Proposal 更正式点 opening speech；opening report；Thesis Proposal 也都可以 但多数都用Proposal 如博士论文开题 Doctoral Dissertation Proposal
In recent years, the leisure tourism wide suffer people favor. Especially in today's world has entered into the information age, the third industry has become the dominant industry. Tourism is an important part of the tertiary industry in social life, one plays more and more important role. Along with the tourism development, more and more people are constantly seeking feature tourism. China, as one of the four ancient civilizations, its long history, a distinct nation characteristic, significant differences all show our geographical features. This article mainly from historical monuments in the Chinese tourism characteristics are analyzed, and the Great Wall, for example, from the historical development of its repair, and how to protect about sustainable development of tourism came from history, has the historical regression of a kind of instinct requirements. Find ancient find old, not as a step backward, more than is a reversal. This ancient with old's comeback, become a kind of fashion, contains two value: as object, have cultural value, As a way of life, has folk value. This is a social and cultural phenomenon: every life more modern, find ancient find old hot more can curtailing. This kind of social cultural phenomenon applies to travel in the field of material civilization, is highly modern today, look for the ancients historic sites became the new trend in contemporary tourism: all kinds of "meditate" feature tourism. This kind of social cultural phenomenon applies to travel in the field of material civilization, is highly modern today, look for the ancients historic sites became the new trend in contemporary tourism. Variety "meditate" feature tourism, double the visitor is a country with 5,000 years of history culture and ancient civilization. Historical monuments in the world, is second to none. Many domestic tourists from all over the world and even foreign visitors to travel around China in order to visit Chinese historical sites, feel the history breath. World-famous Great Wall in ancient China an extremely great defense project. The Great Wall wall average high meters, QiangJi average wide meters, wall average high meters. It from the bohai bay of shanhaiguan, west to gansu province as far as the jiayu pass, roll about twelve, YuHuaLi in history has played a very important role. First is the Great Wall in the military field plays a step-by-step effects for step troops provides various supply gains. Economically, promote the economic development of the frontier area. Not only such, it still promoting national fusion of the link. The Great Wall is not only our country ancient history of civilization, but also the Chinese nation great testimony spirit embodiment. But with the wheel of history rolling line, bid farewell to those troubled history, the Great Wall is no longer as foot military architecture, but the patriotism education propaganda, for tourists sightseeing spots. For years because of natural weathering, the rains washed out, wild animals nesting cave and individual tourists visit the Great Wall offending other reason, main body appear subsidence, soil loose, ground brick defect and so on many kinds of danger. Facing such a grandiose structure, how to repair and protection is worth to delve into the is a vast land, although history there have been a number of interracial army, but ancient Chinese civilization is not only is not fall, on the contrary, because of alien culture fusion and get everbright, enrich and updates. This is our country development history and culture of the special tourism resources is a kind of special advantage. It is the national wisdom and traditional culture accumulation and crystallization, is the national unity, national spirit of solidarity pillar.
明显就是中式英文。Thesis Presentation。
综述：opening report可以，用Proposal更正式点。
重点词汇：Proposal
英［prə＇pəʊzl］
释义：
n.提议，建议；（计划、建议等的）提出；求婚
［复数：proposals］
短语：
The Proposal假结婚；爱情限时签；求婚的恶魔；弄假成真
词语使用变化：proposal
n.（名词）
1、proposal表示“提议，建议”时，其后可接介词短语或动词不定式作定语，也可接that从句作同位语。
2、proposal所接由that引起的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气。
3、proposal作为名词时，后面通常跟带to的不定式和名词。
A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。）【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese （英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。）1. Introduction (顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行)In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前)2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese The characteristics of English idioms（正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ，2.， 3.，…；节的编号：…，…；小节的编号为：, …。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号）….In conclusion, …. The characteristics of Chinese idioms….Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it.…. The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms… (i) ….….(ii) ….…. 4. Conclusion….Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981.常亮，“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》，1993，4：44。 冯树健，“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》，1998，6：11。 李光陵，“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》，2000，30：30。 （论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序：尾注：按照编号顺序。夹注：英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献，各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序，不用单独加序号或编号；每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符；倍行距；另外，与文中的夹注一一对应；不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容）
可写 Introduction 或 Background 介绍写论文的目的 或 研究的目标
英语论文开题报告范文参考
下面是一篇由我为您整理的英语论文的开题报告范文，虽然不是特别好，但也反应了开题报告的格式和写法，有一定的.借鉴价值。
Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies
1 Introduction
The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).
DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.
2 Outline
Development and major concepts of DTS
In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
Methodolgy
I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
DTS in contrast to other theories
A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
Case study
In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
Conclusion
Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
附录1- 引文范例
“It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wilss, 1982: 217)
“噢，这就是恐水病吧?你们贵族圈子怎么流行起这种病来啦?真够呛的!费芬斯小姐，您喝点茶大概没关系吧!”’(张南峰，1990：59-60)
附录2- 参考文献范例
Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation – Problems and Methods. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen,1982.
Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall, 1988.
Delabastita, Dirk. Translating Puns: A false Opposition in Translation Studies. Target, 1991(3:2):137-152.
Proposal 更正式点opening speech；opening report；Thesis Proposal 也都可以但多数都用Proposal 如博士论文开题 Doctoral Dissertation Proposal
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
开题报告范文例文大全6篇。本科毕业论文开题报告论文题目the Application and Innovation zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载of Gothicism in Wuthering Heights一、选题的意义和研究现状zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载1．选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义 zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载长时期以来, 人们视艾米莉•勃朗特为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。关于她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜, 许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究, 得出了不同的结论, 因而往往是旧谜刚解, 新谜又出, 解谜热潮似永无休止。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉•zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。2．与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况 zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载各民族的文学中都有许多惊险、恐怖的故事, 但似乎没有哪一种文学像英美文学那样不仅创作出数量众多、质量优秀的恐怖文学作品, 而且还形成了一个持续发展、影响广泛的哥特传统( Gothic tradition) 。哥特文学现在已经成为英美文学研究中的一个重要领域。对哥特文学的认真研究开始于20 世纪二三十年代, 到70 年代以后, 由于新的学术思潮和文学批评观念的影响, 该研究出现了前所未有而且日趋高涨的热潮。根据在国际互联网上的搜索, 到2000 年9月为止, 英美等国的学者除发表了大量关于哥特文学的论文外, 还至少出版专著达184部, 其中1970 年以后为126 部, 仅90 年代就达59 部, 几乎占总数的三分之一。当然,近年来哥特文学研究的状况不仅在于研究成果迅速增加, 更重要的是它在深度和广度方面都大为拓展, 并且把哥特传统同英美乃至欧洲的历史、社会、文化和文学的总体发展结合起来。二、研究方案zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载1．研究的基本内容及预期的结果（大纲）zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载研究的基本内容:本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉•zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。预期的结果（大纲）:zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载1．A Survey of GothiczFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Definition of GothiczFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 the Origin of Gothic NovelszFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Historical ReasonszFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Folklore in Germantic NationalityzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Drama in the RenaissancezFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 the Bible and Legends in ChristianityzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Development of the Novel ItselfzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Challenge of Romanticism to RationalismzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Sublime and BeautifulzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载2. 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Charlotte Bronte’s preface to the second edition, Wuthering Heights. London: J. M. Dent Sons Ltd. p. 英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[2] Gerin, Winifred. 1971. Emily Bronte [M]. New York: Oxford University 英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[3] Marie, Mulvey-Roberts. ed. handbook to gothic literature [A]. New York: New York University Press. p. 英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[4] Punter, David. 1980. The Literature of Terror [M]. London: Longman. p. 英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[5] 方平. 1993 .希望在人间?论〈呼啸山庄〉(《呼啸山庄》译序) [M]. 上海译文出版社. 第24页.zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[6] 盖斯凯尔夫人. 2000 .夏洛蒂•勃朗特传[M]. 张淑荣等译. 北京: 团结出版社. 第11?12页.zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[7] 肖明翰. 2001. 英美文学中的哥特传统[J]. 外国文学评论第3期.zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[8] 鲜于静. 2003. 神秘和怪诞的魅力??福克纳小说《八月之光》的哥特艺术研究[MA]. 中国学位论文全文库. zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载英语论文开题报告范文例文大全6篇。Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies
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集美大学毕业设计（论文）开题报告学院 （系） 专业 年 月 日论文题目 On Translating English Metaphors into Chinese（英语隐喻汉译）学生姓名 学号 指导教师一、本选题的目的和意义：本选题旨在研究隐喻在英语日常用语中存在的普遍性、可译性及其翻译的方法，重点从文化交际的角度对日常用语中隐喻的汉译进行深入的理论探讨。本选题突破了历来将隐喻的汉译局限在诗学、修辞学、文学等范畴。由于“翻译是跨语言、跨文化的交际活动”(陈宏薇：1996)，翻译对各民族之间文化的传播起着非常重要的作用。我们对日常用语中隐喻的汉译研究应与英语语言文化背景的研究结合起来。二、本选题国内外研究的现状和发展趋向：对隐喻的研究在国外已形成较为完整的体系，其中以Lakoff &Johnson(1987)的研究最具有代表性，而对于其汉译的研究却凤毛麟角。国内对于隐喻的研究主要受Lakoff & Johnson理论的影响，其中以胡壮麟、朱永生为主要代表。在隐喻翻译的研究方面，李国南(1990)，胡文仲(1994)对于英汉成语或谚语中的习用性比喻的喻体进行过比较，并探讨了其翻译的途径。在近期出版的刊物中有对隐喻翻译研究方面的文章，其中以徐莉娜的《隐喻的翻译》为主要代表。但其研究的范围也只局限于文学、修辞用语的隐喻翻译。三、主要研究的内容：本文分五个部分。一、简要介绍隐喻与语言以及语言与文化之间的关系，提出日常用语中隐喻的汉译不可忽视文化背景，并简述本论文的主要内容。 二、重点论述隐喻在英语日常用语中存在的普遍性。三、分析隐喻的特点，从人类文化的共性论述其可译性。四、讨论隐喻的汉译标准、难点、过程、基本方法以及根据语境而确定译法的原则。五、详述隐喻汉译的方法和技巧，指出在翻译实践中，对每种方法的使用都不能走极端。结论部分，总结研究隐喻汉译所具有的实用价值。1．引言2．英语日常用语中隐喻存在的普遍性隐喻的定义关于隐喻研究的常用术语英语日常用语中的隐喻3.英语日常用语中隐喻的特点日常用语中隐喻的分类习用性隐喻新生隐喻英语隐喻与汉语隐喻英语日常用语中隐喻的可译性4.英语日常用语中的隐喻的汉译翻译的标准日常用语中隐喻汉译的难点日常用语中隐喻汉译的过程日常用语中隐喻汉译的基本方法及原则5.日常用语中隐喻汉译的方法与技巧直译法意译法转译法直译和意译结合法四、参考文献：[1]Aristotle. “Rhetoric” (W. R. Roberts, Trans.) In W. D. Ross (Ed.) The Works of Aristotle. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Original Work Written ca. 330 .), 1924.[2]Brodkey, Linda. Review: The Languages in Metaphor. College English, 1988, (1): 89-94 [3]Goatly, Andrew. The Language of Metaphors. London: Routledge, 1997.[4]Jin Di and Eugene, A. Nida. On Translation. Beijing: China Translation Publishing Company, 1984.[5]Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. Metaphors We Live by Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.[6]Nida, Eugene A. & William, Reyburn. Meaning Across Cultures. New York: Maryknoll of N. Y. Orbis Book, 1981.[7]Soskice, . Metaphor and Religious Language. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985.[8]Tylor, Edward Burnett. Primitive Culture. London: John Murray, 1871.[9]陈宏薇（不加汉语拼音，下同）.新实用汉译英教程 [M]，武汉：湖北教育出版社，1996.[10]陈文伯.英语成语和汉语成语 [M]，北京：外语教学与研究出版社,1980.[11]陈望道.修辞学发凡 [M]，上海：上海教育出版社，1983.[12]邓炎昌，刘润清.语言与文化 [M]，北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1989.[13]范家材.英语修辞赏析 [M]，上海：上海交通大学出版社，1992.[14]冯明之. 英文成语故事 [M]，香港：万里出版社，1992.[15]冯庆华. 实用翻译教程 [M]，上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997.[16]胡文仲. 文化与交际 [M]，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1994.[17]徐莉娜. 隐喻的翻译 [J]，中国翻译，1999，(3):18-22.五、预期的课题进度计划：1．2007年4月25日 完成初稿，并上交指导教师审阅。2．2007年5月9日提交论文第二稿。3. 2007年5月16日提交论文第三稿。3．2007年5月17日-6月9日继续修改论文直至定稿。5．2007年6月13日提交毕业论文。6．2007年6月14日-23日准备论文答辩。7．2007年6月24日进行毕业论文答辩（进度计划不能照抄，应根据实际情况从3月5日起至6月24日止编写计划。）六、完成论文的条件、方法及措施：（一）条件1．已经修完英语专业的所有课程，对英语国家概况和跨文化交际有较全面和深入的了解；2．学校图书馆和学院资料室具备有关本论文研究所需的丰富的书籍、期刊等参考文献；3．已经收集较丰富和全面的文献资料；4．具有上网条件及丰富的网上资源。（二）方法及措施1．利用图书馆和互联网进行资料的检索网；2．小组讨论交流。指导教师的意见及建议：签名：年 月 日注：此表前六项由学生填写后交指导教师签署意见，否则不得开题；此表作为毕业设计（论文）评分的依据
开题报告要根据你的论文来写的，不知道你的论文是什么，贴一个给你供参考。一、论文（设计）选题的依据（选题的目的和意义、该选题国内外的研究现状及发展趋势等）1. 选题的目的：在新闻节目的后期制作中，片头、片尾及片花中会加入固定的音乐体现节目的统一性，而在这里，主要就电视新闻报道中如何选择适当的音乐与主题、内容及结构相吻合进行简单的探讨。2. 选题的意义：配乐在电视新闻中起到了越来越重要的作用，特别是在专题类报道中，合理地加入音乐往往会取得意想不到的效果。生活中，音乐就是人们陶冶情操、舒缓压力的手段，而对于如今对电视新闻节目要求日益提高的观众们来说．音乐的加入也增加了新闻的可看性和观众的兴趣。3. 国内外研究现状及发展趋势：吕和方指出了公共标识用语的四种应用功能特征:指示性、提示性、限制性、强制性，分析了公共标识用语的“动态”和“静态”信息，并对公示语独特的语言风格进行了阐述。王银泉、万正方、金龙等剖析了我国城市公共场所公示语英译中存在的失误现象，提出具体的可行性改进意见，探讨了公共标识用语翻译的方法和规律。2003年8月北京第二外国语学院开通了“汉英公示语研究在线”2004年9月还负责主编了《汉英公示语词典》，系统总结了目前的公共标识用语翻译，并成立了“汉英公示语研究课题组”。国外对于公共标识用语的翻译研究最早的开始于Vinay & Darbelnet两位学者，从他们Comparative Stylistics of French and English的前言部分可以知道，他们对于公共标识用语的研究起于1959年。目前，国外对于这项工作进展的很好，政府有专设一些部门和人员来进行监督，在不同的部门和领域都有规范专有用语，同时下达使用手册，更有一些西方国家有使用符号和图像作标志的趋势。二、论文（设计）的主要研究内容及预期目标1. 主要研究内容：引言一．公共标识用语的概述(一) 公共标识用语的定义与特点(二) 公共标识用语的分类(三) 公共标识用语的实用功能二．从类别角度剖析现公共标识用语中的问题(一) 街道路牌(二) 景点标识(三) 社会宣传用语(四) 公共广告(五) 告示三．公共标识用语在翻译中应遵循的原则(一) 在语用角度中的原则(二) 在文化角度中的原则四．公共标识用语英译的方法和策略(一) 方法(二) 策略2. 创新之处：我国现有的研究公共标识用语英译的论文有很多，但本文提出公共标识用语的翻译应该重视语用和文化差异的作用,增加关联度,扩大认知环境,以达到最好的效果。三、论文（设计）的主要研究方案（拟采用的研究方法、准备工作情况及主要措施）1. 研究方法：在资料及文献上主要选择在图书馆和互联网上搜集，翻阅大量至今国内外一些学者和教授对公共标识用语英译的一些研究，逐步对本论题有更深度的理解。在撰写论文时主要采用演绎法和文献资料法相结合的方法，运用事例型论据与理论型论据，提出一些在公共标识用语的翻译中的方法和策略。2. 准备工作情况：在搜集大量有关文献的基础上，已经对本论题主旨和内容有了大体的轮廓，对于论题的研究方向也有了进一步的认识。3. 主要措施：在接下来的论文撰写中将继续搜集更多的理论文献，深入生活取材。四、论文（设计）研究工作进展安排（1） 论文指导第一阶段（2010年10月下旬——2010年12月中旬）：完成初稿。（2） 论文指导第二阶段（2010年12月下旬）：交指导教师审阅论文初稿发回后进行第一次论文修改。（3） 论文指导第三阶段（2011年3月下旬）：交指导教师审阅论文初稿发回后进行第二次论文修改。（4） 论文指导第四阶段（2011年4月上旬）：交指导教师审阅论文初稿发回后进行第三次论文修改。（5） 论文指导第五阶段（2011年4月中旬）：定稿。（6） 论文指导第六阶段（2011年5月上旬）：交定稿的打印稿和电子文本给指导教师和评阅教师写评语，做好答辩准备。（7） 论文指导第七阶段（2011年5月中旬）：开展答辩工作。五、主要参考文献1. 蒋磊.英汉文化差异与广告的语用翻译[J].中国翻译,20022. 万正方.必须重视城市街道商店和单位名称的翻译[J].中国翻译,20023. 王银全,陈新仁.城市标识用语英译失误及其实例剖析[J].中国翻译, 20044. 连淑能.英汉对比研究[M].高等教育出版社,19935. 卞正东.论标识语的翻译[J].上海翻译,20036. 李怀奎,李怀宏.景观标识名称汉译英的语用等效研究[J].上海科技翻译, 20047. 王银泉.汉英公示语翻译及其译学理据[J].北京第二外国语学院学报(外语版),20078. 杨丽波.国内公示语汉英翻译研究现状[J].怀化学院学报,20079. Vinay& Stylistics of French and English[J]. A Methodology for Philadephia:John Benjamins,198910. New .Textbook of Translation [M].上海外语教育出版社,1988六、指导老师意见指导老师（签名）年 月 日七、系毕业论文（设计）工作领导小组意见系（盖章）年 月 日
摘 要： 公示语是给公众在公众场合看的文字语言，是人们生活中常见的实用语言，是一种公开和面对公众的，以达到某种交际目的的特殊文体。公示语在生活中应用广泛，几乎随处可见。由于公示语在公众和旅游者生活中的重要意义，对公示语的任何歧义、误解、滥用都会导致不良后果，本文分析公示语翻译常见问题，并提供解决良策。 关键词： 公示语 公共场所 翻译问题 随着经济全球化及2008年奥运会胜利闭幕，全国各地的汉英双语公示语越来越多，外国人能轻松进行简单的游玩、购物，可以说，这是人性化管理与和谐社会的一个进步，也从侧面反映了民族友好、向上的精神面貌和整体文化素质。公示语‘顾名思义’是在公共场所展示给公众看的文字语言，是人们生活中常见的实用语言，是一种公开和面对公众的，以达到某种交际目的的特殊文体。公示语在生活中应用广泛，几乎随处可见，例如路标、广告牌、商店招牌、公共场所的宣传语、旅游简介等。公示语是国际化都市、国际旅游目的地语言环境、人文环境的重要组成部分。 在公示语的实际运用中，我们仍然存在着很多问题。不规范的、外国人看不懂的，甚至洋相百出的英语公示语比比皆是，不但未达到交际效果，还损毁了形象。 一、常见公示语翻译错误的分类 （一）拼写及语法错误 公示语中最常见且最易被忽略的错误便是拼写错误。除了拼错、大小写或标点符号使用错误等之外，语法错误也是公示语翻译中常出现的错误，如词性误用、名词单复数不当、冠词遗漏、动词形式错误的等。例如：“禁止停车”：“No Park（Parking）”；“请带好随身物品”：“Please Bring Your Belonging（Belongings）With You”；“请走侧门”：“Please Use（The）Side Door”；“××机动车驾驶学校”：“Automobile Drive（Driving）School”：“××装饰有限公司”：“Decorated（Decoration）Corporation”；“男士休闲服”：“Man’s（Men’s）Wear”；“中西快餐”：“China（Chinse）and Foreign（Western）Fast Food”。以上这些语法错误或者是译者粗心，或者是想当然所致，其实在翻译中稍加注意是可以避免的。 （二）中式英语 英语中有许多约定俗成的表达习惯，如“south-east”指的是“东南”，而不是“南东”（east-south），“north-west”指的是“西北”，而不是“北西”（west-north），但很多公示语的翻译望文生义，完全不符合英语表达习惯。比如把“中国烟酒”译成“China Smoke Wine”就不妥，应按英语的习惯翻译成为“Cigarette，Liquor and Tea”。“警务工作站”译为“Police Workstation”或者“Police Affairs Station”都是对照汉语生硬的翻译，其实译成“Police Station”就能让外国人明白。“租赁公司汽车服务中心”中的“租赁”译成“Rent Company”，也完全从中文角度翻译，应翻译成“Car Rental”。把“口腔门诊”译成“Mouth department”，让人哭笑不得，建议改成“Dental Office（Department）”。 （四）语义模糊 语义模糊的原因很多，本来在汉语里很清楚的东西，由于中英转换的失误，使英译无法让人理解。误译的原因有多方面，但模糊现象主要是译者在中英转换过程中信息丢失、翻译不完整所造成的。例如：（1）“小心碰头”：“Take Care of Your Head”改译为“Watch Your Head”或“Mind Your Head”；（2）“钟表城”：“Time City Watches & Clocks”改译为“Watches & Clocks Shopping Centre”。 二、公示语汉英翻译的对策 （一）熟悉公示语的意义及特点 公示语是一种公开和面对公众的，以达到某种交际目的的特殊文体，具有指示性、提示性、限制性、强制性四种应用功能，这就要求这种文体简洁、明了、正确，从而提供给公众清晰易懂的信息，避免造成不必要的误解。在翻译时语汇要简洁，措辞要精确，能用寥寥数词，或简单明了的图示，或图标与文字结合来表示，让读者一目了然，而不能随意使用冗长的句子，并且注意选用常用的词语。 （二）多借用国外现有例子 戴宗显认为：“对待交通等国内外可以一致的标识，完全可以实行拿来主义，找一些专家到国外把他们的表达用语拿过来使用。”（戴宗显，2005）实际上，除了一些很中国化的公示语，汉语公示语基本上都能在英语中找到对应的公示语，这就要求译者不可望文生义，而要尽可能多查资料或请教以英语为母语的外国朋友。 （三）注重文化背景的理解 由于人们的社会背景、生活习惯、思维方式上存在差异，因此在语言表达上存在差异，这些差异也都充分地体现在公示语中，如果不能透彻理解文字里所蕴涵的文化信息，没有掌握汉英文化差异，就不可能完成从原语到译入语的转换。 公示语翻译中存在的不仅仅是翻译技巧的问题，还包括人们的认识问题。很多人认为只要会英语就能翻译，其实公示语翻译的基本功不只是英语水平，而且包括对外国文化的了解，因此翻译公示语时，应该将译文读者的文化习惯放在第一位，运用交际翻译的方法翻译，才能得到准确无误的译文。公示语是世界各国了解中国的主要载体之一，更是给所有来华的外国人士留下的第一张中国的名片，因此，汉语公示语的英译就显得尤为重要，其目的很明确，即在必要的场合能够指示、提示、警示、帮助在华的外国友人更加方便地生活、学习、旅游和工作。正确的公示语英语译文的使用，对提升城市文明形象，进一步推动城市国际化进程发挥着重要的作用。 参考文献： ［1］吕和发.公示语的功能特点与汉英翻译研究.术语标准化与信息技术，2005，（2）. ［2］罗选民，黎日旺.关于公示语翻译的几点思考.中国翻译，2006，（6）. ［3］杨永和.我国新世纪公示语翻译研究综述.外语教学，2009，（5）. ［4］李红梅.基于模因论的公示语翻译研究［J］.四川理工学院学报（社会科学版），2010，25（2）.
综述：opening report可以，用Proposal更正式点。
重点词汇：Proposal
英［prə＇pəʊzl］
释义：
n.提议，建议；（计划、建议等的）提出；求婚
［复数：proposals］
短语：
The Proposal假结婚；爱情限时签；求婚的恶魔；弄假成真
词语使用变化：proposal
n.（名词）
1、proposal表示“提议，建议”时，其后可接介词短语或动词不定式作定语，也可接that从句作同位语。
2、proposal所接由that引起的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气。
3、proposal作为名词时，后面通常跟带to的不定式和名词。
论文开题报告主要是你的论文将要写什么以及为什么要写和如何写的问题。这里有几个方面：第一，你要写什么这个重点要进行已有文献综述，把有关的题目方面的已经有的国内外研究认真介绍一下（先客观介绍情况，要如实陈述别人的观点），然后进行评述（后主观议论，加以评估，说已有研究有什么不足），说现在有了这些研究，但还有很多问题值得研究。其中要包括你选题将要探讨的问题。由于目前研究不足，所以你要研究。所以，你的论文要写什么是根据文献综述得出来的，而不是你想写什么就写什么。如果不做综述，很可能你的选题早被别人做得很深了。第二，为什么要写这个这个主要是说明你这个选题的意义。可以说在理论上，你发现别人有什么不足和研究空白，所以你去做，就有理论价值了。那么你要说清楚你从文献综述中选出来的这个题目在整个相关研究领域占什么地位。这就是理论价值。然后你还可以从实际价值去谈。就是这个题目可能对现实有什么意义，可能在实际中派什么用场等等。第三，如何写在开题报告里你还应当说清楚你选了这个题目之后如何去解决这个问题。就是有了问题，你准备怎么去找答案。要说一下你大致的思路，同时，重点阐述你要用什么方法去研究。如文献分析法、访谈法、问卷法、定量研究、实验研究、理论分析、模型检验等等。在上述三个方面中间，文献综述是重点。没有文献综述，你就无法找到自己的题目，也不知道这个题目别人已经做得怎么样了，所以你要认真进行综述。当然，综述的目的还是引出你自己的话题，所以不能忘记评述哟。
A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of …… （英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。）【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese （英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。）1. Introduction (顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行)In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前)2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese The characteristics of English idioms（正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ，2.， 3.，…；节的编号：…，…；小节的编号为：, …。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号）….In conclusion, …. The characteristics of Chinese idioms….Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法):(9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.(10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it.…. The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms… (i) ….….(ii) ….…. 4. Conclusion….Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号） Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981.常亮，“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》，1993，4：44。 冯树健，“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》，1998，6：11。 李光陵，“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》，2000，30：30。 （论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序：尾注：按照编号顺序。夹注：英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献，各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序，不用单独加序号或编号；每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符；倍行距；另外，与文中的夹注一一对应；不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容）
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms