1、首先阅读司汤达的红与黑,精读其中与论文内容相关的作品。2、其次阅读红与黑研究的相关资料,掌握学术前沿动态。3、最后阅读相关的理论著作、提高理论水平及思想深度。
红与黑》是十九世纪法国批判现实主义小说家斯汤达的作 品, 只要是读过这本小说的人都不可能把小说中人物的个性, 言 谈举止从自己的脑海中赶出去。这一切都不停的萦绕在他们的 脑际, 让他们去思索, 让他们浮想联翩。 所有的评论家一致肯定斯汤达深刻的反映了他的时代。只 要看看小说的副标题“** 年记事”就可以体会到斯汤达和巴 尔扎克一样, 只是在自觉地为现代社会谱写历史。可是对大多数 的读者来说, 显然不是因为关心一百多年前的政治才喜欢《红与 黑》的。人们真正感兴趣的是它的主人公于连·索雷尔。于连和 整个社会的环境的冲突, 他的野心, 抱负与孤军奋斗, 他对现实 的愤懑不平和报复性的反抗。这才是小说扣人心弦的地方。离开 了于连的悲剧, 其他的一切对读者便毫无意义。在体味着小说引人的情节, 在对主人公的命运经过迭荡的 推进而突然戛然而止于死亡而悲叹时, 人们不能不一再问到: “红”与“黑”究竟是什么? 它的真正喻意是什么? 对于这个问题, 一百年来文艺研究家进行无休止的争论, 一直没有一致的看法, 众说纷纭, 莫衷一是, 或者认为“红”指红色的军装, 代表军队; “黑”指教士的黑袍, 代表教会。或者认为“红”是指法国大革命和 拿破仑战争的英雄时代;“黑”是指复辟王朝的反动统治。或者认 为“红”指以特殊方式反抗复辟制度的小资产阶级叛逆者于连; “黑”指包揽反动教会、贵族阶级和资产阶级在内的黑暗势力。有 人以“人性的深度”的角度认为红与黑是以“红”为象征的一种感 情力量和以“黑”为象征的另一种感情力量的拼搏。还有人利用 拉康精神分析理论对《红与黑》中欲望主体和叙述结构的关系进 行剖析, 认为小说的主人公主体徘徊在“想象界”和“象征界”之 间。因此对小说书名的解释为“红”是想象界, 是缺失的母亲、血、 生命律动之源, 是欲望本身的形象;“黑”是象征界, 是父亲、法律 制度、现实原则, 阉割、修道院、宗教之权威。可以说是“仁者见 仁, 义者见义”, 当然无可非议, 这是所有可以被称作伟大小说的 共同品格。例如《红楼梦》, 有人读出了革命, 有人读出了政治, 有 人读出了爱情, 有人读出了人生等等。 透过《红与黑》的字里行间, 随着引人入胜的情节, 我们仔细 体味着之中所含的“红”与“黑”。我认为这个作品从开始、发展到 结束, 贯穿着三组“红”与“黑”的主线, 顺着这三组线索才能深刻 理解作者赋予这篇作品的深刻意义, 才能理解主人公短暂的一 生和他的命运。 第一组:“红”象征着拿破仑士兵的红军服;“黑”象征着教士 的黑色道袍。 第二组:“红”象征着于连·索雷尔追求的飞黄腾达;“黑”象 征着主人公结局的死亡。 第三组:“红”象征着教堂的圣水、死亡、子宫、于连的重生; “黑”同时象征着教堂、死亡、洞穴。 下面我们分组来解析其中的寓意。 第一组:“红”象征着拿破仑士兵的红军服;“黑”象征着教士 的黑色袍子 这是斯汤达本人在回答朋友的询问时的解释。在小说的开 始, 作者就给人们展示了表面虽然文弱但是心灵的深处, 有一团 火一样的进取力量, 一股往着高处涌流的狂奔不息的热血的于 连。那么怎样才能出人头地呢?拿破仑士兵的红军服是他心中的 向往, 他们想自己像拿破仑那样年三十立功于战场而成为显赫 的将军。然而于连生不逢时, 在王政复辟时期, 平民甚至没有穿 上军制服的可能, 最好能够通向上层社会的途径就是当教士了。 当于连看到一个德高望重的老法官在一场无聊的纠纷中被一个 小小的教士所击败, 一个四十多岁的神甫就拿到三倍于拿破仑 麾下名将的薪俸, 他就不再提拿破仑的名字而发奋攻读神学了。 他想:“在一切事业里都需要聪明人……在拿破仑统治下, 我会 是一名军官, 在未来的神甫中, 我将是一名主教。”因此,“红与 黑”在这里平行的, 都是于连新追求的飞黄腾达之路。 第二组:“红”象征着于连索雷尔的追求的飞黄腾达;“黑”象 征着主人公的结局 要理解这一组, 笔者认为应从以下三个方面理解。 1. 从小说的创作原意 值得注意的是, 斯汤达为什么在小说里使他的主人公这样 一个“才智之士”, 这样一个充满理想而处事慎重、谨慎的青年的 结局以悲剧告终, 而不是塑造一个成功者形象呢?我认为这就是 斯汤达没有解释完的书名的喻意, 也就是“红”象征着于连的追 求;“黑”象征着死亡。在这里“红”与“黑”不是平行的, 而是对立 的矛盾。要理解这一组, 应该从以下两个方面入手。 一是作者将拿破仑士兵的红色军装和教士的黑袍子这一 “红”——“黑”作为主人公于连所追求的梦想, 不仅仅是因为作 者曾经十七岁就投入军界, 三次随拿破仑远征欧洲, 亲身参加过 朗戈战役、耶拿战役, 曾经进驻米兰……他是同时代作家中唯一 真正了解拿破仑时代的人。而时过境迁, 教士是一个能实现于连 野心的职业。 若想细致入微的理解斯汤达的作品, 必须先了解他的内心, 斯汤达的内心并非原动力旺盛, 充满志趣。由于天赋与志趣自身 只不过是一些笼统的东西, 所以他所迷恋的是一些空洞形式, 也 就是说没有明确和具体的东西, 由于缺乏那种功利和道德动机, 他不会对任何事情深深感动, 事实上, 对他来说, 激情开始就是 游戏、实验、消磨时光, 在人们看来他会完全沉溺于激情之中时, 他却突然移情别处。 从形式或从总体上而言, 斯汤达的理想也同样相当混乱和 自相矛盾。因为他看起来只关心与个人密切相关的原动力与激 情形式, 对此他赋予了只属于更高层次的原动力之雄伟气势与 英雄气概。因此, 他赋予他的主人公也就同样的形式。于连在短 短的一生中为自己规划了许多的角色: 拿破仑的副官、代理主 教、司令官、指导教师等等。由此看来, 他所担任的角色是可以变 换的, 只要能达到出人头地的目的。 其次我们也不能忽视, 斯汤达出生在贵族律师家庭, 八岁丧 母, 他是和可怕的穷神甫一起长大, 从小身心受到很大的压抑, 书中西朗神父的一段话也表明了对于连的追求的否定:“我告诉 你这一点是让你明了, 当教士不会给你带来什么, 如果你向当权 者献媚的话, 那会得到诅骂, …”这表明作者并不认为做教士是 一条什么光明大道而是下地狱的行当。 2. 小说中的情节 在小说的开始部分, 对于连开始他的征程之前有着这样的 描写:“……他孤单一个在教堂里, 祈祷的矮凳上, 于连发现一张 印有字的小纸片摊在那儿, …他眼光落上去, 上面写到: 路易· 索雷尔判决以及临终时刻的详情在贝尚松处死, 在……这张残 缺零碎, 反面起首的三个字他可以看得清楚:‘第一步’。…他深 深的叹了一口气, 接着说,‘他的名字末尾跟我一祥…’他把纸揉 成一团。 从教堂出来, 于连相信看见圣水钵旁有一摊血, 其实这是被 洒过的圣水, 在蒙着窗上的红布的反衬下, 看上去像血一般。最 后, 于连为内心隐藏着恐惧感到羞愧。 ‘难道我是个胆小鬼?’他问自己,‘拿起武器。’这几个单词 在老军医叙述过的战争故事里反复出现, 在于连看来是勇敢的 象征。他站起身来迅速走向德·雷纳尔先生的房子”。 由此看来, 小说的开始已经预示了主人公的结局: 他从教堂 出发到德·雷纳尔先生家当家庭教师, 开始奔向他追求仕途的 战场, 到德·拉莫尔府当秘书——回到教堂开枪杀他的情人德 ·雷纳尔太太, 被判死刑, 表明他的追求“红”的结果必然是失败 或者说是死亡“黑”。 3. 从词汇学的角度 我们再翻开法、英、汉辞典, 对于“红”与“黑”的解释基本上 都是一致的。“红”: ①指像血那样的颜色; ②象征革命; ③象征顺 利和成功。而“黑”却是指: ①黑色; ②阴郁的; ③死亡。因此, 从词 汇学的角度出发, 作者的喻意也是明确的: 红军服和黑道袍, 这 一“红”, 一“黑”作为于连带着满腔的热血所追求的成功之路 (红)的结果必然是死亡(黑)。 第三组:“红”象征着教堂的圣水、子宫、于连的重生;“黑”同 时象征着教堂、死亡、洞穴 经过对平行的“红”与“黑”的追求和对立的“红”与“黑”—— 追求——失败之后,作品又以平行的“红”与“黑”的融合而结局。 对于这一组的理解, 要从以下方面。 1. 从情节上 回顾于连从在追求发迹的四年, 细心阅读的读者可以注意 到, 于连口口声声“成功”、“发迹”、“飞黄腾达”之类, 时时处处羡 慕有钱人的“幸福”, 却从来没有说清楚他究竟要什么。金钱他当 然是要的, 他动辄想当上一个主教比当上一个将军多挣多少法 郎, 然而他关心和谁一起吃饭胜过拿多少薪水, 他拒绝过和爱丽 莎的有利的婚事, 他不肯走富凯那样的稳妥的发财之路, 他也从 不接受没有名分的馈赠……总之, 于连不是一个爱钱的人, 这是 他和当时一般渴望成功的人之间的很大的区别, 包括贵族和资 产者。再说社会地位, 他所想得到的首先是荣誉、是平等、是自 由, 其次才是金钱、财物和享受。有的研究者认为于连的全部心 灵都体现着一种与封建观念相对立的思想体系, 一种以个人为 核心的思想体系, 这种思想体系决定了他和他那个行将灭亡的 社会之间的不可调和的冲突, 也决定了他不可挽回的悲剧命运。 总之, 说于连是一个个人主义野心家固然不错, 但不如说他是一 个追求个人幸福而不幸走上歧途的年轻人更来的准确。于连的 所作所为甚至他的所思所想和他的心灵呼唤在本质上是矛盾 的。 如果说在到达“虚伪”之前, 这个年轻农民的心灵曾走过很 长的一段路, 那么他的死意味着他只不过在一条更长的路上刚 刚迈开了第一步, 这一步他是在监狱里走完的。内容丰富, 份量 沉重, 喻意深远的《红与黑》实际上写的是一个年轻人在追求幸 福的道路上如何从迷误走向清醒, 说到底是写了一个“悟”字。这 是人类永恒的难题的唯一的解, 也是《红与黑》中的于连的处境 的真实写照。斯汤达的高明在于, 他只在“迷”字上用力, 似乎曲 径通幽, 柳暗花明, 谁都说是从胜利走向胜利, 而在仿佛登上了 高峰时却突然两声枪响, 让公重重的跌在地上, 犹如一声断喝: “此路不通!”于是主人公恍然“觉”, 而后在回想中大彻大悟, 从 此走上了新的道路……这也是这篇小说震撼人心的地方。于是 于连找到了归宿又获得了重生, 从这个意义上他是成功者, 迷途 知返者。在这里“红”与“黑”这对矛盾达到了统一。 2. 从意蕴上 “红”与“黑”是辩证的统一。“黑”的其一象征既是超越语言 符号链的存在, 其表征为创伤和死亡, 而“红”象征之一显然与血 和死亡有关, 于是,“红”与“黑”融为一体。 本文在第二组里提到小说中于连在到德·瑞纳先生家做家 庭教师前到教堂祈祷时, 发现被处死的人名末尾和他的一样, 并 且相信看到圣水钵旁边有滩血。在小说的另一处写到:“德·福 列先生所问: 为什么索黑尔先生特别选择了教堂为谋杀的地方, 假如不是恰如那个时候, 他的情敌在那里举行弥撒呢。一般人都 同意你(笔者按即玛特尔小姐)所保护的幸运的人, 具有无限的 聪明和更多的谨慎。假如他躲藏在他所熟知的德·瑞纳先生的 花园里, 还有比那更简单的事吗?在那里, 差不多不会有人看见, 不会被捕或怀疑。而且很容易地把他所妒嫉的女人置于死地。” 一个婴儿诞生,要在教堂接受洗礼, 这是象征着生命, 象征着希 望的“红”; 教堂也是为死者祷告的地方, 象征死亡的“黑”, 而不 管在中国还是在西方, 人们都相信净化了的灵魂能得到再生, 在 这里“红”与“黑”这对矛盾又达到了统一。 从心理学上分析, 洞穴与教堂都可象征着子宫。他们都在象 征意义上提供了再生的承诺。正如克洛德·鲁瓦所说: 温暖、宁 静慈母般的洞穴, 开始生存历险之前于连曾在那儿做过小憩, 渴 望最后能“安息在那儿”, 因为安息这个词恰如其分。明乎此, 我 们又可以回答小说中那位人物提出的问题了。经过矛盾, 经过抗 争, 经过实践, 于连终于得到了再生。这里“红”象征着鲜血, 子 宫, 生的教堂, 于连的“再生”;“黑”象征着死亡的教堂和洞穴, “红”与“黑”在这里再次成为平行的融汇。
因为自尊。德瑞那夫人迫于教会的压力写了一封信诋毁于连,眼看自己的大好前程就毁于一旦,自尊心也严重受挫,于是于连就要杀了这个让他又爱又恨的女人。下面是我写的一篇《红与黑》的论文,希望能给你帮助。生也自尊,死也自尊——论于连自尊而卑微的一生每当人们提起于连•索雷尔的时候,就将他与野心家联系在一起,但是读过《红与黑》,我看到的更多的是于连身上的自尊,以及自尊背后深深隐藏的自卑。于连是一个自卑感极强的人,因而,作为保护自己的工具,他在自己和他人之间用自尊树立起一堵墙,挡住自己的缺点,这堵墙让人畏惧,偏偏于连又是那么地博学,因而他是那个让人敬畏的对象,倔强,冰冷的性格以及看似本分的行为让旁人无从说三道四,家族门第一直是当时人们评价一个人的最重要的标准,上层人看重它是因为高傲与排外,下层人看重它是因为嫉妒与痛苦,有着上层人一切优点却因自己“低下的身份“而无法跻身上流社会,上层的人嫉妒他所得到的”成就”,因而要揭发他,无论怎样,对于想混进社交圈的人,卑微的出身就是死罪。于连强烈的自尊在他幼年时就已经形成了。“从孩提时,他那沉思的神态和苍白的脸,使其父亲觉得这孩子活不长,即便能够活下来,也是家中的一大累赘。他同全家人格格不入,特别恨哥哥们和父亲。每当星期天在广场玩时,他总是挨打。”在这样的家庭氛围中,文静的,无声的便是与之格格不入的,这种情况下,读书成为于连唯一的精神出路,读书使本来就高傲的于连更加高傲。于连和当时许多青年一样崇拜拿破仑,不仅是因为拿破仑的赫赫战功,更是因为拿破仑完成了他们保守起见爱,超越等级的梦想,也许这永远都只是梦想。他出身卑微却在得知去做家教后说道“我可不愿意当奴仆”和“我和谁同桌吃饭”而不是工资薪水知多少。这里,于连强烈的自尊心可见一斑,一般人也许会问到自己是否是奴仆,但是绝对不会问道和谁一起吃饭这样敏感,细致的问题。但敏感的于连却能。于连的自卑,敏感的自尊从他迈进市长家里就开始潜滋暗长,初见市长夫人,由于市长夫人一句话“您真的懂拉丁文吗?”依据便深深刺痛他的心,其敏感可见一斑。在回答太太话的时候,于连急于像太太澄清尽管自己身份,虽然出身低微,但是并不卑贱。他将自己与两个哥哥,父亲划清了界线,将自己与勋章获得者老军医与西郎神父这类高尚的人联系在一起,他的自尊在他的辩解中一览无遗。德•雷纳尔先生由于攀比心作祟,让于连签一份为期两年的合同,于连拒绝了,理由是合同是单方面的约束于连而德•雷纳尔先生刻意随意地解雇他。因此,到市长加不到一个月,于连就已经受人尊重了——自尊,成为他进入这个家庭的敲门砖。当他获得敲门砖之后,便开始利用他的自尊,别人的尊重和自己文静的外貌寻找并吸取他所缺少的精神的慰藉,与女主人通奸。关于于连与德•雷纳尔太太之间的爱情,我觉得是弄假成真的爱情,于连开始将占有德•雷纳尔太太看作是一场战斗,就像他自己所说的内心独白一样:“难道不是一个很好的方式,当着这位家财万贯,荣华富贵,占有他太太的手侮辱侮辱他!”想到这,他对自己说,“是的,我一定做到,谁叫他对我表示那么大的轻蔑!”,这种心理是长久压抑的抑郁与自卑的表现。德薇太太来做客后,于连有一天突发奇想,“我必须得到两个中的一个”他想到。他发现他喜欢钟情于德薇太太,这并不是因为德薇太太更美丽动人,而是因为她第一次见到她的时候他是以一名博学,受热尊重的家庭教师的身份出现,而不是他腋下夹着一件叠好的平纹棉布上衣的工人儿子出现在德•雷纳尔太太的眼中。这是怎样的思想呢?是虚伪,还是更深层次的自卑?当恋情被发现,被迫到神学院念书,在学校里,同学们对于立案的评价足以显示的不合群与高傲。“看看这个绅士,看看这个虚伪的家伙!”、“他假装看不起最好的伙食,香肠和腌酸菜,呸!这个坏蛋,这个傲慢之人,这个该下地狱的人!”于连用自己的自尊,高傲在污浊的神学原理换来的就是这样的评价,虽然我们不能否认神学院学员的虚伪,但是也不能否认于连的自尊已经使他“不食人间烟火”而备受憎恶。于连的自尊心一直在暗中潜滋暗长,从市长家到神学院,再到侯爵家,他的自尊心因为外界环境的变换也在不断地膨胀,侯爵家的小姐马蒂尔德以及其他人对于连的态度不得不使他加倍设防。于是,“于连同年轻的伯爵关系也因为自尊而不在密切了,当伯爵的朋友和于连开玩笑的时候,于连总是反唇相讥。于连在一两次失礼后,下决心不再和马蒂尔德小姐说话,除非她先开口。”、“虽然德•拉穆尔府里的所有人都对他非常有礼貌,但他总觉得自己失宠了。他的外省常识,使他引用了一句话来解释这个变化,那就是:“全新的就是全好的”一两次的玩笑对于贵族们来说是他们固有的高贵身份的体现,这对于于连来说,却是致命的打击。对与德•拉穆尔小姐,几次交锋后,于连便对她很冷淡了,甚至有一次交锋后说出:“我真是讨厌这种女孩,她太过于时髦了——她的衣服几乎要从她的肩膀上掉下去了……她的脸色比以前更为苍白了……她的头发的颜色是那么的淡,简直像没有颜色一样!似乎是阳光照成这样的。她行礼和看人的样子是多么地傲慢!简直像一个皇后。”从这段文字中,我们能够看到,马蒂尔德的骄傲开始激发于连的战斗欲,这就引发了以后所谓的“爱情”。关于于连的两次爱情,我个人认为,是那个时代女人的苦闷与与众不同的于连的自尊结合的产物。就是说,从德•雷纳尔太太开始,德•雷纳尔太太年轻时在修道院学习过很多东西,但觉得荒唐绝伦,不久便忘得一干二净,但无别的事填补这剩下的空间,因此她一无所知。作为家族产业的女继承人,从幼年起就周到众人的阿谀奉承,还有她那笃信守教的天性,注定她过一种内向的生活……曾被这个城的丈夫们引为楷模来教育妻子们,德•雷纳尔先生也为之自豪,可事实上这些都是她内心的独傲的结果……嫁人以后,平静的生活,唯利是图和总嘲笑她的丈夫,使她过分地孤独,高傲的于连于自己的性格相似,也能弥补她寂寞的生活。于是,她开始爱上这个与丈夫全然不同的年轻人,陷入了毁灭性的热恋中。再说德•拉穆尔小姐,这个漂亮的侯爵小姐,贵族的身份决定了她与生俱来的骄傲,她被冠为“舞会的皇后”连于连都曾经感叹道“高贵的马蒂尔德,为了配她,王子也显不出高贵”。这样出生高贵,天生丽质的人儿,怎么会没有人去追求呢?追求的男人如苍蝇一样围着她,她用她的博学,机智和骄傲拒绝也同样在吸引着他们。正因为平日看见的低三下四的男人太多了,高傲的她便选择了于自己同样高傲的于连,于是,开始了双方互相“征服”的恋爱。马蒂尔德到底还是受到男权思想的影响,几个回合过来,她甚至愿意臣服于于连,他曾经想到过“这样的话,他就是我的主人了。”这和于连的“战斗”精神有什么区别呢?于连“征服”马蒂尔德后获得的精神上的胜利与满足远远超过了地位和金钱的利益。本来于连由此可以过上上层社会的生活,成为上层社会的一员,但是又是因为他的自尊和对“荣誉”的重视,不容忍任何一个人污蔑他,哪怕是他曾经深爱过的恋人,惯于征服他人的于连却被别人毁了自己苦心经营的名誉,为了内心的虚荣,于连选择了报复,在审判的时候,面对瓦列诺等人的轻蔑于连宣称“我绝不向你们祈求恩惠”,“要我向任何怯懦让步,我将一下子变得不幸。”于连高度的自尊心,使他选择了死亡。这条与世俗不同的道路,结束了他的一生。生也自尊,死也自尊。
Novels "Red" has been published about the history of 200 years, why, in this ever-changing 200 years of fiction can still enduring? The reason lies in the novel not only very successful in shaping the company's claim that highly era black color, but also has the distinct personality of artistic images, but also through leading character experience, and demonstrated French restoration dynasty period vast era painting scroll, then touched many acute social problems. Even leading character in the novel experience and reflects the experience of young petty bourgeoisie universal destiny. Even behave themselves in the USA, supercilious, enthusiasm, determination, but selfish, skeptical. In monks power elite, powerful family system stern feudal society, and discriminated against by birth civilians. Such oppression of the status of his growing discontent with the reality : the impact of Enlightenment thought and caught up in his anti-character. He decided to rely on individual talents like Napoleon, a meritorious, fine. But in restoration period, Napoleon-style rank of the Road has been closed by the elite class. On this rock beneath evergreen trees to grow along. In order to get even with her all the knowledge that worthless, yet the Latin of the "New Testament" back in verse. Recite his amazing ability to let him into the home of the mayor of Victoria Aguilar Ye Fall, when a family of teachers. In that period, he and ambiguous relationship that Mrs. occurred, mostly in resistance and retaliation for his abuse of elite class. However, growing, were blinded by the upper class in society corrupts even the soul, he contributed to the upward desire and ambitions. Even in the dark terror seminary, witnessed manipulate strategically, reveals the ugly inside, so he offered a double-dealing tactics, such behaviour has been the duplicity of the table and patrons stare. Seminary life even further distorted in the character, and strengthen his climbing ambitions and hypocrisy style. In the company to log when the Private Secretary's marquis after exposing civilians, although not the class ideology, but by the marquis trusted, Miss conquest Mateer, even in the "civilian class treason heart" has disappeared. He became a faithful restoration dynasty pawns. As a step towards him in the company for the "bright", as a result of firing Germany and Switzerland that Mrs. complete ruin their future, their present a head. As a fine critical realism novels, the "Red" and not starting from the concept will even reach into a leading character in the pursuit of personal symbols. Instead, the author has given his deep sympathy to the people through the dedicated pursuit of lust and the pursuit of less than critical to the suffering of that era specific social realities, and this is the "force" has spread charm forever good reason. 小说《红与黑》出版至今已有200年左右的历史了,为什么在这风云变幻的200年中小说仍可以经久不衰?原因在于小说不仅十分成功地塑造了于连·索黑尔这个极富时代色彩,又具有鲜明个性的艺术形象,而且通过主人公的经历,展示了法国复辟王朝时期广阔的时代画卷,触及到当时许多尖锐的社会问题。小说主人公于连的经历和遭遇反应了当时广大小资产阶级青年的普遍命运。于连生性聪颖、高傲、热情、坚毅,但又自私、多疑。在僧侣贵族当政、门阀制度森严的封建社会,因出生平民而备受歧视。这种受压迫的地位使他滋长了对现实的不满情绪:启蒙思想和拿破仑的影响,培养了他的反搞性格。他立志要像拿破仑那样靠个人才智建立功勋,飞黄腾达。但是在复辟时期,拿破仑式的晋身之道已被贵族阶层堵死了。 就在这样的岩石底下,一株小树弯弯曲曲地生长。于连为了博取大家用赏识,明知毫无价值,却还把拉丁文的《新约全书》背得滚瓜烂熟。他那惊人的背诵能力让他跨进了维立叶尔市长家,当起家庭教师来。在那段时期,他与德.瑞那夫人发生了暧昧关系,大部分是为了反抗和报复贵族阶级对他的凌辱。但是,纸醉金迷、利欲熏心的上流社会也腐蚀了于连的灵魂,助长了他向上爬的欲望和野心。 于连进入阴森恐怖的神学院后,亲眼目睹了勾心斗角、尔虞我诈的丑恶内幕,于是他便耍起了两面派手法,这种表里不一的行为居然得到院长的表睐和宠幸。神学院的生活进一步扭曲了于连的性格,强化了他向上爬的野心和虚伪的作风。于连给木尔侯爵当私人秘书后虽然还不时流露出平民阶级的思想意识,但在受到侯爵重用,征服玛特尔小姐后,于连的“平民阶级叛逆心”已消失。他成了复辟王朝的忠实走卒。正当于连一步步走向他所向往的“光明”时,因枪击德·瑞那夫人而彻底断送了自己的前程,把自己送上了断头台。 作为一部优秀的批判现实主义小说,《红与黑》并没有从概念出发,将主人公于连图解成一个追求功利的符号。相反,作者却给予了他深切的同情,通过人对欲念的执着追求与追求不到的痛苦来批判那个时代特定的社会现实,这也是《红与黑》流传至今魅力长存的原因。可以吗?
1、首先阅读司汤达的红与黑,精读其中与论文内容相关的作品。2、其次阅读红与黑研究的相关资料,掌握学术前沿动态。3、最后阅读相关的理论著作、提高理论水平及思想深度。
红与黑》是十九世纪法国批判现实主义小说家斯汤达的作 品, 只要是读过这本小说的人都不可能把小说中人物的个性, 言 谈举止从自己的脑海中赶出去。这一切都不停的萦绕在他们的 脑际, 让他们去思索, 让他们浮想联翩。 所有的评论家一致肯定斯汤达深刻的反映了他的时代。只 要看看小说的副标题“** 年记事”就可以体会到斯汤达和巴 尔扎克一样, 只是在自觉地为现代社会谱写历史。可是对大多数 的读者来说, 显然不是因为关心一百多年前的政治才喜欢《红与 黑》的。人们真正感兴趣的是它的主人公于连·索雷尔。于连和 整个社会的环境的冲突, 他的野心, 抱负与孤军奋斗, 他对现实 的愤懑不平和报复性的反抗。这才是小说扣人心弦的地方。离开 了于连的悲剧, 其他的一切对读者便毫无意义。在体味着小说引人的情节, 在对主人公的命运经过迭荡的 推进而突然戛然而止于死亡而悲叹时, 人们不能不一再问到: “红”与“黑”究竟是什么? 它的真正喻意是什么? 对于这个问题, 一百年来文艺研究家进行无休止的争论, 一直没有一致的看法, 众说纷纭, 莫衷一是, 或者认为“红”指红色的军装, 代表军队; “黑”指教士的黑袍, 代表教会。或者认为“红”是指法国大革命和 拿破仑战争的英雄时代;“黑”是指复辟王朝的反动统治。或者认 为“红”指以特殊方式反抗复辟制度的小资产阶级叛逆者于连; “黑”指包揽反动教会、贵族阶级和资产阶级在内的黑暗势力。有 人以“人性的深度”的角度认为红与黑是以“红”为象征的一种感 情力量和以“黑”为象征的另一种感情力量的拼搏。还有人利用 拉康精神分析理论对《红与黑》中欲望主体和叙述结构的关系进 行剖析, 认为小说的主人公主体徘徊在“想象界”和“象征界”之 间。因此对小说书名的解释为“红”是想象界, 是缺失的母亲、血、 生命律动之源, 是欲望本身的形象;“黑”是象征界, 是父亲、法律 制度、现实原则, 阉割、修道院、宗教之权威。可以说是“仁者见 仁, 义者见义”, 当然无可非议, 这是所有可以被称作伟大小说的 共同品格。例如《红楼梦》, 有人读出了革命, 有人读出了政治, 有 人读出了爱情, 有人读出了人生等等。 透过《红与黑》的字里行间, 随着引人入胜的情节, 我们仔细 体味着之中所含的“红”与“黑”。我认为这个作品从开始、发展到 结束, 贯穿着三组“红”与“黑”的主线, 顺着这三组线索才能深刻 理解作者赋予这篇作品的深刻意义, 才能理解主人公短暂的一 生和他的命运。 第一组:“红”象征着拿破仑士兵的红军服;“黑”象征着教士 的黑色道袍。 第二组:“红”象征着于连·索雷尔追求的飞黄腾达;“黑”象 征着主人公结局的死亡。 第三组:“红”象征着教堂的圣水、死亡、子宫、于连的重生; “黑”同时象征着教堂、死亡、洞穴。 下面我们分组来解析其中的寓意。 第一组:“红”象征着拿破仑士兵的红军服;“黑”象征着教士 的黑色袍子 这是斯汤达本人在回答朋友的询问时的解释。在小说的开 始, 作者就给人们展示了表面虽然文弱但是心灵的深处, 有一团 火一样的进取力量, 一股往着高处涌流的狂奔不息的热血的于 连。那么怎样才能出人头地呢?拿破仑士兵的红军服是他心中的 向往, 他们想自己像拿破仑那样年三十立功于战场而成为显赫 的将军。然而于连生不逢时, 在王政复辟时期, 平民甚至没有穿 上军制服的可能, 最好能够通向上层社会的途径就是当教士了。 当于连看到一个德高望重的老法官在一场无聊的纠纷中被一个 小小的教士所击败, 一个四十多岁的神甫就拿到三倍于拿破仑 麾下名将的薪俸, 他就不再提拿破仑的名字而发奋攻读神学了。 他想:“在一切事业里都需要聪明人……在拿破仑统治下, 我会 是一名军官, 在未来的神甫中, 我将是一名主教。”因此,“红与 黑”在这里平行的, 都是于连新追求的飞黄腾达之路。 第二组:“红”象征着于连索雷尔的追求的飞黄腾达;“黑”象 征着主人公的结局 要理解这一组, 笔者认为应从以下三个方面理解。 1. 从小说的创作原意 值得注意的是, 斯汤达为什么在小说里使他的主人公这样 一个“才智之士”, 这样一个充满理想而处事慎重、谨慎的青年的 结局以悲剧告终, 而不是塑造一个成功者形象呢?我认为这就是 斯汤达没有解释完的书名的喻意, 也就是“红”象征着于连的追 求;“黑”象征着死亡。在这里“红”与“黑”不是平行的, 而是对立 的矛盾。要理解这一组, 应该从以下两个方面入手。 一是作者将拿破仑士兵的红色军装和教士的黑袍子这一 “红”——“黑”作为主人公于连所追求的梦想, 不仅仅是因为作 者曾经十七岁就投入军界, 三次随拿破仑远征欧洲, 亲身参加过 朗戈战役、耶拿战役, 曾经进驻米兰……他是同时代作家中唯一 真正了解拿破仑时代的人。而时过境迁, 教士是一个能实现于连 野心的职业。 若想细致入微的理解斯汤达的作品, 必须先了解他的内心, 斯汤达的内心并非原动力旺盛, 充满志趣。由于天赋与志趣自身 只不过是一些笼统的东西, 所以他所迷恋的是一些空洞形式, 也 就是说没有明确和具体的东西, 由于缺乏那种功利和道德动机, 他不会对任何事情深深感动, 事实上, 对他来说, 激情开始就是 游戏、实验、消磨时光, 在人们看来他会完全沉溺于激情之中时, 他却突然移情别处。 从形式或从总体上而言, 斯汤达的理想也同样相当混乱和 自相矛盾。因为他看起来只关心与个人密切相关的原动力与激 情形式, 对此他赋予了只属于更高层次的原动力之雄伟气势与 英雄气概。因此, 他赋予他的主人公也就同样的形式。于连在短 短的一生中为自己规划了许多的角色: 拿破仑的副官、代理主 教、司令官、指导教师等等。由此看来, 他所担任的角色是可以变 换的, 只要能达到出人头地的目的。 其次我们也不能忽视, 斯汤达出生在贵族律师家庭, 八岁丧 母, 他是和可怕的穷神甫一起长大, 从小身心受到很大的压抑, 书中西朗神父的一段话也表明了对于连的追求的否定:“我告诉 你这一点是让你明了, 当教士不会给你带来什么, 如果你向当权 者献媚的话, 那会得到诅骂, …”这表明作者并不认为做教士是 一条什么光明大道而是下地狱的行当。 2. 小说中的情节 在小说的开始部分, 对于连开始他的征程之前有着这样的 描写:“……他孤单一个在教堂里, 祈祷的矮凳上, 于连发现一张 印有字的小纸片摊在那儿, …他眼光落上去, 上面写到: 路易· 索雷尔判决以及临终时刻的详情在贝尚松处死, 在……这张残 缺零碎, 反面起首的三个字他可以看得清楚:‘第一步’。…他深 深的叹了一口气, 接着说,‘他的名字末尾跟我一祥…’他把纸揉 成一团。 从教堂出来, 于连相信看见圣水钵旁有一摊血, 其实这是被 洒过的圣水, 在蒙着窗上的红布的反衬下, 看上去像血一般。最 后, 于连为内心隐藏着恐惧感到羞愧。 ‘难道我是个胆小鬼?’他问自己,‘拿起武器。’这几个单词 在老军医叙述过的战争故事里反复出现, 在于连看来是勇敢的 象征。他站起身来迅速走向德·雷纳尔先生的房子”。 由此看来, 小说的开始已经预示了主人公的结局: 他从教堂 出发到德·雷纳尔先生家当家庭教师, 开始奔向他追求仕途的 战场, 到德·拉莫尔府当秘书——回到教堂开枪杀他的情人德 ·雷纳尔太太, 被判死刑, 表明他的追求“红”的结果必然是失败 或者说是死亡“黑”。 3. 从词汇学的角度 我们再翻开法、英、汉辞典, 对于“红”与“黑”的解释基本上 都是一致的。“红”: ①指像血那样的颜色; ②象征革命; ③象征顺 利和成功。而“黑”却是指: ①黑色; ②阴郁的; ③死亡。因此, 从词 汇学的角度出发, 作者的喻意也是明确的: 红军服和黑道袍, 这 一“红”, 一“黑”作为于连带着满腔的热血所追求的成功之路 (红)的结果必然是死亡(黑)。 第三组:“红”象征着教堂的圣水、子宫、于连的重生;“黑”同 时象征着教堂、死亡、洞穴 经过对平行的“红”与“黑”的追求和对立的“红”与“黑”—— 追求——失败之后,作品又以平行的“红”与“黑”的融合而结局。 对于这一组的理解, 要从以下方面。 1. 从情节上 回顾于连从在追求发迹的四年, 细心阅读的读者可以注意 到, 于连口口声声“成功”、“发迹”、“飞黄腾达”之类, 时时处处羡 慕有钱人的“幸福”, 却从来没有说清楚他究竟要什么。金钱他当 然是要的, 他动辄想当上一个主教比当上一个将军多挣多少法 郎, 然而他关心和谁一起吃饭胜过拿多少薪水, 他拒绝过和爱丽 莎的有利的婚事, 他不肯走富凯那样的稳妥的发财之路, 他也从 不接受没有名分的馈赠……总之, 于连不是一个爱钱的人, 这是 他和当时一般渴望成功的人之间的很大的区别, 包括贵族和资 产者。再说社会地位, 他所想得到的首先是荣誉、是平等、是自 由, 其次才是金钱、财物和享受。有的研究者认为于连的全部心 灵都体现着一种与封建观念相对立的思想体系, 一种以个人为 核心的思想体系, 这种思想体系决定了他和他那个行将灭亡的 社会之间的不可调和的冲突, 也决定了他不可挽回的悲剧命运。 总之, 说于连是一个个人主义野心家固然不错, 但不如说他是一 个追求个人幸福而不幸走上歧途的年轻人更来的准确。于连的 所作所为甚至他的所思所想和他的心灵呼唤在本质上是矛盾 的。 如果说在到达“虚伪”之前, 这个年轻农民的心灵曾走过很 长的一段路, 那么他的死意味着他只不过在一条更长的路上刚 刚迈开了第一步, 这一步他是在监狱里走完的。内容丰富, 份量 沉重, 喻意深远的《红与黑》实际上写的是一个年轻人在追求幸 福的道路上如何从迷误走向清醒, 说到底是写了一个“悟”字。这 是人类永恒的难题的唯一的解, 也是《红与黑》中的于连的处境 的真实写照。斯汤达的高明在于, 他只在“迷”字上用力, 似乎曲 径通幽, 柳暗花明, 谁都说是从胜利走向胜利, 而在仿佛登上了 高峰时却突然两声枪响, 让公重重的跌在地上, 犹如一声断喝: “此路不通!”于是主人公恍然“觉”, 而后在回想中大彻大悟, 从 此走上了新的道路……这也是这篇小说震撼人心的地方。于是 于连找到了归宿又获得了重生, 从这个意义上他是成功者, 迷途 知返者。在这里“红”与“黑”这对矛盾达到了统一。 2. 从意蕴上 “红”与“黑”是辩证的统一。“黑”的其一象征既是超越语言 符号链的存在, 其表征为创伤和死亡, 而“红”象征之一显然与血 和死亡有关, 于是,“红”与“黑”融为一体。 本文在第二组里提到小说中于连在到德·瑞纳先生家做家 庭教师前到教堂祈祷时, 发现被处死的人名末尾和他的一样, 并 且相信看到圣水钵旁边有滩血。在小说的另一处写到:“德·福 列先生所问: 为什么索黑尔先生特别选择了教堂为谋杀的地方, 假如不是恰如那个时候, 他的情敌在那里举行弥撒呢。一般人都 同意你(笔者按即玛特尔小姐)所保护的幸运的人, 具有无限的 聪明和更多的谨慎。假如他躲藏在他所熟知的德·瑞纳先生的 花园里, 还有比那更简单的事吗?在那里, 差不多不会有人看见, 不会被捕或怀疑。而且很容易地把他所妒嫉的女人置于死地。” 一个婴儿诞生,要在教堂接受洗礼, 这是象征着生命, 象征着希 望的“红”; 教堂也是为死者祷告的地方, 象征死亡的“黑”, 而不 管在中国还是在西方, 人们都相信净化了的灵魂能得到再生, 在 这里“红”与“黑”这对矛盾又达到了统一。 从心理学上分析, 洞穴与教堂都可象征着子宫。他们都在象 征意义上提供了再生的承诺。正如克洛德·鲁瓦所说: 温暖、宁 静慈母般的洞穴, 开始生存历险之前于连曾在那儿做过小憩, 渴 望最后能“安息在那儿”, 因为安息这个词恰如其分。明乎此, 我 们又可以回答小说中那位人物提出的问题了。经过矛盾, 经过抗 争, 经过实践, 于连终于得到了再生。这里“红”象征着鲜血, 子 宫, 生的教堂, 于连的“再生”;“黑”象征着死亡的教堂和洞穴, “红”与“黑”在这里再次成为平行的融汇。
1、首先阅读司汤达的红与黑,精读其中与论文内容相关的作品。2、其次阅读红与黑研究的相关资料,掌握学术前沿动态。3、最后阅读相关的理论著作、提高理论水平及思想深度。
Novels "Red" has been published about the history of 200 years, why, in this ever-changing 200 years of fiction can still enduring? The reason lies in the novel not only very successful in shaping the company's claim that highly era black color, but also has the distinct personality of artistic images, but also through leading character experience, and demonstrated French restoration dynasty period vast era painting scroll, then touched many acute social problems. Even leading character in the novel experience and reflects the experience of young petty bourgeoisie universal destiny. Even behave themselves in the USA, supercilious, enthusiasm, determination, but selfish, skeptical. In monks power elite, powerful family system stern feudal society, and discriminated against by birth civilians. Such oppression of the status of his growing discontent with the reality : the impact of Enlightenment thought and caught up in his anti-character. He decided to rely on individual talents like Napoleon, a meritorious, fine. But in restoration period, Napoleon-style rank of the Road has been closed by the elite class. On this rock beneath evergreen trees to grow along. In order to get even with her all the knowledge that worthless, yet the Latin of the "New Testament" back in verse. Recite his amazing ability to let him into the home of the mayor of Victoria Aguilar Ye Fall, when a family of teachers. In that period, he and ambiguous relationship that Mrs. occurred, mostly in resistance and retaliation for his abuse of elite class. However, growing, were blinded by the upper class in society corrupts even the soul, he contributed to the upward desire and ambitions. Even in the dark terror seminary, witnessed manipulate strategically, reveals the ugly inside, so he offered a double-dealing tactics, such behaviour has been the duplicity of the table and patrons stare. Seminary life even further distorted in the character, and strengthen his climbing ambitions and hypocrisy style. In the company to log when the Private Secretary's marquis after exposing civilians, although not the class ideology, but by the marquis trusted, Miss conquest Mateer, even in the "civilian class treason heart" has disappeared. He became a faithful restoration dynasty pawns. As a step towards him in the company for the "bright", as a result of firing Germany and Switzerland that Mrs. complete ruin their future, their present a head. As a fine critical realism novels, the "Red" and not starting from the concept will even reach into a leading character in the pursuit of personal symbols. Instead, the author has given his deep sympathy to the people through the dedicated pursuit of lust and the pursuit of less than critical to the suffering of that era specific social realities, and this is the "force" has spread charm forever good reason. 小说《红与黑》出版至今已有200年左右的历史了,为什么在这风云变幻的200年中小说仍可以经久不衰?原因在于小说不仅十分成功地塑造了于连·索黑尔这个极富时代色彩,又具有鲜明个性的艺术形象,而且通过主人公的经历,展示了法国复辟王朝时期广阔的时代画卷,触及到当时许多尖锐的社会问题。小说主人公于连的经历和遭遇反应了当时广大小资产阶级青年的普遍命运。于连生性聪颖、高傲、热情、坚毅,但又自私、多疑。在僧侣贵族当政、门阀制度森严的封建社会,因出生平民而备受歧视。这种受压迫的地位使他滋长了对现实的不满情绪:启蒙思想和拿破仑的影响,培养了他的反搞性格。他立志要像拿破仑那样靠个人才智建立功勋,飞黄腾达。但是在复辟时期,拿破仑式的晋身之道已被贵族阶层堵死了。 就在这样的岩石底下,一株小树弯弯曲曲地生长。于连为了博取大家用赏识,明知毫无价值,却还把拉丁文的《新约全书》背得滚瓜烂熟。他那惊人的背诵能力让他跨进了维立叶尔市长家,当起家庭教师来。在那段时期,他与德.瑞那夫人发生了暧昧关系,大部分是为了反抗和报复贵族阶级对他的凌辱。但是,纸醉金迷、利欲熏心的上流社会也腐蚀了于连的灵魂,助长了他向上爬的欲望和野心。 于连进入阴森恐怖的神学院后,亲眼目睹了勾心斗角、尔虞我诈的丑恶内幕,于是他便耍起了两面派手法,这种表里不一的行为居然得到院长的表睐和宠幸。神学院的生活进一步扭曲了于连的性格,强化了他向上爬的野心和虚伪的作风。于连给木尔侯爵当私人秘书后虽然还不时流露出平民阶级的思想意识,但在受到侯爵重用,征服玛特尔小姐后,于连的“平民阶级叛逆心”已消失。他成了复辟王朝的忠实走卒。正当于连一步步走向他所向往的“光明”时,因枪击德·瑞那夫人而彻底断送了自己的前程,把自己送上了断头台。 作为一部优秀的批判现实主义小说,《红与黑》并没有从概念出发,将主人公于连图解成一个追求功利的符号。相反,作者却给予了他深切的同情,通过人对欲念的执着追求与追求不到的痛苦来批判那个时代特定的社会现实,这也是《红与黑》流传至今魅力长存的原因。可以吗?
During my extracurricular time, I started reading The Red and The Black. It was a typical and fundamental European work of criticism and realism which was released in the 19th century .I like reading attitude to bestseller since I can’t ,and can’t be like that unbridled fiction was noncommittal on that .I’m in with the mind talking with that era ,the key is in history outside of the inquiry and thinking. The author Marie-Henri Beyle (January 23, 1783 – March 23, 1842) was better known by his pen name Stendhal. He was a 19th-century French writer. He was known for his acute analysis of his characters" psychology, and he is considered one of the earliest and foremost practitioners of realism in his two novels .The Red and the Black and The Charterhouse of Parma. The book is divided into 4 parts. Now let me tell you the first part of this famous book. The small town of Verrieres is located in the hillside. There is a beautiful river called Doubs .There are many wood factories stand on the bank of the river. The mayor is a noble blood man, who is very tall. A full metal hang on his chest. He is about 50 years old. His house is very large. There is the most beautiful garden .His wife is beautiful and rich, but his talent is shortage, the wit of this man does not go beyond make sure he is paid on the dot whatever is owed to him, and leaving it to the last possible moment to pay back what himself owes 。 In the city, there is an important person. He is the beggar shelter director Mr. Wa. He spent ten thousand to twenty –two thousand francs to get this position. He has a powerful physique, palm face, black and thick mustache. The others think he is a lady-killer, even the mayor fear him. But the mayor determined to please a tutor in order to show their superior. The carpenter’s son is proficient in Latin, who is named Julien. He was elected as the tutor of the mayor . He is about 18 years old , long slight and comedy. He has two big and black eyes. In tranquil, as if his eyes will shot the glory of the fire, but for a instant, his eyes appeared the terrible hatred. Because he held the book all day, and don not like to do the physical work, it always make other people hate him. Even it will lead his family to beat him. As a child, he was crazy about Napoleon. He was eager to be a person like napoleon and do the master of the world. He thinks Nopoleon He was only wearing swords became the master of the world。 But then he is studying the theology. He trust in remarkable memory to put the Latin bible full back down, this matter a sensation in the city. The mayor’s beautiful wife grew up in the monastery. She hates the man who is rough. Since there is no love, she draw her all attention on raising her three children. She thinks him ‘In fact, he is a girl pretends the man. But she find him is so soft and moving. She thinks Julien is a good and have a good impression on him. Even thinks besides money, power, medal of greed, the man is petrified for everything. She is fall in love with Julien, but at the time, the servant whose name is Elisa also loved him. Elisa received a heritage and want to thank the Catholic father conveys her love to Julien. But Julien refuse her love. When the wife knew it, she is very surprised. She find herself have a special feelings to Julen. In summer, the mayor moves to a country garden to live. When they are enjoying the night, they feel very happy. Julien touched the wife’s hands inadvertently. The wife shrank back suddenly. It makes Julien thinks that the wife look down upon him. Julien determined to have to hold this hand. The next night, he do it. He hold the wife’s hands tightly. It satisfied his proud. The wife does not get any sleep that night because of love, morality and responsibility. She decides to use cold manner to treat Julien. When Julien isn’t at home, she can’t help thinking him. At the same time, Julien becomes more brave, he thought to himself in his heart I owe it to myself all the time to succeed with this woman, continued my petty vanity. Since if ever I make my fortune, and the humble job of tutor is held against me, I shall be able to insinuate that cast me that role. Two o"clock at night Julien break into her room. At first, she is very angry for his rude behavior, but when she sees his eyes full of tears, she begins to sympathize with it. She thinks to herself, it is excellent to meet Julien 10 years ago if it is possible. But, she does not have this idea in her heart completely. His love completely beyond the ambition, possessive and generate enthusiasm. He is so poor and so noble, beautiful,. He has the gift of God. Soon after, the emperor arrived here. Under the arrangement of the wife, Julien joins the guard, it makes him show himself in public. During the meeting, Julien takes part in the memorial ceremony. After that, he thinks, if there is a position of eminence, he prefers to suffer from difficulties in order to get the position. The wife"s little son is dying, and she thinks this is a kind of punishment of God for her immoral behavior. And then she get into a terrible confession In my opinion, Julien is delicate and sensitive extremely. In the mayor"s home tutor, Julien through brilliantly recite Latin Saint won the de Ruina a down sit up and take notice, more with his handsome looks, juvenile pride moved the wife’s heart. And Julien must prove something psychological, looking at her, as if he is the enemy, he was going forward and her fight against That is, the strange Julien seize the reader"s heart firmly. Julien is sensitive and delicate. He has a great memory, and his pride and self-esteem, worship the environment of power is given. For indeed is very self, in his mind, the dignity of being referred to a supreme status, he can give up can be an easy job to get the money, because he needs is the respect of others. But for his pride and the pursuit of the ideal and eventually led him astray. In addition, I find myself is crazy about this famous book. I will continue reading the last three parts of this book. I think it also can improve my English ability and open my view. It is a good book absolutely.
"It is because I was mad and then that today I am wise. O philosopher, you who take an instantaneous view of filings, how short are your perspectives! Your eye is not desired to follow the underground workings of passions."---W. GOETHE一、Brief introduction to the novel The material of the Red and the Black stems from a judgment of a local court, saying that a tutor murdered his female master since he was fall in love with her heavily and, how terribly it is, he had adultery relationship with his female master. Julien ,who is the key figure in this novel ,was a son of a carpenter in Verrieres(维里埃尔), in which every people was selfish, arrogant and eager to be moneybags .He had seen the troops of Napoléon Bonaparte in his childhood, reed certain works of Loescher and the declaration of Napoléon Bonaparte`s army. Although Julien had dreamed to be a general when he was a child under such influence, he abandoned his ideal but turned to be an excellent curate with the time passing by. Julien acted as a tutor for the mayor of Verrieres in his age of nineteen out of his unique talent for Bible comprehension, undoubtedly, it is a blockbuster for Julien, the commonest in all commons of inhabitants of Verrieres in his lifetime stage. There is an old saying goes that each coin has two sides, Julien was felled in love with M. cie Renal , who was “extremely shy and seemed highly impressionable” (英语学习大书虫研究室:《红与黑》,译林出版社,第13页) , was the wife of M. de Rtenal . It was this love that brings demon to Julien, even to his life. Julien had to give up this fat case after revealing his love story and was recommended by abbe Pirard to De La Mole, the brilliant politician in Paris, as his private secretary. Fortunately, something seems precious, had been lost in the last, and is now on the way home when he set his foot in De La Mole’s home. Julien, after a long period pursuing, achieved his lifetime goal that becoming a member of upper class eventually through his marriage with the daughter of DE La Mole, Mathilde, although De La Mole was forced to acknowledge that. But something unexpected happened, M. cie Renal was lured to write a letter to De La Mole to tell him their love story with Julien, De La Mole was filled with anger at the way he had been tricked by Julien and refused to accept Julien any more immediately. As soon as news of tragedy was taken to Julien, shock waves spread rapidly to all parts of his brain, to get publicity and trust back, Julien used shock tactics, that is to say, taking a shot at M. cie Renal, the wife of the mayor of Verrieres. When it comes to the end, each cool head could have the same image:“ she (Mathilde) was lighting a number of candles…… she had placed Julien’s head on a little marble table in front of her, and she was kissing his forehead…… ”(英语学习大书虫研究室:《红与黑》,译林出版社,第569页) 二、Personal comments on this novel (一) 、Julien is a liberator This viewpoint may be disputed by many people; I still believe that it is Julient which brought free ideology to such women who were being long term oppression. Chairman Mao had said that “You said Julien had destroyed others’ family, even a happy family, this comment is not objective. Actually, such a happy family cannot be destroyed, if it were true, it would be unhappy obviously. That family has oppression, therefore, where is oppression, where is revolt. This is called reacting force, I am sure Julien is the liberator which helps Madame to carry on the revolt.” As every body knows that Julien is the commonest in lower class, he has ambition that changing his mortal status which prevent him from entering upper class and having highly self-development, although his tactics seemed too harsh or, at least, aggressive, he had spared no effort to pursuit what he believes belongs to his inner heart, let alone love between M. cie Renal and Mathilde. What causes Julien’s death is not his immoral or illegal behaviors but the need of the politician’s nasty competition for respective political profits. Julien is a liberator because his words and behaviors’ influence had set an idol for the publicity, even the representative of upper class, M. cie Renal, we can see these lines in the ending of this novel: “M. cie Renal was faith to her promise. She did not seek in any way at all to take her own life; but three days after Julien (Julien’ death), she died with her children in her arms.” (英语学习大书虫研究室:《红与黑》,译林出版社,第569页). Without Julien’s influences, the ideology of revolt, even lightly disobey to such oppression could not be a little spark. Julien’s death just the incident which sparked off a whole chain of disasters to the system of society, Julien became the deaf lamb of political tricks, whose miserable life showing to us just the initial intention of the writer to write this tragedy, that is to say, to reveal such nasty secrets behind pert faces. (二) 、The artistic feature of this novel 1、Realism Stendhal , the author of this novel, who was “the first one to reveal capitalism’s feature after its victory ”(《列宁选集》,中华书局,第473页), is a realist writer. In this novel , all sentences and words 、attitudes and behavior based on the acceptance of facts and the rejection of sentiment and illusion. He is loyal to portrayal of familiar things as they are without idealizing them a little, the material of the story stems from a judgment of a local court, saying that a tutor murdered his female master since he was fall in love with her heavily and, how terribly it is, he had adultery relationship with his female master. It was that document which gives Stendhal inspiration to write this world-famous work and aim at revealing the cruelty、 darkness 、bitterness of living in capitalism society and extremely selfish for respective profits. 2、Educational No one could dispute that each reader of this novel would find the experience of such characters most educational, you could find out your own shadow somehow when compared to them, which is the extraordinary charming, having unique power, or, overwhelming. Let me go straightly, Julien’s personal experience was a mirror to us youth who want to make difference in the world in his lifespan and his tragedy just justify what said by Arabham Lincon: “you can fool all the people some of the time, some of the people all the time, but you cannot fool all the people all the time.” 3、Critical The Red and the Black is not popular in the current critical climate of that age, some literary criticism even spoke critically of S. History always goes forward by justice, she taught us trying to develop a more critical attitude, instead of accepting everything at face value. With time went by, this terrific work receive palms from publicity gradually, hundreds of years gone, it has formed formidable influence and dominated Google searching net last three years. What he intents to reveal is becoming obviously in modern capitalism society nowadays, more and more literalists has learnt his literary style, making more and more extraordinary contribution to the harmonious relationship to each respect. It is the Red and the Black that help us to know capitalism more profoundly.
Novels "Red" has been published about the history of 200 years, why, in this ever-changing 200 years of fiction can still enduring? The reason lies in the novel not only very successful in shaping the company's claim that highly era black color, but also has the distinct personality of artistic images, but also through leading character experience, and demonstrated French restoration dynasty period vast era painting scroll, then touched many acute social problems. Even leading character in the novel experience and reflects the experience of young petty bourgeoisie universal destiny. Even behave themselves in the USA, supercilious, enthusiasm, determination, but selfish, skeptical. In monks power elite, powerful family system stern feudal society, and discriminated against by birth civilians. Such oppression of the status of his growing discontent with the reality : the impact of Enlightenment thought and caught up in his anti-character. He decided to rely on individual talents like Napoleon, a meritorious, fine. But in restoration period, Napoleon-style rank of the Road has been closed by the elite class. On this rock beneath evergreen trees to grow along. In order to get even with her all the knowledge that worthless, yet the Latin of the "New Testament" back in verse. Recite his amazing ability to let him into the home of the mayor of Victoria Aguilar Ye Fall, when a family of teachers. In that period, he and Germany. Switzerland ambiguous relationship that Mrs. occurred, mostly in resistance and retaliation for his abuse of elite class. However, growing, were blinded by the upper class in society corrupts even the soul, he contributed to the upward desire and ambitions. Even in the dark terror seminary, witnessed manipulate strategically, reveals the ugly inside, so he offered a double-dealing tactics, such behaviour has been the duplicity of the table and patrons stare. Seminary life even further distorted in the character, and strengthen his climbing ambitions and hypocrisy style. In the company to log when the Private Secretary's marquis after exposing civilians, although not the class ideology, but by the marquis trusted, Miss conquest Mateer, even in the "civilian class treason heart" has disappeared. He became a faithful restoration dynasty pawns. As a step towards him in the company for the "bright", as a result of firing Germany and Switzerland that Mrs. complete ruin their future, their present a head. As a fine critical realism novels, the "Red" and not starting from the concept will even reach into a leading character in the pursuit of personal symbols. Instead, the author has given his deep sympathy to the people through the dedicated pursuit of lust and the pursuit of less than critical to the suffering of that era specific social realities, and this is the "force" has spread charm forever good reason. 小说《红与黑》出版至今已有200年左右的历史了,为什么在这风云变幻的200年中小说仍可以经久不衰?原因在于小说不仅十分成功地塑造了于连·索黑尔这个极富时代色彩,又具有鲜明个性的艺术形象,而且通过主人公的经历,展示了法国复辟王朝时期广阔的时代画卷,触及到当时许多尖锐的社会问题。小说主人公于连的经历和遭遇反应了当时广大小资产阶级青年的普遍命运。于连生性聪颖、高傲、热情、坚毅,但又自私、多疑。在僧侣贵族当政、门阀制度森严的封建社会,因出生平民而备受歧视。这种受压迫的地位使他滋长了对现实的不满情绪:启蒙思想和拿破仑的影响,培养了他的反搞性格。他立志要像拿破仑那样靠个人才智建立功勋,飞黄腾达。但是在复辟时期,拿破仑式的晋身之道已被贵族阶层堵死了。 就在这样的岩石底下,一株小树弯弯曲曲地生长。于连为了博取大家用赏识,明知毫无价值,却还把拉丁文的《新约全书》背得滚瓜烂熟。他那惊人的背诵能力让他跨进了维立叶尔市长家,当起家庭教师来。在那段时期,他与德.瑞那夫人发生了暧昧关系,大部分是为了反抗和报复贵族阶级对他的凌辱。但是,纸醉金迷、利欲熏心的上流社会也腐蚀了于连的灵魂,助长了他向上爬的欲望和野心。 于连进入阴森恐怖的神学院后,亲眼目睹了勾心斗角、尔虞我诈的丑恶内幕,于是他便耍起了两面派手法,这种表里不一的行为居然得到院长的表睐和宠幸。神学院的生活进一步扭曲了于连的性格,强化了他向上爬的野心和虚伪的作风。于连给木尔侯爵当私人秘书后虽然还不时流露出平民阶级的思想意识,但在受到侯爵重用,征服玛特尔小姐后,于连的“平民阶级叛逆心”已消失。他成了复辟王朝的忠实走卒。正当于连一步步走向他所向往的“光明”时,因枪击德·瑞那夫人而彻底断送了自己的前程,把自己送上了断头台。 作为一部优秀的批判现实主义小说,《红与黑》并没有从概念出发,将主人公于连图解成一个追求功利的符号。相反,作者却给予了他深切的同情,通过人对欲念的执着追求与追求不到的痛苦来批判那个时代特定的社会现实,这也是《红与黑》流传至今魅力长存的原因。 可以吗?
学术堂整理了二十个汉语言文学毕业论文选题,供大家参考:1.略论中国古代神话的人文关怀2.论陆游山水田园诗中的人文关怀3.曹植诗歌中的神话境界初探4.论柳永词的俗与雅5.论柳永词中的赋法6.论苏轼诗歌的理趣美7.批判现实主义文学的现实主义精神及其艺术表现8.浪漫主义的理想性与艺术性问题9.自然主义文学的真实性:意义及其局限10.鸳鸯蝴蝶派小说新论11.从《伤逝》看鲁迅的爱情观12.论萧红小说的生命意识(或女性意识、抒情性)13.《家》中觉慧的形象与《寒夜》中汪文轩形象的比较14.论艾青诗歌的独特意象15.对新时期文学的反思16.论莫言小说的形式感17.论韩少功的"寻根"之作18.对新时期"女性文学"的思考19.论贾平凹散文的美学追求20.论舒婷的诗歌创作
不太懂~不过针对某一个细节的内容倒是可以写,比如俚语、成语的使用,等等。
古代文学是传播我国古代辉煌 文化 的一条重要的途径,而论文的选题则是写作古代文学的首要任务,题目有一半文的作用。下面是我带来的关于古代文学论文选题的内容,欢迎阅读参考! 古代文学论文选题方向一:欧美文学史 1. 希腊神话的思想艺术特色哈姆莱特形象 2. 《威尼斯商人》的结构特点 3. 伪善性格的集大成者(达尔丢夫形象谈) 4. 《吝啬鬼》主人公性格谈 歌德《浮士德》对18世纪德国现实的反映 5. 《巴黎圣母院》中的“大自然” 6. 赋予人物以极端欲念——巴尔扎克人物性格塑造艺术谈 7. 《红与黑》的心理描写特征 8. 于连——英雄还是野心家 “心灵的辩证法”——托尔斯泰的心理描写艺术 9. 陀思妥也夫斯基的心理描写特征 10. 雨果创作的人道主义主题综述 11. 《人间喜剧》对大革命后法国社会的反映 12. 一个野心家的成长——拉斯蒂涅形象谈 13. 平面与极端——雨果人物性格特征谈 14. 《新爱洛伊丝》热爱大自然问题 15. 《罪与罚》对“超人”思想的批判 16. 陀思妥也夫斯基作品的宗教倾向 17. 欧洲现代长篇小说奠基作——《堂吉诃德》的流浪汉小说结构与严肃主题 18. 《约翰·克里斯朵夫》主人公形象分析 19. 劳伦斯长篇小说的思想主题 20. 《静静的顿河》的史诗性质 21. 高尔基《母亲》的文学史地位 22. 《母亲》中母亲形象 23. 《母亲》中巴威尔形象 《安娜·卡列尼娜》安娜形象谈 24. 《玩偶之家》娜拉形象谈 古代文学论文选题方向二:比较文学 1. 希腊神话与中国神话特性比较 2. 希腊戏剧的早生与中国戏曲的晚熟 3. 欧美浪漫主义文学与中国“五四”文学 4. 哈姆莱特与于连形象比较 《红与黑》于连、《高老 5. 头》拉斯蒂涅、《罪与罚》拉斯柯尔尼柯夫形象比 6. 英国文学中的堂吉诃德 娜拉与安娜形象比较 7. 娜拉与中国“五四”文学女性形象比较 8. 巴比塞《火线》与海明威《永别了,武器》比较 9. 雷马克《西线无战事》与海明威反战长篇比较 10. 伏脱冷形象与靡非斯特形象比较 11. 俄国文学“多余人”形象与中国现代文学“多余人”形象比较 12. 《源氏物语》与《红楼梦》比较 13. 朝鲜《春香传》与中国《西厢记》比较 14. 鲁迅《狂人 日记 》与果戈理《狂人日记》比较 15. 俄国奥斯特洛夫斯基《大雷雨》与中国曹禺《雷雨》比较 16. 左拉创作与茅盾创作中的自然主义比较 古代文学论文选题方向三:文艺理论部分 1、唐代笔记小说中的亲属称谓语研究 2、魏晋南北朝时期公文写作理论述论 3、明代《水浒传》传播初探 4、《文艺复兴》研究 5、女性文学史的书写立场及策略 6、论《洛丽塔》的后现代主义特征 7、“80后”文学现象研究 8、西方现代主义小说的空间化追求 9、袁枚“性灵”美学思想研究 10、20世纪小说叙事时间与生命体验 11、薛家将 故事 的演变及其文化解读 12、卡彭铁尔小说时间的“返源旅行” 13、从中国文学翻译策略选择看多元系统理论的局限性 14、从鲁迅作品对 儿童 形象的塑造中看其 教育 观 15、抗战文学中的重庆主题 16、五四新文学缘起的政治文化再考 17、重写文学史的理论与实践 18、现实主义的困惑与探索 19、在文学与政策之间 20、《左传》故事“经典化”探研 21、从西方科幻小说看中国同类作品的困境与发展 22、“五四”小说的叙事 猜你喜欢: 1. 最全古代文学论文题目参考 2. 古代文学毕业论文题目大全 3. 有关古代文学毕业论文选题 4. 2017最新古代文学论文选题 5. 古代文学论文题目
学术论文应供给新的科技信息,其内容应有所发现、有所创造、有所创造、有所前进,而不是重复、仿照、抄袭前人的作业。上届用过的要吗。