Along with the social legal system perfect, the consciousness of enterprise tax payment enhancement, the tax revenue preparation obtains gradually in the business management takes and develops, and becomes the enterprise to enhance the economic efficiency, the realization business management goal important This article from the financial control angle, and revolves the financial control the goal, prepares from following several parts to enterprise's tax revenue to launch the elaboration .The first part briefly summarized the principle which the tax revenue preparation implication, the characteristic and should follow; The second part separately from the fund raising decision-making, the investment decision-making and the management process three aspects elaborated the tax revenue preparation in the business management utilization, how elaborates take the theory relation practice way saves the tax revenue cost using the national tax revenue preferential policy and the correlation tax revenue laws and regulations as the enterprise, the realization enterprise financial control goal; The third part elaborated the enterprise carries on the question which the tax revenue preparation should pay attention. Key word: Tax revenue preparation financial control target cost
This will be the goal of financial management is to ensure the promotion of the Operational funds required to achieve the mission of the Organization and to the sustainable Exhibition. According to the experts pointed out that the profit-making organizations and non-profit organizations in the fiscal Treasury management objectives on the difference (the following table), but as a non - Profit organizations, in this financial operation will also focus on security (Flow Mobility), the long-term stability and development, expectations by a different cast Financing portfolio, spread financial risk, and the smallest in the financial winds Danger, the pursuit of a reasonable financial return. This will be the main financial management To the project, in addition to manage projects and the use of funds, is also responsible for Long-term financing plan and the recovery of funds management, and short-term vote Funding. Described as follows: The use of funds The funds will be used mainly divided into the Fund and the annual income of two Points, including funds to cover long-term financing (loans), long-term vote Financing and credit guarantee business, including the remaining funds allocated or have not yet fixed Unsigned amount, for the storage of banks, short-term bills, bonds, Funds, shares and other assets. The Fund's income from the use of these funds, including long-term Interest income from loans, credit guarantee fee income and short-term investments to Into the main branch should be the year for the financial services, international human Development, technical cooperation, business planning and the total cost, and other expenses. As at December 31, 2004 only, the overall situation such as the use of funds The right upper plans: Long-term financing (loans) case management plan As at December 31, 2004 only, this will be long-term financing plan Total 66, the program loan, the loan interest rate, grace period and signed About the amount of loans, and other major conditions as follows: Juan Financial Management Other 2% Long-term investment 3% Have been signed For not moving The amount of 16% Unsigned The Dui 43% Long-term financing 36% Long-term investment 59% Long-term financing (loan) program main conditions Project average Loan period (years) Lending rate (%) (Note) Grace period (years) The amount of credits (1,000 . dollars) 7,484 Note: non-small-scale loans In 2004 the use of funds Other 23% More than the current situation 2% Business Planning Expenditure 8% Technical cooperation expenditure 14% International human Development expenditures 21% Financial operating expenses 12% Management and General costs 20% 2004 income ratio use Profit and non-profit organizations financial management objectives of the similarities and differences - Profit organization's goals of the objectives of non-profit organizations Shares of great security and stability The most marginal benefit mission responsibility Acts of target goals Social responsibility of social responsibility Source: Shim, Jae K. & Joel G. Siegel (1997) Chapter IV of organizational and operational management 73 As at December 31, 2004 only, this Council has signed the financing Amounted to 400 million million . dollars, of which 300 million the amount of funding million . dollars, the total amount of principal repayments for the 100 million million . dollars; Fixed rate of percent for, principal repayments rate of percent. Observation of the long-term financing plan will be signed over the years accumulated amount (deduction In addition to the amount of cancellation), and the amount of funds on account of the changes (as above), Can be found both for signing, funding and principal payments, showed a Slowly growing trend, with the signing of the gap between the amount of funding, Dynamic is illustrated in a year to improve conditions for the phenomenon. This will provide more Yundang the quality of the assets, depending on asset class If other receivables, long-term lending and collection, and other subjects mentioned money Allowance for doubtful accounts are prepared, as at December 31, 2004 only, accounts out Allowance for doubtful accounts for the balance of 300 million NT 1,528 million. Case management of short-term investments In order to maintain a long-term stability of this source of income and to meet industry Treasury characteristics, capital of the first re-use of safety and mobility, taking into account Value-added revenue, in 2004 the short-term investments for banks to asset allocation Deposit, bonds (including government bonds, financial bonds and corporate bonds, etc.) The main assets and bills, the Board authorized another 500 million . Yuan limit, some professional bodies appointed by the full commission operation. As at December 31, 2004 only, short-term investments of the assets allocated Purchase of the following plans. In the past year, when interest rates since the calendar History of low upward reversal, in order to avoid bombs or interest rate risk, maturity 1996 Signing of Dollars (100 million) Allocation of principal payments 2003 2004 5 4 3 2 1 0 () Stock 2% Coupons 10 percent bonds 30% Survival 2% CDs 56% Cash 0% Signing long-term financing plan for funding and principal payments accumulated Short-term investments of asset allocation ratio 74 Of the first temporary storage in the bank CDs, so obviously the proportion of CDs High, will look to the future as interest rates rise gradually adjust the asset allocation Home proportion. And from the next calendar year will map the actual short-term rate of return on investments, and The one-year bank interest rates, can also be found through the above-mentioned With the allocation of assets, has effectively will be the overall short-term fluctuations in investment income The rate slowed down, and short-term investments in the year to maintain the yield on one-year Bank interest rates above the standard. Future This will be the last major asset investment of NT dollar and . dollar assets, Based on the actual needs of borrowing countries and spread the risk of exchange rate considerations, not Will be to meet business needs a different currency, to enhance the funding will The production value of stability. In fact, the relevant laws and regulations governing repair funds After the change, the assets of the future will be towards a more diversified use, depending on the whole - Economic performance in different parts of the appropriate distribution of assets to achieve the full San risk purposes. 2003 2004 One-year bank interest rates on short-term investments yield Over the years the actual investment income and short-term interest rates on one-year Comparison
Basic Guide to Non-Profit Financial Management（）非盈利财务管理的基础指南——这里有各方各面的资料，很全面BoardSource's Knowledge Center（）介绍：BoardSource's Knowledge Center里有许多关于非盈利管理的最新资料，包括论文与文章、电子书、报告、常见问题解答、政策白皮书，等等，你可以自己去看下~Managing the Non-Profit Organization: Practices and Principles（）在GOOGLE上搜到的一本书，不过好像没有电子版，如果能借到一定帮助很大~Managing non-profit organisations:Towards a new approach作者：Helmut K. Anheier（LSE，伦敦政经学院）（）这个是我搜到的一个不错的paper,跟你的问题很match，下面是论文摘要（中英文，中文用翻译器翻的）------------------------------------------------This paper puts forth the thesis that the management of non-profit organisations is often illunderstood because we proceed from the wrong assumptions about how these organisations on this premise, this paper develops a model of the non-profit form as a conglomerate ofmultiple organisations with multiple bottom lines that demand a variety of different managementapproaches and styles: a holistic conception that emphasises the diversity of orientations within andoutside the organisation; a normative dimension that includes not only economic aspects but also theimportance of values and politics; a strategic-developmental dimension that sees organisations asevolving systems encountering problems and opportunities that frequently involve fundamentaldilemmas; and an operative dimension that deals with the everyday functioning of organisations. In athird part, the paper presents the basic contours of an analytic approach that tries to accommodate thedistinct management challenges faced by non-profit organisations.本文投入论文非盈利性组织的管理经常是不适的understood，因为我们从关于这些组织怎样的错误假定进行经营。根据这个前提，本文开发非盈利形式的模型作为聚结 与要求各种各样另外管理的多个底线的multiple组织approaches和样式： 强调取向内和变化的一个全部构想outside组织; 包括不仅经济方面，而且的一个基准维度价值和政治importance; 看组织作为的一个战略发展维度遇到常常地介入根本的问题和机会的evolving系统dilemmas; 并且应付每天作用组织的一个有效的维度。 在third零件，本文提出设法容纳一种分析方法的基本的等高distinct非盈利性组织面对的管理挑战。-------------------------------------------------最后，你可以想办法用用google scholar,能搜到一些不需要花钱就可以下载的paper：论文是个苦差事，自己也趁机会锻炼下英文水平吧~等你熬过去后，会有脱胎换骨的感觉~
调整下就可以了： On the Management of Accounts Receivable
Second, to analyze, from the perspective of financial management, the main problem of family business through the aspects of funding, investment, operations management and incentive mechanism. Finally, to suggest a series of improvement strategies for family business management, including enhancing funding environment, instruct appropriate investment strategies, develop financial management system and establish effective incentive mechanism.
On Enterprise Receivables Management Receivables本身就是“应收账款”的意思，论文题目不能太长
and then, the main problems will be analyzed from the perspective of financial management, existing in funding, investment, operations management and incentive mechanism of family business. Finally, the countermeasures to enhance financial management of family business will be proposed from the four respects, improving funding environment, instructing appropriate investment strategies, perfecting financial management system and establishing effective incentive mechanism respectively.
摘要：税法与会计密切相关，会计核算是确定税基的重要途径，通过会计核算可以提供企业的营业收入额以及经营过程中的流转额，从而为税法服务，更好地体现税法精神； Abstract: the tax law and accounting and accounting is closely related to the important way to determine the tax base by accounting can provide enterprise business income and business process, thus the circulation for tax service forehead, better embody the tax law spirit; 而同时，税收又是企业生产经营过程中的一项支出，会计要进行全面核算，也必然要将税收纳入其核算范围。 Meanwhile, tax is in the process of enterprise production and management accounting to a spending, comprehensive accounting, also must use taxes into its accounting scope. 当税制变更尤其是税基变动时，会计核算必然要与之相适应，调整便成为必然。 When tax changes especially tax base changes, accounting must conesponding, adjust and become inevitable. 我国目前税法体系中的 24 个税种，几乎覆盖了企业会计核算的所有环节，对一个中等规模的企业来说，涉税会计核算的工作量约占会计工作总量的三分之一。 Our current tax system in 24 taxes, covering almost all of the enterprise accounting links in a medium-sized enterprise speaking, tax accounting workload of accounting work about one third of the total. 从税收征管的角度看，企业涉税会计核算质量的高低决定着各税种应纳税额计缴的准确性，也制约着税收征管效率。 From the perspective of tax collection, the enterprise fords accounting quality height decide the various categories of taxes payable tax amount plan capture accuracy, also restricts the tax collection efficiency. 由于目前会计人员素质还没达到高标准，涉税会计核算差错率高，税务机关势必投入大量的人力进行申报资料分析和现场稽查。 Because of the accounting personnel quality are not up to high standards, high tax accounting error ration, the tax authorities certainly will invest huge human register material analysis and on-site audit. 从企业内部管理的层面分析，频繁的计税失误，不仅要补缴应纳的税款，还要承担滞纳金及罚款，增加了企业经营资金的意外支出。 From the enterprise internal management level analysis, frequent tax error, not only to capture, but is also responsible for pay the tax payment and fined, increased the enterprise operation fund accidental expenditure. 企业接受税务稽查后，有的及时处理账务，进行纳税调整，但也有不少企业没有意识到纳税调整的重要性，补缴税款后就完事，不调整相关账务，有的虽作账务调整，但因财务人员业务不够熟练，会计处理不当，导致会计资料失真。 Enterprise accept tax inspection, some timely treatment after accounting, tax adjustment, but also have many enterprises didn't realize the importance of tax adjustment, after filling capture imposition done, doesn't adjust relevant accounting, some made for financial accounting adjustment, but enough skilled professional personnel, accountant processing is undeserved, lead to the accounting information distortion. 做好账务调整是巩固稽查成果、确保国家税收的重要一环，对企业来说也至关重要，否则可能会造成重复纳税。 Completes the billing adjustment is consolidate audit results, to ensure tax revenue for the country is important one annulus, it is also vital to enterprise, otherwise it may cause, repeat taxes. 进一步完善涉税会计核算，是加强税收征管和企业会计管理的双重课题。 Further perfecting the tax accounting, is strengthening tax collection and administration and enterprise accounting management of dual task. 会计核算中应交增值税的涉税会计核算大家都能够掌握，但实际操作仍然存在一些误区，本文也对该问题提出了一些解决方法。 Accounting of VAT payable in the tax accounting everyone can master, but the actual operating some misunderstanding about this problem, this paper also put forward some methods to solve them. 关键词：涉税会计核算； Keywords: tax accounting; 增值税会计核算； Value added tax accounting; 进项税会计核算； Income tax accounting;
Fundamental analysis of a business involves analyzing its financial statements and health, its management and competitive advantages, and its competitors and markets. The term is used to distinguish such analysis from other types of investment analysis, such as quantitative analysis and technical analysis is performed on historical and present data, but with the goal of making financial forecasts. There are several possible objectives: * to conduct a company stock valuation and predict its probable price evolution, * to make projection on its business performance, * to evaluate its management and make internal business decisions, * to calculate its credit analytical modelsWhen the objective of the analysis is to determine what stock to buy and at what price, there are two basic methodologies. 1. Fundamental analysis maintains that markets may misprice a security in the short run but that the "correct" price will eventually be reached. Profits can be made by trading the mispriced security and then waiting for the market to recognize its "mistake" and reprice the security. 1. Technical analysis maintains that all information is reflected already in the stock price, so fundamental analysis is a waste of time. Trends 'are your friend' and sentiment changes predate and predict trend changes. Investors' emotional responses to price movements lead to recognizable price chart patterns. Technical analysis does not care what the 'value' of a stock is. Their price predictions are only extrapolations from historical price can use both these different but somewhat complementary methods for stock picking. Many fundamental investors use technicals for deciding entry and exit points. Many technical investors use fundamentals to limit their universe of possible stock to 'good' choice of stock analysis is determined by the investor's belief in the different paradigms for "how the stock market works". See the discussions at efficient market hypothesis, random walk hypothesis, Capital Asset Pricing Model, Fed model Theory of Equity Valuation, Market-based valuation, and Behavioral by different portfolio stylesInvestors may use fundamental analysis within different portfolio management styles. * Buy and hold investors believe that latching onto good businesses allows the investor's asset to grow with the business. Fundamental analysis lets them find 'good' companies, so they lower their risk and probability of wipe-out. * Managers may use fundamental analysis to correctly value 'good' and 'bad' companies. Even 'bad' companies' stock goes up and down, creating opportunities for profits. * Contrarian investors distinguish "in the short run, the market is a voting machine, not a weighing machine"[1]. Fundamental analysis allows you to make your own decision on value, and ignore the market. * Value investors restrict their attention to under-valued companies, believing that 'it's hard to fall out of a ditch'. The value comes from fundamental analysis. * Managers may use fundamental analysis to determine future growth rates for buying high priced growth stocks. * Managers may also include fundamental factors along with technical factors into computer models (quantitative analysis).Top-down and Bottom-upInvestors can use either a top-down or bottom-up approach. * The top-down investor starts his analysis with global economics, including both international and national economic indicators, such as GDP growth rates, inflation, interest rates, exchange rates, productivity, and energy prices. He narrows his search down to regional/industry analysis of total sales, price levels, the effects of competing products, foreign competition, and entry or exit from the industry. Only then does he narrow his search to the best business in that area. * The bottom-up investor starts with specific businesses, regardless of their industry/ analysis of a business' health starts with financial statement analysis that includes ratios. It looks at dividends paid, operating cash flow, new equity issues and capital financing. The earnings estimates and growth rate projections published widely by Thomson Financial and others can be considered either 'fundamental' (they are facts) or 'technical' (they are investor sentiment) based on your perception of their determined growth rates (of income and cash) and risk levels (to determine the discount rate) are used in various valuation models. The foremost is the discounted cash flow model, which calculates the present value of the future * dividends received by the investor, along with the eventual sale price. (Gordon model) * earnings of the company, or * cash flows of the simple model commonly used is the Price/Earnings ratio. Implicit in this model of a perpetual annuity (Time value of money) is that the 'flip' of the P/E is the discount rate appropriate to the risk of the business. The multiple accepted is adjusted for expected growth (that is not built into the model).Growth estimates are incorporated into the PEG ratio but the math does not hold up to analysis.[neutrality disputed] Its validity depends on the length of time you think the growth will modelling of stock prices has now replaced much of the subjective interpretation of fundamental data (along with technical data) in the industry. Since about year 2000, with the power of computers to crunch vast quantities of data, a new career has been invented. At some funds (called Quant Funds) the manager's decisions have been replaced by proprietary mathematical models.[2]Criticisms * Some economists such as Burton Malkiel suggest that neither fundamental analysis nor technical analysis is useful in outperforming the markets[3]
财务分析的英文翻译为：financial analysis.
financial.
adj. 财政的；金融的；财务的；有钱的。
n. 金融统计数据；金融公司的股票。
例句：The company is in financial difficulties.
公司目前财政困难。
analysis.
n. （对物质的）分析；（对事物的）分析结果。
例句：You can ask for a chemical analysis of your tap water.
你可以要求给你的自来水做化学分析。
双语例句：
1、The methods include Benchmarking, SWOT, patent analysis and financial analysis.
竞争情报的分析研究是竞争情报发挥决策支持作用的关键过程，包括定标比超方法、SWOT分析法、专利分析法、财务分析方法。
2、Neary is the CEO of profitably, a financial analysis service for small businesses.
尼瑞是小企业财务分析服务提供商Profitably的首席执行官。
先到百度文库，找一篇此类文档中文的，然后用有道翻译，或是谷歌在线翻译翻成英 文，然后把英文放上面，中文放下面。希望可以帮到你。 一，选题要新颖。这次我的论文的成功，和高分，得到导师的赞许，都是因为我论文的选题新颖所给我带来的好处。最好涉及护理新领域，以及新进展，这样会给人耳目一新的感觉。二，大量文献做基础仔细查阅和你论文题目和研究范围相关的文献，大量的文献查阅会你的论文写作铺垫，借鉴别人的思路，和好的语言。而且在写作过程不会觉得语言平乏，当然也要自己一定的语言功底做基矗三，一气呵成做好充分的准备，不要每天写一些，每天改一些，这样会打断自己的思路，影响文章的连贯。四，尽量采用多的专业术语可能口语化的表达会给人带来亲切感，但论文是比较专业的形式，是有可能做为文献来查阅和检索的，所以论文语言的专业化，术语化会提升自己论文的水平。五，用正规格式书写参考正规的论文文献，论文格式。不要因为格式问题，而影响到你论文的质量。六，最好在计算机上完成写作过程如果有条件最好利用电脑来完成写作过程，好处以下几点：1，节省时间，无论打字的速度慢到什么程度，肯定要比手写的快。2，方便，大量的文献放在手边，一个一个查阅是很不方便的，文献都是用数据库编辑，所以都是在电脑上完成。提前先在电脑上摘要出重点，写出提纲，随时翻阅，方便写作。3，修改编辑，在电脑随时对文章进行修改编辑都是非常的方便。4，随时存档，写一段，存一段，防止突然停电，或者电脑当机。本人就是吃了这个大亏，一个晚上的劳动，差点就全没了，幸亏男友是电脑高手，帮我找回。否则就恨着电脑，哭死算了。七，成稿打印好交给导师无论你的字写的多么优美，还是按照惯例来，打印出的文字显的正规，而且交流不存在任何的问题，不会让导师因为看不懂你的龙飞凤舞，而低估你的论文。而且干净整洁，女孩子不仅注意自己的形象问题，书面的东西也反映你的修养和气质。八，听取导师意见，仔细修改导师会给你一些关于你论文建设性的意见，仔细参考，认真修改。毕竟导师是发表过多篇论文，有颇多的经验。请采纳答案，支持我一下。
论文一般由题名、作者、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献和附录等部分组成，其中部分组成（例如附录）可有可无。论文各组成的排序为：题名、作者、摘要、关键词、英文题名、英文摘要、英文关键词、正文、参考文献和附录和致谢。下面按论文的结构顺序依次叙述。题目(一)论文——题目科学论文都有题目，不能“无题”。论文题目一般20字左右。题目大小应与内容符合，尽量不设副题，不用第1报、第2报之类。论文题目都用直叙口气，不用惊叹号或问号，也不能将科学论文题目写成广告语或新闻报道用语。署名(二)论文——署名科学论文应该署真名和真实的工作单位。主要体现责任、成果归属并便于后人追踪研究。严格意义上的论文作者是指对选题、论证、查阅文献、方案设计、建立方法、实验操作、整理资料、归纳总结、撰写成文等全过程负责的人，应该是能解答论文的有关问题者。往往把参加工作的人全部列上，那就应该以贡献大小依次排列。论文署名应征得本人同意。学术指导人根据实际情况既可以列为论文作者，也可以一般致谢。行政领导人一般不署名。引言(三)论文——引言是论文引人入胜之言，很重要，要写好。一段好的论文引言常能使读者明白你这份工作的发展历程和在这一研究方向中的位置。要写出论文立题依据、基础、背景、研究目的。要复习必要的文献、写明问题的发展。文字要简练。材料方法(四)论文——材料和方法按规定如实写出实验对象、器材、动物和试剂及其规格，写出实验方法、指标、判断标准等，写出实验设计、分组、统计方法等。这些按杂志对论文投稿规定办即可。实验结果(五)论文——实验结果应高度归纳，精心分析，合乎逻辑地铺述。应该去粗取精，去伪存真，但不能因不符合自己的意图而主观取舍，更不能弄虚作假。只有在技术不熟练或仪器不稳定时期所得的数据、在技术故障或操作错误时所得的数据、不符合实验条件时所得的数据才能废弃不用。而且必须在发现问题当时就在原始记录上注明原因，不能在总结处理时因不合常态而任意剔除。废弃这类数据时应将在同样条件下、同一时期的实验数据一并废弃，不能只废弃不合己意者。实验结果的整理应紧扣主题，删繁就简，有些数据不一定适合于这一篇论文，可留作它用，不要硬行拼凑到一篇论文中。论文行文应尽量采用专业术语。能用表的不要用图，可以不用图表的最好不要用图表，以免多占篇幅，增加排版困难。文、表、图互不重复。实验中的偶然现象和意外变故等特殊情况应作必要的交代，不要随意丢弃。讨论(六)论文——讨论是论文中比较重要，也是比较难写的一部分。应统观全局，抓住主要的有争议问题，从感性认识提高到理性认识进行论说。要对实验结果作出分析、推理，而不要重复叙述实验结果。应着重对国内外相关文献中的结果与观点作出讨论，表明自己的观点，尤其不应回避相对立的观点。论文的讨论中可以提出假设，提出本题的发展设想，但分寸应该恰当，不能写成“科幻”或“畅想”。结论(七)论文——结语或结论论文的结语应写出明确可靠的结果，写出确凿的结论。论文的文字应简洁，可逐条写出。不要用“小结”之类含糊其辞的词。参考文献(八)论文——参考义献这是论文中很重要、也是存在问题较多的一部分。列出论文参考文献的目的是让读者了解论文研究命题的来龙去脉，便于查找，同时也是尊重前人劳动，对自己的工作有准确的定位。因此这里既有技术问题，也有科学道德问题。一篇论文中几乎自始至终都有需要引用参考文献之处。如论文引言中应引上对本题最重要、最直接有关的文献;在方法中应引上所采用或借鉴的方法；在结果中有时要引上与文献对比的资料；在讨论中更应引上与论文有关的各种支持的或有矛盾的结果或观点等。
超市存货量对超市经营产生较大的影响，这是因为超市存货价值比较大，在流动资产中的占比相对而言也比较大。下面是我为大家整理的超市存货管理论文，供大家参考。
[摘要] 随着零售市场的 发展 ，中小型超市的急剧扩张，各个连锁超市在日益激烈的竞争中，为了寻求发展，增加利润率，提升 企业 竞争力，越来越关注其库存 管理。存货管理促进了超市管理，最佳的存货水平可以降低企业存货资金的占用，加速存货资金的周转，增强盘点的管理水平，促进企业的降低成本提高企业 经济 效益。 文章 剖析中小型超市存货管理中的弊端，探讨加强中小型超市存货管理的途径。
[关键词] 中小型超市存货管理资金周转经济效益
超市企业存货是指企业在日常活动中持有以备出售的产成品或商品等。超市应加强存货的管理与核算，一方面避免存货过多而积压资金，另一方面又要避免缺货的威胁， 影响 企业的资金周转，影响企业经济效益的提高。超市存货管理就是要满足消费者的需求，在商品、时机、场合、价格和数量等互相配合的情况下，真正达到流通的目的。
一、存货管理的重要性
超市企业的存货在流动资产中占比重非常大，存货价值直接影响着流动资产价值，正确反映存货价值，对于客观、公允的反映流动资产价值、反映企业财务状况、经营成果都有着重要的意义。
1.存货的管理水平，促进超市提升竞争能力。存货管理水平直接影响着超市产品的质量、产品定价、加班时间、剩余生产能力、交付周期以及超市的整体的获利能力等方面因素，甚至影响到对顾客的需求能否做出迅速反应的能力，存货管理水平的高低直接关系到超市能否成为一个强有力的竞争主体的关键。
2.较好的库存管理，促使超市加速存货周转。所谓存货周转就是对暂时未卖出的货架上的产品依据先进先出的原则进行循环。存货管理主要是为了加速存货周转，存货周转又促进存货管理水平的提高。存货周转分为前线存货和后备存货的周转。前线存货是指陈列在货架或者零售商购物 环境处的散装商品;后备存货指的是存放在仓库内的用于补货的货物。存货周转要求销售人员、理货人员及时向客户的货架上补充货物，保证货架里面的产品陈列符合标准、保证客户提供给消费者的产品永远是最新生产日期的产品、永远是新鲜的。存货周转直接刺激销售，较好的库存管理，促使超市加速存货周转。
二、中小型超市存货管理 问题 与原因
通过对北京市中小型超市调研与 分析 归纳中小型超市存货管理中主要存在以下问题：
1.缺乏经常性的实地盘存制，存货的盘盈、盘亏、积压、毁损等 会计 信息不能及时反映出来，影响了会计报表的真实性。由于企业销售或耗用成本是倒算出来的，这样就容易把在计量、收发、保管中产生的差错，甚至任意挥霍浪费、非法盗用等，全部计入销售成本或耗用成本，同时不便于对存货进行随时控制。
2.存货的收入、发出、结存的会计记录不完整。
3.存货数量的虚假不实。小规模超市经常是租赁一间单元房来办公，存货要放到数个与办公地点不同的“仓库”。在注册会计师预先通知小规模企业将要前往的监盘地点的情况下，小规模企业得以有充分的时间将存货做调整转移。小规模企业之所以可以隐瞒存货短缺是因为已得知注册会计师将要检查哪些地点的存货，小规模企业有充足的时间把该地点放满存货，造成存货数量的虚假不实。
4.存货的监盘者缺乏 经验 ，不能识别出残次冷背的存货。存货监盘有其局限性，存货监盘只能对实物资产是否确实存在提供有力的证据，但不能保证被监盘(或被 审计)单位对监盘的存货资产拥有所有权，并且也不能对该资产的价值提供审计证据。
5.存货储存的弊端：超市持有一定数量的库存是必要的，但是过量的库存将造成不必要的费用，超市的商品一旦入库，便面临着如何尽快销售出去的问题。存货储存会给企业造成较多的资金占用费(如利息成本或机会成本)和仓储管理费。因此，尽量缩短存货储存时间，加速存货周转，是节约资金占用，降低成本费用，提高企业获利水平的重要 方法 和保证。
三、探讨加强中小企业超市存货管理的途径
1.加速存货周转提高库存管理水平。存货周转是销售人员、理货人员重要职责，是提供给消费者永远是最新生产日期的产品的重要保证。
(1)销售人员根据超市的规定和标准及时更换不良品，对客户的存货进行管理，努力做客户的专业顾问，主动为客户提供全面的存货管理服务，而不仅仅只是“接订单”。要做到这一点，销售人员必须做到：对超市的产品知识掌握全面，例如保质期、代码的意义、产品存放的条件等。再比如，将产品放在太阳直照的地方会退色，进而影响品质，不易卖出。
(2)销售人员必须了解各种包装的适用范围和库存量的多少。也就是通过了解消费者和客户的需求，了解各种品牌、包装的知识、向客户推荐正确的包装和品牌的产品组合，这是保证客户正在销售符合消费者需求的产品，进行客户管理的前提条件。
(3)要深刻理解存货周转的三项原则，即动手周转货架上的陈列产品、落实先进先出的原则、把存货数记入客户卡。
(4)讲究存货周转方法与技巧。销售人员应具备商品学知识，了解经营和空间上的限制条件，抓住一切合作和促进业绩提升的机会;设定产品保质期、储存条件、消费者购买的最佳时机;各种包装的适用范围和库存量的熟悉可以帮助销售人员判断不同零售商执行的分销标准以及根据该零售商的出货情况设定合适的库存数量;预测机会可以帮助销售人员更加理性地思考问题并提前考虑到一些影响生意的因素提高销售量。
2.建立健全实物资产管理的岗位责任制度。超市企业应当建立实物资产管理的岗位责任制度，对实物资产的验收入库、领用、发出、盘点、保管及处置等关键环节进行控制，防止各种实物资产被盗、毁损和流失。对存货等重要资产的控制以保证资产的安全完整。如对有关重要资产或记录的存放地安装和使用防盗、防火的报警设施等以防被盗或遭受损失等，以确保其安全与完整，对重要的文件和会计记录还应进行合理的档案管理以保护实物安全。
3.实施盘点控制。盘点控制是指通过对企业的资产实施定期或不定期盘点清查，并将盘点结果与会计记录进行比较以确定其是否相符，进而发挥控制作用的一种控制方法。超市应根据自身的特点建立资产盘点制度：
(1)定期盘点。
(2)盘点人员组成。针对不同的资产，确定盘点人员。由资产保管人员、记录人员、内部查账人员、单位或得到授权部门的负责人员共同组成盘点小组，以确保盘点结果的客观、准确。
(3)盘点手续。盘点前，应做好各项准备 工作，包括盘点表、盘点器具的准备，盘点具体时间的安排等;盘点过程中，应合理分工，确定操作人员、监视人员、复查人员职责。
(4)盘点结果的处理。通过对盘点结果的抽查，确保盘点结果的相对准确，并对盘点所查明的问题应得到有关部门的核准进行调整处理。
4.发挥审计人员作用，对存货进行键盘。期末存货的结存数量直接影响到会计报表上的存货金额。对期末存货数量的确定，是存货审计中的重要 内容 。审计人员对存货进行键盘是存货审计中重要审计工作。
(1)参与存货实地盘点的规划。审计人员应该会同企业制定盘点 计划，一方面可以使企业更加了解审计对存货盘点的要求，另一方面也有利于审计人员掌握企业存货管理的情况和企业对存货盘点的初步安排。
(2)盘点问卷调查。 审计人员在实地观察存货盘点前，应对 企业 存货盘点的 组织与准备 工作进行调查，以确定企业是否按照盘点 计划的要求进行盘点的准备工作。
(3)实地观察与抽点。盘点开始时，审计人员应该亲临盘点现场，密切关注企业的盘点现场以及盘点人员的操作程序和盘点过程。审计人员应注意观察盘点现场的存货是否摆放有序并停止流动，盘点人员的盘点程序是否符合盘点计划和指令的基本要求，计量器具是否准确，有无重计或漏计错误，盘点标签或盘点清单是否安要求填制。如果发现 问题 ，审计人员应及时指出并监督企业更正。
(4)撰写盘点备忘录，编制审计工作底稿。盘点工作结束后，审计人员应根据存货的盘点情况，撰写盘点备忘录，对盘点程序，盘点中的重大问题及处理、盘点结果等予以记载，并连同企业的盘点计划或指令、盘点表，问卷调查资料以及所取得的其他资料一起整理成工作底稿。
5.零库存 管理政策，是企业市场竞争的重要武器。在企业生产中，库存是由于无法预测未来需要变化，而又要保持不间断的生产经营活动必须配置的资源。但是，过量的库存会诱发 企业管理 中诸多问题，例如资金周转慢、产品积压等。因此很多企业往往认为，如果在采购、生产、 物流、销售等经营活动中能够实现零库存，企业管理中的大部分问题都会随之解决。零库存便成了生产企业管理中一个不懈追求的目标。所谓零库存是指物料(包括原材料、半成品和产成品等)在采购、生产、销售、配送等一个或几个经营环节中，不以仓库存储的形式存在，而均是处于周转的状态。零库存，一方面使成品和原材料降价迅速的风险和损失;另一方面也实现了成本降低，企业效益最大化，促进企业提升竞争能力。由迈克尔·戴尔创立的戴尔 计算 机超市 目前 已成为全球领先的 计算机系统直销商，跻身业内主要制造商之首。2004年年度财务 报告 可知，该超市产品销售量、销售额、净收入和每股收益等方面均创世界新高，成为全球增长最快的计算机超市。在美国，戴尔是商业用户、政府部门、 教育 机构和个人消费者市场名列第一的计算机供应商。在竞争日趋激烈的计算机制造行业，戴尔取得如此骄人的业绩，可以说是零库存管理模式立下了汗马功劳。
综上所述，存货管理促进了超市管理，最佳的存货水平降低企业存货资金的占用，加速存货资金的周转，增强盘点的管理水平，促进企业的降低成本提高企业 经济 效益。
[摘要]煤矿生产项目的开展，需要一系列配套的基础设施，以保证煤矿各个生产环节在有序的状态下进行。文章从这个角度出发，首先分析了煤矿井口建立物资超市的必要性，对于当前物资超市的效能和工作流程进行了分析，在此基础上探究物资超市供存货管理模式，突出介绍了该模式存在的优势，希望可以将其推广到更加广泛的地区进行运用。
[关键词]物资超市;超市管理模式;供存货管理
煤矿井口物资超市是以服务生产为出发点和落脚点而建立的，不仅能够给予日常生产工作各种材料资源，成为各项资源的集散区域，而且是实现物资超市供存货信息收集和整理的地方，由此实现对于物资供存货管理工作的调整和改善。因此，探究物资超市供存货管理问题，显得尤为必要。
1 煤矿井口建立物资超市的必要性
对于多数煤矿企业而言都成立了专门的供应科，建立了大型的物料存放仓库，甚至形成了对应的用料二级库，但是在实际生产物料服务的过程中，上述部门并没有发挥其效能，出现了各个方位各尽其职，缺乏监督，使得物料出现大量浪费的情况，由此使得单位的物资成本处于较高的状态。显然，在当前煤矿生产市场竞争激烈的背景下，这样传统的物资管理模式是不符合当前生产发展需求的，因此就有必要尝试以全新的方式去进行管理和控制。
煤矿井口物资超市就是在生产区域附近建立起来的，专门服务于生产，为其提供材料，保证生产所需的各种物资是能够满足需求的，避免因为物资供应不上造成生产环节停滞。具体来讲，这种物资超市的工作流程为：首先，派遣物资管理人员对于物资进行调拨，货物到达超市的时候，超市管理人员需要对物资的数量进行清点，并且做好收货签字。其次，生产队组负责人凭借领料单去领取物资，井口超市管理人员实现领料单的收集和整理，并且将其递交给物资管理人员，物资管理人员凭借这些信息实现出库手续的办理。另外超市管理人员实现对于库存的盘点，结合施工工序环节，明确所需的物资，对于物资管理部门提出补充物资的要求，并且在每月的月底对于超市物资进行清点，以书面和电子信息的方式进行录入。
显然这种井口物资超市的建立是很有必要的：其一，有利于改变原来古老低效率的物资管理组织格局，实现了各项管理资源的整合，最大限度地实现了资金储备率的降低;其二，符合当前统一化管理的基本原则，遵循了市场化运作的规律，并且推动物资管理朝着标准化的方向发展和进步;其三，极大程度地便利了生产基层单位，使得生产的过程得以精简，生产服务的水平得以不断提升;其四，废除二级库物资管理的模式，以创新的物资管理模式来进行，符合煤炭企业现代化发展的基本要求，对于提升煤炭企业整体管理水平来讲，是至关重要的。
2 煤矿井口物资超市供存货管理的策略
煤矿井口物资超市的建立，在改变煤矿生产的物资管理模式方面发挥着积极作用。但是实际上煤矿井口物资超市供存货管理效能的发挥，还需要积极做好以下几个方面的工作。
注重对于煤矿物资管理现状的调查和研究
煤矿物资超市的构建，需要对煤矿物资管理工作进行全面的调查和研究，只有充分了解煤矿物资管理工作的缺陷和不足，才能知道如何更加高效地构建煤矿物资超市，切实地发挥物资超市在供存货管理方面的最大价值。为此，笔者建议应该积极做好几个方面的工作：其一，邀请同行煤炭企业的物资管理经验丰富的专家，集合企业内部在此方面经验丰富的职员，矿长，生产队队长，供应科成员，财务部成员，企业管理部门成员，形成煤矿物资管理调研团队，从经济性和可行性多个角度对煤矿物资管理工作的问题进行归纳 总结 ;其二，要求从数据方面对于当前煤矿物资管理的问题进行分析，并且对于建立物资超市可能实现的物资成本降低数据进行预测，由此给予决策者更加直观的物资超市构建效益，为制定物资超市的构建方案打下信息基础。
制定科学合理的井口物资超市的筹建方案
物资超市的筹建方案，不仅奠定了物资超市效能实现的基本格局，还是影响其供存货管理效能发挥的前提和基础。因此，保证井口物资超市筹建方案是科学的、合理的，是很值得去探究的问题。一般来讲，在确定方案合理性的过程中，应该高度重视几个方面工作的开展：其一，做好煤矿井口地质情况的调查，根据后期实际生产环节规划方案，一般会在井口和副井口之间的距离建立对应的物资超市，保证后期物资超市能够服务于整个生产环节;其二，从形成的角度对物资超市的便捷性进行分析，保证最大限度的便捷生产，使得其物料供应的价值得到最大化的发挥;其三，物资超市构建方案除了要考量其后期效能的发挥，还需要将超市管理人员的日常工作考虑进去，保证其能够在理想的环境下进行各项物资管理工作，也是我们需要积极思考的。比如，给予其设置专门的工作台，保证物资供应管理工作的效益和质量。
注重对于井口物资超市各种物资设备的投入
物资超市的建立需要投入对应的硬件设备，这是保证物资超市供存货管理效能发挥的前提和基础。因此在此方面也应该注重管控，笔者认为需要注意几个环节的工作：其一，制定煤矿物资超市构建的基本物资设备标准和规范，将其作为奖励物资超市的依据，使得井口物资超市物资设备的投入是符合各项要求的;其二，注重对于超市构建的硬件投入，建立健全完善的超市货架设备，从稳固性和安全性多个角度对其进行质量检查，保证其后期效能的实现;其三，保证物资超市面积的合理性，实现对应配套设施的完善，并且制定明确的物资超市设备管理规范和制度，实现对于超市管理人员行为的监督和管理。
实现物资超市供存货管理流程的标准管理
前面提及物资超市供存货管理流程要朝着标准化和规范化的方向发展，这是最大化发挥物资超市在供存货管理方面效能的关键所在。对此，应该着手做好几个方面的工作：其一，实现与同行企业之间的合作，考察已经纳入物资超市的企业，对于其已经成文的物资超市供存货管理流程进行学习和研究，结合自身煤矿生产的实际情况，因地制宜地实现对应管理规范的调整和改善;其二，在日常的物资超市管理效能发挥的过程中，不断总结其中的管理缺陷和不足，积极实现对于现有管理制度和规范的调整和改善，以保证其与实际供存货管理的需求是一致的;其三，坚持与时俱进的基本原则，定期对物资超市供存货管理流程进行价值分析，以找到其中的管理漏洞，以便采取对应 措施 来改善调整。相信随着上述几个步骤的开展，物资超市供存货管理的制度将会不断完善和调整，由此发挥更大的效能。
3 结 论
综上所述，以物资超市建立的方式，实现煤矿供存货管理模式的创新，的确能够在实现生产成本降低，促进物资管理工作效益和质量提升方面发挥积极作用。尤其在当前煤矿生产企业之间竞争趋势加强的背景下，积极引入物资超市供存货管理新模式，的确可以形成全新的煤矿企业核心竞争能力，由此引导煤矿生产朝着标准化、现代化的方向发展和进步。相信随着煤炭企业越来越意识到物资超市的价值，就会积极在此方面加大投入，由此切实发挥其在物资超市供存货管理方面的效能。
参考文献：
[1]张伟娜.供应链环境下发电企业的物资超市管理研究[D].保定：华北电力大学(河北)，2007.
[2]王小滨，卢建军，卫晨.基于物联网的煤炭企业物资超市管理系统研究[J].工矿自动化，2013(6)：94-97.
[3]周建平.基于ERP平台物资超市管理系统的开发与应用[J].电力信息化，2009(10)：50-54.
[4]张玉建，陈新永，朱心亮，等.井口物资超市管理系统在煤矿企业的应用[C].2009煤炭企业管理现代化创新成果集，2010：6.
[5]刘涛.对某企业物资超市管理构建分析[J].中国科技投资，2012(30)：21.
摘要：存货作为企业的重要流动资产之一，它直接关系到企业的资金占用水平以及资产运作效率。存货管理的好坏会影响到整个企业及企业相关者的利益，因此必须重视存货管理。本文就存货管理进行分析，提出加强存货管理的途径。
关键词：存货;存货管理;内部控制
一、存货管理的内涵
存货是指企业在日常活动中持有以备出售的产成品或商品、处在生产过程中的在产品、在生产过程或提供劳务过程中耗用的材料、物料等。其区别于非流动资产最基本的特征是，持有存货的最终目的是为了出售。
存货管理就是对企业的存货进行管理，主要包括存货的信息管理和在此基础上的决策分析，最后进行有效控制，达到存货管理的最终目的――提高经济效益。
二、存货管理的重要性
(一)企业正常运行的前提条件。企业为了保证生产经营过程的持续，会有计划地购入、耗费和销售存货，它是供产销环节中必不可缺少的资产，也是保证生产经营活动持续进行的必要条件。
(二)提高企业经济效益的有效途径。企业应当通过正确的存货管理方式，分析并查明企业存货占用不合理及形成积压的原因，以便采取合理措施控制存货储备，降低资金占用水平，提高存货的流转速度，最终达到企业经济效益提高的效果。
三、目前企业存货管理存在的主要问题
(一)存货管理理念不健全。缺乏全面供应链成本理念。企业往往只重视运输、仓储、采购成本等显性成本，而对于机会成本损失、物流管理成本、库存持有成本等隐性成本重视不够。企业采购、生产、销售等部门间协调困难，扯皮、推诿现象严重。另外，企业内部没有建立完善的存货管理制度，或者已建立但缺乏有效的考核和监督，使之不能良好地运行，造成内部资源的浪费，同时也增加了存货流转过程中营私舞弊的可能性，使存货的监管效率低下。
(二)存货内部控制薄弱。有的企业将存货采购、保管、验收都兼于一人，由同一个人完成采购销售、付款收款、入库出库等全过程，势必会造成管理人员的徇私舞弊。部分家族式企业，还会出现管理职位形同虚设且缺乏对相关制度的认可，在雇佣员工时，常会选择亲戚朋友，对其专业知识没有过多要求，进而不能对存货质量进行严格的验收，必定存在不如同行业产品质量的问题，不利于企业长远发展。
(三)存货账实不符。在采购环节，企业购入的材料已经领用消耗，但购货发票未到，期末没有暂估入库，甚至出现红字余额;在领用环节，材料已经领用消耗，而实际上并未相应结转成本或者材料并未领用消耗;在入库环节，完工产品已入库，但并没有相应的账簿登记;在销售环节，实现销售时，由于保管人员没有及时记录，导致相关会计人员不能够对销售收入作及时的处理，没有按实际销售收入结转库存产成品，形成大量的账外资金，导致存货账面与库存数额不一致，造成账实不符。
四、提升企业存货管理的途径
(一)建立全面的供应链成本理念。企业经营管理者层必须重视存货的管理，对于物流管理成本、库存持有成本、机会成本损失等隐性成本应该足够重视。在日常工作中，要主动加强对会计准则中关于存货管理制度的学习，要积极参加 财务管理 知识的培训，努力提高存货管理的意识和水平。企业内部形成良好的存货管理环境，从而为存货管理提供保障。
优化存货管理除了需要企业管理层改变经营理念、重视存货管理外，还应该让企业的采购、仓库、财务、生产和销售等各个部门均参与到存货管理中，共享存货管理的相关信息，通过内部资源的整合来提高存货管理的效率。在整合的过程中，企业应当将存货管理的理念灌输给每一个员工，强调企业全员参与存货管理，为存货的管理创造良好的氛围。
(二)完善企业内部控制体系。企业必须要重视存货管理的各个环节，在采购、验收、仓储、领用、销售、付款的各个环节，根据企业自身情况，合理安排专业人员进行管理。首先，企业要建立严格的内部稽核制度。通过建立存货管理岗位责任制，明确相关人员应承担的责任、权利和义务，规范存货管理的各个环节，确保相关部门和 岗位职责 分明，并保证存货管理的不相容岗位相互分离、相互制约和监督，杜绝徇私舞弊现象的发生;其次，建立定期和不定期的存货盘点制度，实施盘点控制。企业应对存货进行定期和不定期的盘点清查，以确定账实是否相符，为企业的存货管理提供真实可靠的信息;第三，建立并完善供应商准入制度。企业应建立完整的供应商档案，根据供应商的生产能力、资质等级、信誉及价格等情况，建立完整的供应商准入制度，从源头上制止不良存货的发生。
(三)加强存货管理信息化系统建设。企业应结合自身业务流程特点，采用与之相配套的存货管理软件，建立企业的存货管理信息系统，实现企业存货资源信息化统一管理、数据共享，有效阻止与存货相关部门的各自为政、信息阻塞、账实不符、随意性强等现象的发生，从而提高企业的存货管理效率。
充分利用ERP等先进的管理模式，使人、财、物、供、产、销全方位科学高效集中管理，最大限度地堵塞漏洞，降低库存，使存货管理更上一个新台阶，实现存货资金信息化管理。
参考文献：
[1]冯林梅.完善企业存货管理的几个重要措施[J].时代金融，.
[2]贾伟.浅谈企业存货管理中的问题及对策[J].西部财会，.
Are you investing in the right industry?Does the term book-to-bill ratio sound familiar to you? Do you know the demand and supply numbers of private condominiums in Singapore for the next year ? If you do, you must have already performed some sort of industry analysis on the electronics and property industries (or sectors as commonly referred to in stockmarket terms).Most investment processes include some sort of industry analysis. This is important because many studies have shown that over a period of time, some industries have per-formed better than others. For example, between 1987 and 1996, banking stocks in Singapore have generated better returns than other industries such as shiprepair. Industry analyses will uncover these performance differences and help identify both unprofitable and profitable opportunities(situations).It is also important to note that past performance alone will not help predict future performance. The factors or conditions that helped an industry to prosper in the past will change over time. Identifying and studying these factors will provide some clues to the entry and exit points of the investments. Going back to our earlier example, economic growth is an important criterion for banks' earnings. Between 1987 and 1996, Singapore enjoyed an uninterrrupted average GDP growth of . This allowed the banks' earnings to grow at a compound rate of when the broader market generated only growth. With GDP growth decelerating because of the Asian crisis, can we maintain the same sanguine outlook for the banks?Having determined that industry analyses are important for successful investing, the next step is to find out how we can go about doing one. There is no generic framework that is applicable to all industries, but there are commonalities which we can identify. In a free market economy, demand and supply are key determinants of price, and price is always an important contributor to any profit-driven organisation. Hence, a successful indstry ana-lysis will have to identify the underlying fac-tors driving demand and that drive demand vary across industries, and are too numerous to list. However, it is important to note that demand can be categorised as "seasonal", "cyclical" or "secular". As the word suggests, seasonal fac-tors recur year after year. Cyclical factors, on the other hand, followvery closely to the economic cycles of the market. Secular factors are more long term in nature. Seasonality or economic cycles will have minimal impact on secular an airline as an illustration. Most Singaporeans take their vacation in December. That is why airline seats are difficult to secure during that time. This is the seasonal factor because it occurs every year around the same time. Having said that, Singaporeans usually take vacations more frequently when the economy is doing well, and less so during reccessionary times. The rise and fall in demand in accordance to economic activities is the cyclical factor. Finally, the middle class population in Singapore has been rising over the last 20 years. This group is generally more affluent. Part of the lifestyle usually includes taking regular vacations to exotic destinations. Such lifestyle doesn't change annually, nor does it follow the ups and downs of economic growth. The demand for air travel will grow so long as the middle class population continues toincrease. This is an example of secular demand factors into these categories is very useful. As long-term inves-tors, we do not want to be constantly reacting to signs that are short term and volatile in nature such as seasonal, and to a lesser extent, cyclical trends. Buying and selling stocks based on these short-term trends are not only expensive (brokerage cost) but difficult to time as well. Instead, we should focus on long-term trends. They usually have a longer and more permanent impact on share key factor in identifying an attractive industry is pricing power. The ability of an industry to price its product at a profitable level without compromising its business pros-pect is important, and this is affected by many factors. Inelastic demand allows the tobacco producers to maintain good profits despite the rapidly rising tariffs all these years. Barriers to entry is another factor. Mobile-phone charges used to be very expensive because there was only Singapore Telecom providing the ser-vice (monopoly). With increased competition from M1, rates have been declining gradually. All things being equal, the more competitive the industry is, the lower the pricing power, and hence profits. Competition may be good for the consumers, but it seldom benefits the shareholders. Another factor that will impact the com-petitive environment of an industry is the cost structure. In general, indsutries with high fixed costs are more competitive than those that have high variable costs. We often hear about coun-tries being accused of 'dumping steel' onto other countries. Well, this is the case in point. Steel mills are expensive to construct. But once built, the investment costs are 'sunked'. On the other hand, the running cost to produce steel is relatively low. Since there are so many steel mills around the world (almost every country has one for strategic reasons), supply is in abundance. As competition intensifies in the global market, recovering investment cost of the mills becomes a secondary objective for management. What is more important is to keep the production ongoing and sell the steel at a price that can at least cover the variable cost component. These mills will definitely be loss-making, but at least they can continue to operate and not generate serious unemploy-ment for the economy (steel industry is very labour-intensive). Having looked at the fundamental issues, do we always buy into an industry with positive trends developing? The answer is 'no'. Con-fused? Here is why. The key to any successful investments is to stay ahead of what the market is discounting. Suppose we are bullish on the outlook of the residential property sector because owning a home is every Singaporean's dream and the island has limited land supply. But this view is widely observable. Further-more, most of the residential property stocks have already outperformed the market by huge margins. These are signs that the market has probably discounted the positive conclusion of our analysis. As such, the investment upside is probably limited. Conversely, if our conclu-sion unearths new information from the gene-ral market, we may have discovered something interesting here. To confirm that we have a good find, check out the valuation to see if it is attractive. There are many valuation tools, but the commonly used ones are Price/Earnings (PE), Enterprise Value/EBITDA*, Price/Book(P/B), and Dis-counted Cash Flow (DCF). Make a cross-industry comparison as well as historical com-parison. Going back to our property example. If our conclusion is new to the market, the industry is trading at the lower end of its histo-rical PE band, and it is also very attractive on PE terms versus the other industries in Singapore...bingo! In conclusion, I would like to leave you with a brain teaser. Imagine this is 1996 and you are an investor looking at the Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) industry: DRAM is a semiconductor chip used in most electronic products such as personal computers. The business is cyclical in nature because corporate and private consumption of PCs usually rises when the economy is doing well. There are, however, two secular trends that underpin the growth in the industry. First, more and more people are buying PCs for their home and oiffice. Second, the requirement of DRAM per PC is also on the rise as processing power of computer increases exponentially. On the competitive issue, the cost to build a wafer fab is extremely high (about US$1b), and the technology is usually state-of-the-art. Besides capital and technology, there are no other significant barriers to entry. Margin for the industry had been very good because of supply shortage. This probably explained why share prices outperformed the market in 1995. The historical five-year PE band for selected stocks in the industry between 1991 and 1995 was about 10 to 100. The average PE during the period was 30. The industry is currently trading at a PE in the low teens. Would you invest in this industry? (The writer is the Investment Manager of Jardine Fleming Investment Management. This column has the support of the Investment Management Association of Singapore and the Stock Exchange of Singapore.)到这个网站上去看一下,有这篇文章的翻译,此外还有许多商务英语论文
先到百度文库，找一篇此类文档中文的，然后用有道翻译，或是谷歌在线翻译翻成英 文，然后把英文放上面，中文放下面。希望可以帮到你。 一，选题要新颖。这次我的论文的成功，和高分，得到导师的赞许，都是因为我论文的选题新颖所给我带来的好处。最好涉及护理新领域，以及新进展，这样会给人耳目一新的感觉。二，大量文献做基础仔细查阅和你论文题目和研究范围相关的文献，大量的文献查阅会你的论文写作铺垫，借鉴别人的思路，和好的语言。而且在写作过程不会觉得语言平乏，当然也要自己一定的语言功底做基矗三，一气呵成做好充分的准备，不要每天写一些，每天改一些，这样会打断自己的思路，影响文章的连贯。四，尽量采用多的专业术语可能口语化的表达会给人带来亲切感，但论文是比较专业的形式，是有可能做为文献来查阅和检索的，所以论文语言的专业化，术语化会提升自己论文的水平。五，用正规格式书写参考正规的论文文献，论文格式。不要因为格式问题，而影响到你论文的质量。六，最好在计算机上完成写作过程如果有条件最好利用电脑来完成写作过程，好处以下几点：1，节省时间，无论打字的速度慢到什么程度，肯定要比手写的快。2，方便，大量的文献放在手边，一个一个查阅是很不方便的，文献都是用数据库编辑，所以都是在电脑上完成。提前先在电脑上摘要出重点，写出提纲，随时翻阅，方便写作。3，修改编辑，在电脑随时对文章进行修改编辑都是非常的方便。4，随时存档，写一段，存一段，防止突然停电，或者电脑当机。本人就是吃了这个大亏，一个晚上的劳动，差点就全没了，幸亏男友是电脑高手，帮我找回。否则就恨着电脑，哭死算了。七，成稿打印好交给导师无论你的字写的多么优美，还是按照惯例来，打印出的文字显的正规，而且交流不存在任何的问题，不会让导师因为看不懂你的龙飞凤舞，而低估你的论文。而且干净整洁，女孩子不仅注意自己的形象问题，书面的东西也反映你的修养和气质。八，听取导师意见，仔细修改导师会给你一些关于你论文建设性的意见，仔细参考，认真修改。毕竟导师是发表过多篇论文，有颇多的经验。
外文文献有，翻译没有，翻译得靠你自己了，如果需要直接百度Hi中留言同时贴出问题的链接地址和邮箱地址即可，希望能满足你的需要，能帮到你，并请及时知道评价，多多给点悬赏分吧，急用的话请多选赏点分吧，这样更多的知友才会及时帮到你，我找到也是很花时间的，并请及时采纳
INTERNATIONAL STUDENT SUCCESS STORY MISS CHARMING! inside this issue: V O L U M E OFF-CAMPUS WORK PERMITS PAGE 2 4 ISS...money, who wouldn’t want to get money?” said... to our 2008 STUDENT ...