love that, Weaver said. Listen Tel: kids love to call, we have designed: Tintin called to ask my grandmother disease is cured not; Teacher's Day is up, you call the teacher wish a happy holiday and so on. Such training with a strong game, conformance with the children's psychological characteristics, the children quickly into his new role, and was happy that the looting, said. Hear hear: We let the children see from their side, and hear the most favorite thing, or from television, radio, movies, newspapers and advertising absorbed the information, select one or two, seize the center, at a certain Simply put the order pass on to you. Since about the contents of what they see in daily life, pro-ear heard, and therefore rich in content and emotional nature, making oral communication for the exchange of ideas and promote feelings of educational activities. To listen to the dialogue: Multi-and the children talk their favorite topic. Upon joining the park children, lively, everyone has lots to talk about the case, as long as you have the patience to sit there, you'll hear endless talk about the words. Therefore, we often vote for those they love, they talk about familiar topics. Such as "my family", "My good friend," "my favorite kind of fruit," "I love the game," "Ultraman" "Journey to the West" and so on, on hearing these topics, the children have been active: the others, talking with his father's appearance, while performances; Some children spoke their own side of good friends, while laughed; others, talking with his favorite watermelon, strawberries, while Yan Koushui ; talked about their favorite game is rushed, dancing, and no slightest bit nervous vigor.
毕业论文是Graduation thesis 若要在论文里指论文就可以直接说thesis或者paper
“毕业论文”的英文：Graduation Dissertation
Dissertation 读法 英 [,dɪsə'teɪʃ(ə)n] 美 ['dɪsɚ'teʃən]
n. 论文，专题；学术演讲
短语：
1、academic dissertation 学位论文 ; 学术论文
2、Graduation Dissertation 毕业论文
3、Doctorate dissertation 博士论文
4、Dissertation Committee 论文委员会
5、dissertation topics 毕业论文题目
词义辨析：
article, paper,dissertation, essay, prose, thesis这组词都有“文章”的意思，其区别是：
1、article 多指在报刊、杂志上发表的非文艺性的文章，包括新闻报导、学术论文等。
2、paper 正式用词，多指在学术刊物上发表或在学术会议上宣读的专题论文，也指高等学校的学期论文，或学校里的作文练习。
3、dissertation 书面语用词，指独立研究后所写的较为详细的专题文章；也可指学位论文。
4、essay 指任何一种非小说性的，篇幅不长、结构简练的文章，如论说文、报道、评论、讽刺性杂文等。
5、prose 专指散文。
6、thesis 既可指毕业论文、学位论文，又可指一般的为阐述学术观点而写的论文。
例句：
1、Exploring "Trinity Working Mode" of Integrating Graduation Field Work, Graduation Dissertation and Employment on Graduation.
毕业实习、毕业论文与学生就业三位一体工作模式探索。
2、On Problems in Writing Graduation Dissertation
关于撰写毕业论文应该注意的问题。
is often also famous builds up the best feature of human culture and touchs the essensial part of human , you can find the same idom in different are common in content and you tried to intertranslation them,you will find it just like and chinese have different code of language and culture background,so they can use different object as metaphor while expressing the translating these idom,we should keep their spirit while changing their the corresponding idom in translating between Chinese and English can reappear the original speech outcome and convey the original meaning.
简单翻译如下（如满意，请选为最佳答案哦~ ）：Most of idioms are quotations and aphorisms, which have collected and summarized the cream of the human culture, and connected with the most basic issues about people’s lives. Therefore, the similar idioms can be found in different languages. They have similar content and expression patterns, which will be like a direct translation if they were used in the idioms translation. English and Chinese have different codes of language and culture background, so that although they may have similar meanings with different expression items in metaphor or simile. So, when we translate idioms, its core meaning should be kept while the form of could be changed accordingly. By using these idioms in the English-Chinese Translation can not only bring back the effect and emotion of the original language, but also present the meanings clearly.
Shanxi Province is located in China's western region, In recent years, with the support of the country's western development aid policy and own resources and environmental advantages. By increasing the strength of the economic structural adjustment, prompting producer services has been development. However, compared with the developed areas, it remains at a low level. This article will explore the Shaanxi province producer services impacts of manufacturing productivity. Based on the data of Shanxi province from 2004 to 2012, using panel model, and controlling other economic variables, we tested the degree that the producer services impacts the productivity of the manufacturing industry. The empirical results show that the development of producer services not directly stimulate the industry to enhance the level of efficiency, but improve the manufacturing efficiency by moderating effect, Scientific research and Integrated Technical Services, Transport, Storage, Post and Telecommunications two industries both to the relationship between the level of economic development 、technological innovation capability and manufacturing productivity has significant moderating effect. As Shanxi Province using traditional producer services, so the moderating effect of the relationship between human capital and manufacturing efficiency, the relationship between Finance and insurance and manufacturing efficiency was not significant. Finally, we provide the corresponding countermeasures to enhance the manufacturing productivity industry through developing producer services. Key Words: Producer Services; manufacturing productivity; moderating effect
上文不够好哦!This text is an estimate analysis that the related inquisition in proceeding in present condition in programming management to educate the public section a human resource to red river in the province of Yunnan state tidy up primarily, then launching public section the alpha and omega puts its human resource orchestration the programming in important position that manage the work, it is positive to set up to adapt to the oneself the development, and have the human resource of the district special features the programming the system, to solve the oneself the difficulty with the blemish. This thesis educates from the current our country first the development present condition of the public section human resource commences, thin in multiple layers turn, pass to educate the public section human resource to the Yunnan province the programming develops circumstance proceed the synopsis says all, end return to the human resource that the red river in province in Yunnan in— in— in research object state of this thesis educate public section develop the , prepare in the thesis according to the writer the ex- period a cultural heritage for proceeding collects and statistics with the data, passing the form of the chart and educating to the red river state the present condition of the public relations section human resource proceed the layering the inquisition the data gathers, combining and making the related estimate is concrete to come to say, the chapter beginning proceeds to the red river state education public relations section human resource development environment to say the analysis all, including the talented person to educate the inquisition to that state develop the circumstance with to a data for belonging to 15 fulltime schools teaching and staff work covariance;Again combinative chart, or educate according to current that state the personnel develop a few and important link( include the culture character, salary management, results that educate the human resource hire and the talented person continues to train to wait four aspects) that actual circumstance to the public section in education in state in red river programming in human resource manage proceeds the classification analyzes, and integrates to the personnel system construction the proceeding system expatiate;Finally, synthesize the front to educate to that state the analysis of the public section human resource study, making use of the related covariance learn to analyze the method, laying emphasis ground to educate the human resource works to proceed the need predicts with supply to predict the analysis.
我国居民服务性消费与第三产业关系研究(Our residents service consumption and third industrial relations research) 消费本身是一种行为，不是一种产业，但消费会带动商业、服务业等第三产业的发展我国国民经济行业共分为20个门类，按三产业划分如下：第一产业（1个门类）：指农、林、牧、渔业（包括农、林、牧、渔服务业）。第二产业（4个门类）：包括⑴采矿业；⑵制造业；⑶电力、燃气及水的生产和供应业；⑷建筑业。第三产业（15个门类）是指除第一、二产业以外的其他行业。包括：⑴交通运输、仓储和邮政业；⑵信息传输、计算机服务和软件业；⑶批发和零售业；⑷住宿和餐饮业；⑸金融业；⑹房地产业；⑺租赁和商务服务业；⑻科学研究、技术服务和地质勘察业；⑼水利、环境和公共设施管理业；⑽居民服务和其他服务业；⑾教育；⑿卫生、社会保障和社会福利业；⒀文化、体育和娱乐业；⒁公共管理与社会组织；⒂国际组织。国家统计局1985年对三次产业的划分作了专门的规定，即：（1）第一产业是农业（包括林业、牧业、渔业等）；（2）第二产业是工业（包括采掘业、制造业、自来水、电力、蒸汽、热水、煤气业）和建筑业；（3）第三产业是除上述各业以外的其它产业，它又包括四个层次：第一层次是流通部门，包括交通运输业、邮电通讯业、商业饮食业、物资供销和仓储业；第二层次是为生产和生活服务的部门，包括金融业、保险业、地质普查业、房地产业、公用事业、居民服务业、旅游业、咨询信息服务业和各类技术服务业等；第三层次是为提高科学文化水平和居民素质服务的部门，包括教育、文化、广播电视事业，科学研究事业，卫生、体育和社会福利事业等；第四层次是为社会公共需要服务的部门，包括国家机关、政党机关、社会团体，以及军队和警察部门等。据谢文蕙等的资料，1988年，第三产业内部这四个层次产业的比例关系是：发达国家为25：10：30：35；亚洲“四小龙”为30：15：35：20；印度和中国大体为35：25：25：15。第一、二层次为流通类，第三、四层次为服务类，发达国家是服务类比重大于流通类，亚洲“四小龙”是二者大体相当，而中国和印度则相反，呈流通类比重大于服务类，说明发展中国家和地区第三产业内部的新兴产业相对弱小。
人在旅途：中国交通基础设施的便利情况与经济增长 摘要：本文评估了运输网络的发展对于20年中收入快速增长的中国地区经济成果的影响。通过探索这些网络趋于连接历史名城的事实解决了这些交通网内生安置的问题。我们的结果显示,接近交通网络对于跨部门的人均国内生产总值水平有一个适度积极的因果关系,但不影响人均国内生产总值的增长。我们发现接近历史交通网络的地区,有着较高的人均国内生产总值水平,收入不平等更突出,更多的公司和更高的公司平均利润。然而,这些水平差别相对是较小，我们没有证据表明距离影响了中国从对外开放和市场经济改革以来的20多年来经济的快速增长。我们提供了一个简单的理论框架和实证检验来解释我们所做的预测结果。我们认为我们的结果与使基础设施建设产生经济利益中发挥重要作用的流动性因素是一致的。
正确的是 Analysis of the Effect of College Sports on College Students
effect 或impact 前要加the 因为不可能直接impact 而前面没有任何冠词。。。基本常识，，
高校体育 college sports 注重的是 高校体育的运动 活动 等等 如果你要表达的是高校体育教育 则把college sports 换成college physical education即可
（analysis of） the effect of。。。on。。。这个表达是相当标准的BBC， MSN上都有此用法的。如：
College physical education to college students' psychological health force analysis
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1. "Peasant households in non-formal consumer credit behavior factors - Ningbo Yinzhou area based on empirical research" 2. Responsible for the use of SPSS statistical analysis of survey data and the use of logistics regression analysis of binary data in quantitative analysis model 3. "Factors Affecting Farmers Credit Behavior - Based on Empirical Research in Zhuji area" 4. "Dandelion" business plan competition, the project leader, head of market research
1 the informal consumer credit actions affecting farmers factors analysis based on the empirical study yinzhou district,2. Of investigation data for use of SPSS statistical analysis, logistics and use binary regression analysis model of data measurement analysis3 the farmer credit behavior based on analysis of the factors affecting the region of zhejiang province, zhuji empirical research,4 “ dandelion”venture proposal competition, market research, project leader
The Entire Process Project Cost Control with International StandardDiscussion on the Project Cost Management in Building Construction Enterprises说明：1）根据题意，全过程和工程造价控制不宜分开，即使要分也只能是全过程控制与项目造价分开，即The Entire Process Control of the Project Cost with International Standard；2）与国际接轨用with international standard比较好
一二楼的翻译句子，很中文试。翻译英文不一定要一个字字的按顺序翻译下去。要翻译到老外一看就懂才是关键。《与国际接轨的全过程工程造价控制》“Entire Process of Project Cost Control in Construction” - In International Standard《浅谈建筑施工企业项目成本管理》A Brief Introduction to Project Cost Management in Construction.