可以根据你导师的盲审意见和他在你论文中指出修改的地方进行猜测，比如他认为你不足之处，这极有可能就是问题的出处。比如我写的是方言对英语辅音习得的影响，老师盲审时说分析部分不深入，答辩时他就让我说了分析部分几个目录下的问题。只要不回答I'm sorry就可以了。一般老师看你对自己论文熟不熟。还有就是你的LITERATURE REVIEW，最好搞清楚文章作者的观点（那些大牌的作者），有些人因为不懂，引用不当的时候老师也会让你解释一下的。其他的应该就是表现的自信一些，说话声音铿锵有力，加上适当的BODY LANGUAGE， PPT尽量简洁明了，不要放大段大段的话，基本是没有问题的。如果有些问题你觉得老师可能会问，而你现场不一定答得出来的，做在PPT里，讲到了以后，老师也就不会再问了。如果你是本科论文的话，别紧张，老师不会太计较，只要是你写的，写的成文了，都会过。
1. 关于目的论理论方面的问题，以考查你是否真的了解所用理论。2。翻译方法、翻译原则方面的问题，以考查你对翻译理解的程度。3。你论文中所涉及的具体问题，包括语言问题、老师认为表述不巧当的地方等，都可以提问。4。具体的翻译，比如让你当场翻译。总之，对自己的论文要非常熟悉，每个句子每个单词都不能马虎。
简单的问题：What's the significance of your paper?What's the originality of your paper?这类问题很常见，你对自己的论文较熟悉就行。难点的问题：老师可能会挑出你写出来的某一点很细节的东西来问，比如说：别人认为这个人物是这样的，为什么你会认为是那样的，而这两种看法刚好相反？我答辩的时候老师问我：我写的是的《纳尼亚传奇》。老师问：作者写的Narnia真的会实现吗？这就很难回答了，因为站在作者的观点是有可能的，从现实的角度看几乎不可能了。答辩的时候，一般是不会翻论文的。因为你必须对自己的论文很熟悉，另一方面，老师问的问题，你读答案也不太好。除非老师说翻到某一页，你这一页有什么观点，解释一下为什么？这才会翻论文看。老师有的时候也不问什么难问题，只是指出你的论文那个地方修改，因为最后答辩后还要交终稿存档，所以会让你继续改改格式之类的。建议：要对自己的Bibliography（参考文献）有一定的了解，有的老师会问某本文献里讲了什么观点，这类问题笼统回答一下就好，所以你得知道自己用了什么文献。总之，不用太紧张了，老师肯定会放你过得，不让你毕业就是他给自己早麻烦啦。呵呵，祝你顺利通过答辩！
首先，你应该把你论文中涉及到的概念都弄清楚，它们的定义是什么，应该能用英语做简单的讲解。比如，礼貌准则，这就是一个概念，老师可能会问，“什么是礼貌准则？”“礼貌准则起什么作用？”等；在这个基础上，把这些概念相联系的方面也准备一下：比如，礼貌准则与日常交流、礼貌准则与英语教学等。老师问的问题也是基于你的论文中探讨的东西，你只要对所讨论的题目清楚明了，把这些变成自己的话用自然流畅的英语表达出来，应该是没有问题的。有时候，老师可能提一些这样的问题，比如，“Wheredoyoufindthisquotation?”"Doyouagreewithit?andwhy?"在回答这类问题的时候，不能只给出一个简单的信息，要展开一下。例如，"CommunicationbetweenCultures",.开场白里面简单地介绍自己的研究和论文的主题，为什么选择这个项目。简单说几句研究过程和方法。这里一定要给出一个Roadmap,也就是说明你的论文有几部分，每一部分里面都探讨的什么问题。这一点很重要。对于自己不清楚的问题，可以看看老师的问题和你的研究是不是有focus上的差异，这样你可以强调一下这种差异，因不是你的研究重点，你没有过多在意。不会就是不会，可以让老师来回答这个问题。注意答辩过程中和老师的目光交流。回答问题时要看着他们的眼睛，声音要洪亮，这样才能表达出你的自信。祝答辩顺利。
(一)答辩的准备工作
学生可以从下列问题(第4~10题)中，根据自己实际，选取二三个问题，作好汇报准备，(第1~3题必选)。时间一般不超过10分钟。内容最好烂熟于心中，不看稿纸，语言简明流畅。
1、为什么选择这个课题(或题目)，研究、写作它有什么学术价值或现实意义。
2、说明这个课题的历史和现状，即前人做过哪些研究，取得哪些成果，有哪些问题没有解决，自己有什么新的看法，提出并解决了哪些问题。
3、文章的基本观点和立论的基本依据。
4、学术界和社会上对某些问题的具体争论，自己的倾向性观点。
5、重要引文的具体出处。
6、本应涉及或解决但因力不从心而未接触的问题;因认为与本文中心关系不大而未写入的新见解。
7、本文提出的见解的可行性。
8、定稿交出后，自己重读审查新发现的缺陷。
9、写作毕业论文(作业)的体会。
10、本文的优缺点。总之，要作好口头表述的准备。不是宣读论文，也不是宣读写作提纲和朗读内容提要。
(二)答辩会程序
1、学生作说明性汇报。(5~10分钟)
2、毕业答辩小组提问。
3、学生答辩。(一定要正面回答或辩解，一般允许准备10至20分钟)。
4、评定成绩。(答辩会后答辩小组商定，交系、院学位委员会审定小组审定。)
以上就是环球青藤小编关于法学专业毕业论文答辩的流程的相关分享，希望对各位小伙伴们有所帮助，想要了解更多毕业论文相关的内容，欢迎大家关注本平台。
1、你选择这个论文题目的理由是什么？2、这个论文题目的研究意义和目的是什么？3、论文的构架及基本的结果是怎么样安排的？4、论文各个部分之间存在什么逻辑关系？5、在写论文的过程中，是否发现了一些不同的见解？对于这些不同的见解又是如何进行处理的？6、在写论文时，立论的主要依据是什么？对于以上问题，学术堂建议大家应该仔细想一想，必要时要用笔整理出来，写成发言提纲，在答辩时用，这样才能做到有备无患。
一般会对你论文里面讲到的进行提问，比如有个教授就问了我找的一份参考文献的相关知识。总的来说，中国现在这个不是特别严格，都能过，祝好运
民商合一；民商分离；民法典编纂；民法商法化；商法民法化unification of civil law and commercial law；discrete enactment of civil law and commercial law;codification of Civil Code；commercial law of civil law；civil law of commercial law.应该是标准的翻译了。。
法律英语即法律领域使用的英语,我国在处理国际法律事务中,需要借助法律英语,法律英语不同于其他英语,它需要注重逻辑性、缜密性、专业性,在具体使用过程中有许多注意事项.下面学术堂整理了二十个法律英语论文选题,供大家进行参考:1、影响法律英语翻译的因素分析2、我国法律英语教材编撰与出版探析3、法律英语的冗余性及其翻译策略4、法律英语术语误译5、浅议法律法规绘本制作对高职旅游英语专业学生素质能力的培养6、法律英语文本中的后修饰语歧义分析7、英语法律语篇中的言语行为研究8、法律英语教学中的自我效能感研究9、大陆法系与英美法系的法律差异对法律英语翻译的影响10、法律英语教学面临的问题11、超学科视野下的法律英语教学研究12、浅谈法律英语的词汇特征13、结合理论浅谈法律英语的翻译14、法律英语两个译名的译法商榷15、高校法律英语教学的现状和对策16、基于生态翻译学的法律英语翻译误译研究17、法律英语中的隐喻研究及其汉译18、浅析法律英语翻译的精确性与模糊性--以法律语言为视角19、法美学何以为人学--从话语分析角度看法美学与法律英语翻译的关联20、法律英语翻译中原文风格的再现--UCP600两个汉译本的对比研究
摘要：法律术语的翻译是法律翻译中的难点，因为翻译法律术语时，译者面临这样一个问题：一方面，法律翻译要求语言功能上的对等和法律功能的对等，另一方面，翻译中又经常没有确切对等词，面对的是接近对等、部分对等和不对等这几种情况。本文探讨了法律术语英译中时这种不完全对等的现象，并提出了翻译法律术语的一些方法：使用功能对等词、扩充词义、释义、使用非法律专业用语的中性词、译借或创造新词等。 关键词：法律翻译：法律术语；不完全对等；确切对等词；权威性翻译 The Absence of Exact Equivalents and Legal Terminology Translation Chen Wenling （School of English for Business， Guangdong University of Foreign Studies， Guangzhou 510420， China） Abstract： The translation of legal terminology is one of the difficulties encountered by legal translators， for legal translation requires equivalence both in linguistic function and in legal function， but the absence of exact equivalents is not uncommon and the translator is often faced with near equivalence， partial equivalence and non-equivalence. This article looks into the absence of exact equivalents in legal terminology translation from English to Chinese. In addition， it illustrates some ways， such as the use of functional equivalent， lexical expansion， paraphrase， neutral term， borrowing and neologism， to deal with terminology translation. Key words： legal translation； legal terminology； non-equivalence； exact equivalent； authoritative translation 一 从事过翻译工作的人一般都能体会到在翻译特定目的文本（special-purpose texts）时的种种困难，其中必须面对的一个障碍是术语的翻译。法律文本属于特定目的文本，因此，对法律文本的翻译不可避免地要解决术语的翻译问题。 法律术语使人很容易联想到行业语。行业语是供某种行业专门使用的词语。例如，语言学中的“morpheme（词素）”，“competence（语言能力）”，“langue（语言）”，“parole（言语）”等；电子计算机行业中的“mouse（鼠标）”，“e-mail（电子邮件）”，“bus（总线）”，“memory（内存）”等。行业语是各行业为适应本行业的需要而长期使用的特殊词语。法律专业和其他行业一样，也有自己专门使用的行业词语，例如：“specific performance（强制执行）”， “contempt of court（藐视法庭）”，“plaintiff（原告）”，“power of attorney（委托书）”等。我们把这种具有法律专业特色的行业词语称为法律术语。法律术语、法律工作常用词语和民族共同语中的其它基本词和非基本词一起构成法律语言，法律术语是其中的重要词汇成员（孙懿华 周广然，1997：59-60）。 在讨论英汉法律术语翻译之前，我们必须对法律翻译进行分类。从法律效应来看，法律翻译可以分成两类：权威性翻译（authoritative translation）和非权威性翻译（non-authoritative translation）。权威性翻译指的是该翻译由一国的立法机关通过并生效的法律译本，是具有法律效力的规范性条文，其本身就是一部法律，已经超越了翻译作品的范畴。这类译本在国际条约和具有多种官方语言的国家的立法中比较常见，联合国宪章、维也纳条约法公约、马斯特里赫特条约和加拿大等国家的多语立法等都属于此类。非权威性翻译不具有法律效力，一般是为了交流和对外宣传等所作的翻译。虽然非权威性翻译不具有法律效力，但也会带来一定的法律效应。比如在涉外案件中，法官和律师除了熟悉本国法律外，也必须了解外国的有关法律规定，这时，他们就要参考相关的法律译本。所以，不管是权威性翻译还是非权威性翻译，译者都要力求准确，保证翻译的质量。 权威性翻译对术语翻译质量的要求比非权威性翻译要高。因为权威性翻译要求法律翻译者使译文和原文具有同等的法律效力，保证它们一致的理解和运用（Sarcevic， 1997：71-73）。所以，权威性法律翻译不仅要求语言功能上的对等，还要求法律功能上的对等。法律功能对等就是源语和译入语在法律上所起的作用和效果是相同的。这样，译入语才能准确地表达原语的真正涵义，才能尽可能减少译文意思的走失。但是，要做到这一点并不容易，因为没有人能用另一种语言完整地转达一篇文本中的观念思想，因为在几百年以来的法律、政治和文学上的使用中，词和结构总是带着文化的痕迹，而这些痕迹是不可能得到完整的传递的 （Joseph， 1995：17）。译者把源语文化翻译到译入语文化时发现有些领域很好地对应，有些却不对应，这意味着源语文化中有些因素在译入语文化中是不存在的，对这些因素的语言表达在译入语中是‘空缺（gap）’或‘空白（void）’的（Ivir， 1998：137）。没有确切对等词（exact equivalents）或者说不对等（non-equivalence）的现象在英汉法律术语的翻译中也是普遍存在的。法律术语通常指某个国家法律制度中特有的事物、关系、行为和程序，每个法律制度是不同习俗、历史、文化和社会经济原则的产物，有它自己的法律事实，因此有自己的概念体系和知识结构。不同法律制度的大部分法律术语在概念上是不一致的。另外，所有法律制度都包含了一些术语，这部分术语在别的法律制度或法系中没有对应词（Sarcevic， 1997：232-233）。例如，由于中国和英美国家属于不同法系，在翻译工作中不可避免地涉及到不同法律制度中的法律概念，这些概念会产生功能上的不对等，给译者带来相当大的困难。David对比较法律分析的评论可让我们清楚地了解译者所遇到的法律上的障碍：法律概念和类别在不同法系中缺乏确切的对等词是比较法律分析中遇到的的困难之一（David， Rene and Brierley， 1985：16）。 由此可知，英汉法律术语翻译过程中，缺少确切对等词的情况并不少见。在数学和逻辑中，如果甲和乙对等，则意味着它们是一对一的对应关系。而在翻译理论中，如果甲和乙对等，则只是指甲可以用来翻译乙，乙也能够用来翻译甲，但不意味着它们在概念的层次上完全相同。Sarcevic （1997： 238-239） 将法律中的对等分成接近对等（near equivalence）， 部分对等（partial equivalence）和不对等（non-equivalence）三类。接近对等指的是概念甲和概念乙共同含有所有必要的（essential）特征和大多数次要的（accidental）特征，或概念甲包括了概念乙的所有的特征，并且概念乙包含了概念甲的所有必要特征和大部分次要的特征；部分对等指的是概念甲和概念乙共同含有大部分必要的特征和一些次要的特征，或概念甲包括了概念乙的所有的特征，而概念乙包含了概念甲的大部分必要特征和一些次要特征。不对等指的是概念甲和概念乙必要的特征只有很少或没有重合，或概念甲包含了概念乙的所有特征而概念乙只包含了概念甲很少必要的特征甚至没有包括，或译入语法律体系中没有源语中特定概念的功能对等词。 显然，翻译法律专门术语时，译者面临这样一个问题：一方面，法律翻译要求语言功能上的对等和法律功能的对等，另一方面，翻译中又经常没有确切对等词，面对的是接近对等、部分对等和不对等这几种情况。那么，译者应该怎样解决这种矛盾，用什么方法弥补英汉法律术语的不一致性，从而保证术语的翻译质量呢？ 二 基于法律文本所具有的特殊地位和法律语言庄重、严谨等特点，法律翻译一般强调对原文的忠实性，对术语的翻译当然也是如此。如果汉语中确实没有确切对等词，译者在忠实于原文的前提下，可以灵活地尝试使用功能对等词、扩充词义、释义、使用非法律专业用语的中性词、译借或创造新词等方法翻译法律术语。 使用功能对等词（functional equivalents） 按照Sarcevic （1989：278-279） 的定义，“功能对等词指的是译入语法律体系中与源语法律体系某一个特定概念有相同功能的概念。” 功能对等词通常在没有确切对等词的时候使用。在没有确切对等词的情况下，选择哪个词作为功能对等词，取决于译入语中的术语的概念与源语中的术语的概念的功能是否对等。 比如，一般词典都将jail 和prison译成“监狱”，不加区分，但有的字典对它们作了区分，如《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》对jail的解释是“=gaol”，而对gaol的翻译是“监狱”，该字典对prison的翻译是“监狱；看守所”。《大英汉词典》也将jail译为“监狱”，对prison的翻译则是：1.拘留所、看守所；2.（尤指州政府及联邦政府的）监狱。《英汉法律词典》同样将jail译成“监狱”，而将prison翻译为“监狱、牢狱；看守所、拘留所”。那么，这两个术语在汉语里的功能对等词到底是什么呢？根据The Dictionary of Practical Law： jail. A building used for the confinement of individuals awaiting trial， or who have been convicted of minor offenses. The term PRISON is sometimes used interchangeably with jail， but PRISON is usually the place where only those with long-term sentences are confined. 从这里可知，jail和prison的功能对等词不同，jail更接近中国的“看守所、拘留所”，prison的功能对等词则应该是“监狱”。 可见，选择最接近的功能对等词，可以保证英汉法律术语在没有绝对对等词的情况下获得较准确的翻译。 扩充词义（lexical expansion） 有时因为某个汉语功能对等词的必要特征与英语源术语的必要特征不同，该汉语功能对等词便不能用来翻译源术语，译者在这种情况下可以采用扩充词义的方法限定或扩大该功能对等词的意义以弥补术语之间的不一致。扩充词义有两种情况：如果译入语中某个功能对等词的意义比源术语的意义泛，译者可以确定或缩小该功能对等词的意义范围；而对于意义比源术语较窄的功能对等词译者则可以通过扩充词义扩大它的含义。这样做可以使译入语的概念与源语中的概念相对应。例如，在翻译barrister和solicitor时，译者就碰到这样的问题：汉语中“律师”的含义比这两个英语术语的含义范围大。有些字典把它们分别译为“专门律师、大律师”和“初级律师”，实际上就是采用了缩小功能对等词意义的方法。虽然这样翻译有不足之处，因为“专门律师、大律师”、“初级律师”这些概念在我国法律制度中并不存在，但是通过稍微改动译入语法律制度的概念，把Sarcevic定义的不对等的功能对等词转变为接近对等词，可以解决术语翻译中缺少确切对等词的问题。 释义（paraphrase） 释义是解决缺少确切对等词的一个很有效的方法，它指的是用译入语里的中性的语言把源语的意图涵义表达出来。当译者采用释义的方法时，实际上在扮演一个由起草者扮演的角色，所以译者要特别谨慎，尽可能掌握第一手材料，正确理解源术语的真正含义。 用释义的方法，可以让译入语的读者更好地理解源术语的意思，而不只是停留在字面意思上，从而提高可读性。以下两个例子可说明这一点。 Yellow dog contract有的字典按其字面理解把它译成“黄狗合同”，这使汉语读者很难理解，因为中国法律制度中没有“黄狗合同”这个概念，而且，从“黄狗合同”这个词也无法猜到它的含义，所以虽然把它译成了汉语，却造成了理解上很大的困难。有些字典灵活地用释义的方法把这个术语译为“不准（雇员）参加工会的合同”，这样翻译明显比前一种译法要好。 另外，陈忠诚教授对plea bargaining的试译也是采用了释义的方法，plea bargaining有时被译为“认罪求情”或“认罪求情协议”。在深入理解了plea bargaining的定义和使用的例子之后，陈忠诚教授把plea bargaining试译为“关于（被告如何）认罪与（司法*如何）处置的谈判”。这个翻译很贴切，因为它较全面地包含了plea bargaining的基本涵义：“plea”是被告对检查官的指控作有罪的答辩，所以“plea”应翻译为“认罪”，“bargain”是“negotiate”的意思，应译为“谈判”，而谈判的内容一方面是如何认罪，另一方面是如何处置，因此对这个词的翻译须包括“认罪和处置”两个方面（陈忠诚，1998：102-106）。 若译者认为以上三种方法都不能很好地解决英汉法律术语的翻译问题，特别是在Sarcevic所定义的不对等的情况下，也就是如果译入语法律制度中没有源术语的功能对等词的情况下，译者还可以灵活选择下面讨论的使用非法律专业用语的中性词、译借或创造新词等方法来翻译法律术语。 使用非法律专业用语的中性词（neutral term） 由于法律制度的不同，英美法中很多术语所涉及的概念、原理等在汉语中完全不存在，所以没有对等或接近对等的术语。面对这种情况，译者可以在正确地理解英语的意思后把它译为汉语中非法律专业用语的中性词，以避免与中国司法制度中的用语发生混淆，导致误解。例如，在英美国家，libel 和slander是侵权法的概念，而不是刑法的概念。对于侵害他人名誉者，受害人可以提起损害赔偿的诉讼。中国没有专门的侵权法，侵权行为根据其严重程度分别由民法和刑法来调整，所以中国有诽谤罪。但是，libel， slander和“诽谤罪”显然不是相同的法律概念，它们并不对等。这时，如果译者能分别用中性词“书面诽谤”和“口头诽谤”来翻译，会显得贴切些，也避免发生混淆。同样的道理，陈忠诚教授把depose， deposition译作“庭外采证，庭外采取（的）证词或供词的笔录”，而不译成“录取证词，证词”，因为Black‘s Law Dictionary对deposition的解释是： 1. witness‘s out-of court testimony that is reduced to writing （usu. by a court reporter） for later use in court or for discovery purpose. 2. The session at which such testimony is recorded. 可见，deposition是英美诉讼法上特有的制度，可以由双方当事人在审判前互相询问对方或其证人作为采证，发生在审判前，而且是在庭外进行的，所以不同于中国法律制度中的证词（陈忠诚，1998：143-145）。 译借（borrowing） 社会的不断发展和中国与国际交往的不断增多必然使中国的法制不断健全、完善，这个过程也是不断丰富中国法律术语的过程，而译借就是促进法律术语丰富的一个方法。由于英语词和汉语词在发音、书写上都存在很大的不同，英语借词进入汉语法律语体后，一般经过了“归化”（naturalized），也就是借词在音韵上或书写上经过稍微改动，使它跟汉语的本土词相似。以anti-trust law为例，这是英美法系中的一个概念，在中国的法律制度里没有确切对等词，所以通过译借译成了“反托拉斯法”，成功地成为汉语读者都接受的一个法律术语。 创造新词（neologism） 在术语翻译中，译者可以通过三种途径创造新词：给普通语言中或其它专业领域中现有的术语赋予法律涵义，使用别的法律制度中现有的术语或者创造新的术语（Sarcevic， 1997： 259）。使用别的法律制度已有的术语直译对等词，在法律领域是最常见的。把Family Division译为“家事庭、家庭法庭”，把Chancery Division译为“大法官法庭”，把Queen‘s Bench Division译成“王座法庭、王座庭”就是使用了直译对等词。中国法律制度中没有“家事庭、家庭法庭”、“大法官法庭”、“王座法庭、王座庭”这些概念，所以直译对等词是创造新词的一种形式。 三 总的说来，在没有确切对等词的时候，译者可以视具体情况灵活地尝试以上的方法，找出某个英语法律术语的汉语翻译，不过，必须注意法律术语翻译中的灵活性并不能随意发挥，它受到一定的制约，这主要体现在以下三个方面。 首先，英汉法律术语翻译受到语言一致性的制约。译者必须遵循语言一致的原则，在选择对等词时，译者须考虑到其它已经生效的文本中使用的术语。由于具有法律效力的文本被视为明确的、终结性的，其中的语言便成了先例。这意味着只要一个对等词已被用来翻译权威性文本中的某个特定的概念，其他译者即使认为这个对等词不适当也不得不使用它（Sarcevic， 1997： 118）。其次是社会因素对术语翻译的制约，因为人们在具体使用语言符号系统的过程中，不能不受社会约定俗成的语言规则的制约。社会语言的制约对译者创造性的影响主要体现在宗教文本、法律文本和古典文学文本上，法律文本的翻译，包括各种法律、法规的解释、商业合同的翻译，也面对传统习惯的巨大压力，只能使用对该法律社会有意义的表达方式（Nida， 1998：127）。因此，译者翻译某个英语术语之前要考虑该术语的汉语对等词是否受到一些社会因素的限制，其意义能否为本国法律社会的读者接受。法律术语翻译还受到交际的制约。以译借为例，交际的制约性与译借的数量有关，少量的译借比较容易融入译入语文本，而每个文本大量的译借则妨碍而不是促进交际过程，而且译入语读者也难以接受。创造新词也要深思熟虑，须考虑该新词是否符合汉语的表达习惯，能否被成功地用于交际。 以上各方面都限制译者在翻译过程中的灵活性，影响译者对使用功能对等词、扩充词义、释义、使用非法律专业用语的中性词、译借、创造新词这几种方法的具体选择。没有确切对等词时，术语翻译的准确性就取决于译者的灵活性能否得到适当的发挥。译者发挥灵活性的最终目的是为了使原文中术语的意义能够得到准确的传递，使译文和原文得到一致的理解，保证译文能够符合译入语的表达习惯。所以，为了解决英汉法律术语翻译中的不对等的问题，译者除了熟练掌握英语和汉语并具备相关的法律专业知识外，还必须同时考虑灵活性的正确发挥和它可能受到的制约，只有这样才能保证术语翻译的质量，最终保证法律文本的翻译质量。 参考文献 [1] Black， Henry Campbell （6th ed. 1990） Black‘s Law Dictionary. St. Paul： West Publishing Co. [2] David， Rene and Brierley， John （3rd ed. 1985） Major Legal Systems in the World Today. London： Stevens. [3] Hemphill， Charles F.， and Hemphill， Phyllis D. （1979） The Dictionary of Practical Law. Englewood Cliffs， .： Prentice-Hall. [4] Ivir， Vladimir. （1998） Linguistic and Communicative Constraints on Borrowing and Literal Translation. In Ann Beylard-Ozeroff， Jana Kralova and Barbara Moser-Mercer （eds.） Translator‘s Strategies and Creativity. Amsterdam/Philadelphia： John Benjamins Publishing Company：137-144. [5] Joseph， John E. （1995） Indeterminacy， Translation and the Law. In Marshall Morris （ed.） Translation and the Law. Amsterdam/Philadelphia： John Benjamins Publishing Company： 13-26. [6] Nida， Eugene A. （1998） Translators‘ Creativity versus Sociolinguistic Constraints. In Ann Beylard-Ozeroff， Jana Kralova and Barbara Moser-Mercer （eds.） Translator’s Strategies and Creativity. Amsterdam/Philadelphia： John Benjamins Publishing Company： 127-136. [7] Sarcevic， Susan （1989） Conceptual Dictionaries for Translation in the Field of Law. In Internatiional Journal of Lexicograhpy2， 4：277：293. [8] Sarcevic， Susan. （1997） New Approach to Legal Translation. The Hague： Kluwer Law International. [9] 陈忠诚（1998），《法窗译话》，北京：中国对外翻译出版公司。 [10] 陈忠诚（1998），《英汉法律用语正误辨析》，北京：法律出版社。 [11] 李北达编译（1997），《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》，北京：商务印书馆。 [12] 孙懿华、周广然（1997），《法律语言学》，北京：中国政法大学出版社。 [13]《英汉法律词典》编写组（1985），《英汉法律词典》，北京：法律出版社。 [作者简介] 陈文玲，广东外语外贸大学国际商务英语学院法律语言学研究所教师，法律语言学硕士研究生，研究方向：法律语言学，外语教学与研究。
通常英语专业毕业从事法律工作的，一般都是做法律文件的翻译，如果同时有法律背景的，一般就是做法律文件英文版本的起草。所以，如果你没有法律教育背景，建议还是从“如何做好法律文件的翻译”的某一个题目去写。比如，法律文件翻译和一般文件翻译的不同之处什么的。。希望对你有帮助。
I see, really, have hoped that I can pass BA thesis oral defense smoothly , have liberated like that completely. I go to pay your father a visit first after returning to Shanghai , he cares for your cartoon very much , am bustling about on thinking that they can hurry up and come out , I also hope that I can help specially. Wow, you mention Los Angeles I have thought of Hollywood , very good, place hey , haw-haw that beautiful the whole world type male daughter concentrates, whenever ~ I also have to go to stroll around, ha-ha
,Really hope I can smoothly reply through a bachelor's degree thesis and so and thoroughly father returned to behind Shanghai me to go first to visit you, he concerns you very much of cartoon, specially think that they can hurry a publication, I also hope that I can help up the favour., You made reference to Los Angeles me to thought of Hollywood, too good, whole world type male pretty girl the place ah of the concentration, ha ha, when I have to also take a walk, ha ha
1. 关于目的论理论方面的问题，以考查你是否真的了解所用理论。2。翻译方法、翻译原则方面的问题，以考查你对翻译理解的程度。3。你论文中所涉及的具体问题，包括语言问题、老师认为表述不巧当的地方等，都可以提问。4。具体的翻译，比如让你当场翻译。总之，对自己的论文要非常熟悉，每个句子每个单词都不能马虎。
Oh, I wish I could reply, passed the Bachelor thesis, as completely liberated. I go after returning to Shanghai to visit your father, he was very concerned about the comic you do, in particular, would like them to hurry up and published, I hope I can help make that happen. Wow, you speak Hollywood, Los Angeles, I think, the great, the world focused on the local Called hey, huh, huh, when I have to go, ha ha ~
英语毕业的论文答辩稿（精选6篇）
毕业论文答辩是一种有组织、有准备、有计划、有鉴定的比较正规的审查论文的重要形式。为了搞好毕业论文答辩，在举行答辩会前，校方、答辩委员会、答辩者（撰写毕业论文的作者）三方都要作好充分的准备。下面是我整理的英语毕业的论文答辩稿（精选6篇），欢迎大家分享。
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am xxx and my supervisor is . With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !
晚上好，所有的评估委员会成员。我来自HUST，主修外国语言学和应用语言学。我是xxx，我的主管是教授。 xxx。凭着她的真诚和智慧的指导，近一年的辛苦工作，我已经完成了我的论文。最后，这是展示时间。今天晚上，我将向大家致以衷心的感谢，我衷心地欢迎您的加入。
我的论文的标题是哥特式风格的研究
我希望通过研究这个短小的故事，我们可以在某些历史和文化中更多地描述美国南方妇女，更多地要求帮助现代社会的妇女对自己有一个广泛的了解，帮助我们提高我的独立性和信心，并更多地关注我们的心理健康该
接下来，我将向您介绍。这是我演讲的大纲。他们是文学评论，哥特式传统，哥特式风格的故事和哥特风格的原因。
本文由六部分组成。第一部分提出了作者威廉·福克纳(William Faulkner)和艾米莉·艾丝丽(A Rose)的作者，指出了这项研究的目的.和意义。第二部分是文献综述，对国内外这本小说进行了相关研究，并指出了理论依据和方法。第三部分给出了小说中哥特式传统的时间表，即死亡主题，独特的人物和神秘的气氛。部分原因，详细介绍了这本小说中哥特式风格的原因：父权制的压迫，南方女士的神话和艾米莉对爱情的态度。最后，在结论中，笔者对以前的部分进行了梳理，再次强调了论文论证的意义。
好的，就是这样。现在你可以提出你的问题!我准备好了!谢谢 ！
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ：
I am Wu Lin. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professor Hu Anjiang, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van Winkle).
The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. i am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. with her constant encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper. now, it is the show time. i will present my efforts to you and welcome any title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of , it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation ! that is all. thank you!
stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following Carter （1940-1992） is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and , is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further ! That is all. Thank you!
Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m xxx and come from class x. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.
The title of my paper is xxxxxxxxxxxxx. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.
Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.
Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.
Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.
For the above facts, I select this title.
Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.
The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.
The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.
The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.
The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.
The last part is the conclusion.
I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.
When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.
That’s all. Thank you.
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. （或Welcome to attend the oral defense.） :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
英语毕业论文答辩（通用6篇）
英语的论文答辩要点是格式最好少些瑕疵，提前将abstract和conclusion背一背。有利于答辩的顺利进行。下面是我为大家整理的.关于英语毕业论文的答辩。欢迎大家阅读。
Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am **** and my supervisor is ***. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of On Transformation of parts of speech as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.
The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.
So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.
Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ：
I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am xxx and my supervisor is her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !
Good morning, appraises committee members and schoolmates. I come from class 08951, and I am Yu Lianfei.
Today, the title of my paper is On the Network Novels. In recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. Network novel is one of the fast of them. In the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels' addicts. For the above facts,I select the subject of “on the network novels” as the title of my paper. Then, I will show it to you. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into four parts, as the concept of network novels, the classification of their authors, the development of network novels and the prospects of that.
The first part, the definition. Its concept can be divided into the generalized and the narrow. And it can also be divided into boys’ and girls’ in another way.
The second part, the classification of their authors. Generally speaking, there are four kinds of authors. The first kind is some people who have favor of literature, they are writing but not for fame. Then, there is some one has favor for literature and also be for fame. The third kind is some people who have explicit goals at the beginning of his writing. And the last kind are some people who just want to express their view, their viewpoint and their feeling with no desire of being published. They take up the most of the authors.
The third part, the development. The network novels’ development can not separate form the development of the net and the literature websites. Its developing process may be divided into three stages approximately. The first stage is from 1996 to 2000. This time's literary work often did not strive for (were also not aware of) the fame and fortune, and moreover received the control of tradition. The second stage is beginning of 21st century, mainly contains 2001 and 2002. In this period, the whole network presented the situation of “chaos”. The third stage is from May, 2003 and continues until now. In this period, many schools come into the world, and when a school became a hit there must be many people mimic it.
The last part, the forecast. Looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. If each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new person’s new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.
Not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.
Teachers, good afternoon! My name is Chen Jing, the students of class xxx, my thesis topic is《 the power of the giver and the victim, foucault power interpretation theory perspective, the heroine in “the golden notebook, Anna》，thesis is completed under Wang Zhiqin teacher of meticulous guidance, here, I express my deep appreciation to my supervisor, to the teachers to take part in my thesis express our heartfelt thanks to you for, and for the past three years I have a chance to listen to the teachings, teachers say heartfelt I will this paper design the research background, significance and main content of the teacher made a report, please the teacher criticism guidance.
First of all, I want to talk about the research background and significance of the graduation thesis design.
Since the Golden Notebook involves comprehensive themes such as colonialism,feminism,racism,communism etc. and due to its severely fragmented writing forms,it has intrigued groups of both domestic and overseas critics. The research abroad could be roughly divided into three stages. The first comes about the biography of the author”],the general introduction and reading background of this novel,then a number of explorations over the themes of this book have been conducted, from the most popular one feminism,psychological featuresto the philosophical elements. Finally, critics shifted their concentration to the unique form or style applied by Lessing,for instance they analyzed the varied narrative techniques employed within ,the aesthetic value it displayed ,as well as its artistic nature generated by its messy it is worth mentioning that in 2006 Tapan has composed a specific collection of reviews on the Golden the study over this novel in foreign country has been quite fruitful and mature, the research in China is far lagging behind, most of them just emphasized the novel's multiplethemes such as feminism,eco-economic,psychology and modemism Thus more angels should be discovered by scholars at home, such as colonialism, religious and psychological exploration, and their research method should be more diversified,for instance,the potential inter-disciplinary study of this novel are waiting to be excavated, and seldomhave critics compared this masterpiece with other similar text.
Based on Foucault's power theory, this thesis is going to explore how the female protagonist Anna in Doris Lessing's the Golden Notebook, the producer and victim of power,fought against her catastrophic life. Through a close reading of the text, this thesis aims at making a Foucanldian interpretation on Lessing's motivation behind portraying such a schizophrenic female personality, convincing the reader that power permeates every capillary of the society mainly by exerting influence on power relations between individual. Sinceeverything concerns with the functioning of power, be it tragedy or comedy, Anna's destiny cannot be an exception, instead of restraining from the one-way suppress from men,Foucault's power theory enables us to put the heroine into a larger, more diverse cultural or social background where individual's identity could be perceived with much more plurality or heterogeneity. Ultimately, given Anna's gender attributes, the application of Foucault's power theory to the analysis of heroine can shed light on how women could wittedly deal with their counterpart, strike a balance between freedom and restriction, and thus heading feminism into a more reasonable and rational direction.
Secondly, I want to talk about the structure and main contents of this paper.
The author is going to divide this thesis into five chapters. The first chapter is a briefing about the research background of the Golden Notebook, which provides an overview on the fragmented content and complicated structure of this masterpiece. The second chapter is an introduction of the research status of this novel at home and abroad, at the same time,Foucault's power theory will be elaborated here as the theoretical framework. Chapter three concentrates on the text analysis of the female protagonist Anna's pursuit of the free woman identity, which will be conducted mainly from three perspectives, namely her political faith,marriage and love, as well we psychological status. Through asserting Foucault's power theory into the text analysis, we could get a clear view on how the heroine became the victim of the omnipresent power in contemporary social organizations, and also how individual resisted power via making explorations on the genealogy of the self. Chapter four gives two different interpretations of Anna's destiny, with each representing the common feminists'view and Foucault's version respectively. Via such comparison, the author attempts to find a correlation between Foucault's power theory and feminism, to tell in what ways Foucault'spower theory have modified parts of problems in current feminism, and how the formal convergent with the latter. The last chapter serves as a concluding part in which a summary of this thesis will be reached, and limitations as well as further implications will be point out.
Finally, I want to talk about the deficiency existing in this paper.
The limitations of this thesis cannot be regarded as the challenge to the relevance of Foucaxxlt's theory to feminism; on the contrary, it tells that the value of applying Foucault'spower theory lies precisely in his invitation to feminists to remain highly critical about their previous prejudices as well as their future trends. In order to make full use of Foucault's power theory in modifying feminism, we have to dig out more convergences they share with each other. With the idea that knowledge and truth are partial ones serving as a start,Genealogy is then an excellent perspective for farther explorations on the Foucauldian and feminist projects.
Thank you very much!
Good morning， Distinguished professors and teachers， ladies and gentlemen， thank you for attending the oral defense. I am XX. First and foremost， I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor， professorXX， for his intellectual guidance， invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis. My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative， evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society.
And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part， the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society.
Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part， and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part. Thank you!
英语专业毕业论文答辩陈述稿范文
时间过得真快，大学生活即将结束，毕业论文是大学生都必须通过的，毕业论文是一种有准备的检验大学学习成果的`形式，毕业论文应该怎么写才好呢？以下是我整理的英语专业毕业论文答辩陈述稿范文，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。
Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am xx and my supervisor is xx. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.
The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.
So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.
Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.
Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.
Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. Im xxand come from class xx. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.
The title of my paper is choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.
Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.
Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.
Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.
For the above facts, I select this title.
Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.
The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.
The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholarss main views.
The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.
The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.
The last part is the conclusion.
I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.
When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.
Thats all. Thank you.
英语专业毕业论文答开场白
早上好。
尊敬的教授和老师们，女士们，先生们，谢谢您参加口头答辩。
我是XX。首先，我要对我的上司教授的聪明的指导，宝贵的指导和对我的论文的评价表示由衷的感谢。在他的宝贵帮助下，我终于完成了本论文。
我的主题是“历史转折处的悲剧人物”。全文共分六个部分。第一部分将简要介绍Kong和Rip的消极，逃避和保守态度，以及该主题在现实社会中的意义。第二部分将分析这些人物的背景，以显示悲剧的历史必要性。第三部分将进一步探讨悲剧英雄根据其生存环境所遭受的性格败坏，第四部分则是探讨他们在社会中的性格倾向和行为倾向。然后，作者将在第五部分中深入探讨悲剧的根本原因，
谢谢!
英语专业毕业论文答辩开场白
中英文思维和表达方式大不相同。英语是一种静态语言，倾向于使用更多的名词。汉语是动态的，经常使用动词。因此，当我们将英语翻译成中文时，我们应该知道这一点并改变词性。接下来，这是我的论文提纲。在本文的主要部分，我将其分为五个部分。
第一部分介绍语音和转换部分的基本概念。
第二部分讨论了翻译的定义，强调了词性转换在翻译过程中的重要性。
第三部分通过说明性例子给出了四种转换词性的基本方法。英语单词被转换成中文动词，名词，形容词和副词。
第四部分介绍了有关转换的一些问题，并提出了解决这些问题的建议。
第五部分得出一些结论，即语音部分之间的转换对于我们实现良好的翻译是必要的。事实证明，我们可以很好地掌握转换并改进翻译。此外，我们必须不断学习和探索各种翻译实践。
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