可以班忙运算一下的正确滴使用
一、认真核对电子版的稿件 首先在投稿前，一定要认真的核对电子版的稿件，并且要思路清晰、概念清楚。另外，不可以在文章中出现太多的空格，因为空格会增加版面费的，许多作者都交过这样的冤枉钱。 二、根据投稿杂志格式修改文章格式 SCI论文发表的时候，可以根据投稿杂志的格式对文章格式进行修改，这样审核的编辑会觉得你很用心，可能会比较投机，录取率比较高。 发表sci论文省钱技巧 三、科学内容和资料数据必须准确无误 关于科学内容和资料数据一定要正确，你可以找一些专业人士，对文章进行处理，提高成功率。 四、英文翻译不好者尽量不用在线翻译 感觉英文翻译做的不好的投稿人尽量不要用在线翻译，你可以告诉编辑，申请让他们编辑帮助翻译。一般杂志社都会有专业的英文编辑。
医学SCI论文的写作与发表技巧。SCI论文是指发表在科学引文索引（Science Citation Index，SCI）收录期刊上的论文。 SCI 是国际著名的3大检索系统之一。全世界出版发行的科技期刊有20多万种，但被SCI 收录的杂志只有 8005 本，其中，口腔医学类杂志仅有 74本因此，SCI 收录的杂志是真正的精品杂志，发表在这类杂志上的论文，水平普遍较高，SCI论文是反映一个人、一个团队学术水平最可靠的指标之一，也是创新性发现的体现。 SCI 论文是评价科研以及临床水平和质量的一个重要指标，撰写与发表 SCI 论文，对交流科研及临床成果、体现其价值和参与国际竞争显得尤为重要，口腔医学SCI论文的写作与发表技巧。 论文撰写前的准备 科研设计及选题 选题需要具有先进性、科学性、可行性，即要有所发现、有所发明。好的科研设计，选题是关键，要目标明确，依据充分，充分体现创新精神，并最终能解决科学研究或临床实际问题。 选题的创新分源头创新和跟踪创新，大多数科研以跟踪创新为主，在原有理论或方法等基础上进行改进、补充或革新，如通过临床实践发现解决问题的方法， 或通过查阅大量医学文献综合分析，从而寻找解决问题的新方法。 选题的创新观念需要建立在扎实的理论和实践基础上。 科研执行 (1)制定研究方案： (2)预试验 (3)计划调整 医学SCI论文的写作与发表技巧：围绕论文标题，集中取舍实验材料，尽管实验观察是按原定实验设计进行的，但当实验结束时，在资料上可能出现以下几种情况： ①原设计选定的项目或指标，观察充分，数据完备；②项目或指标发生偏差、离散或不够充分；③有的项目或指标意义不大，有的出现原设计没有预料的数据和现象。 因此资料需要根据论文阐明科学假说及分段观点。 保持分组材料之间的层次及内在联系 实验和观察到的数据、图表资料。 医学SCI论文的写作与发表技巧：整理参考文献，查阅参考文献，分门别类，归类整理。把与研究题目紧密关系的内容摘引下来，注明文献出处、作者、题目、杂志的名称、卷、期、页数、年份等，以备后用。 医学SCI论文的写作与发表技巧：提炼观点，明确结果，提出结论。 拟定提纲，可将研究者的思维逻辑、学术观点和实验材料等，按撰写论文的程序，简明而系统地展示出来，以免撰写时遗漏。 这是实验性研究论文提纲的项目。 在临床研究中，常用病例分析和病例报告来总结观察的结果，形成文章。 其内容包括：(1)标题；(2)前言；(3)病例与方法(对象与方法， 病例报告)；(4) 结果；(5) 讨论；(6) 结论；(7) 参考文献。 所以，拟定论文提纲，实际上是对所从事的科研工作进行全面梳理总结和构思的过程。
如果要翻译SCI文稿，还是建议找学术翻译公司会比较放心，比如清北医学翻译，希望对您有帮助。
关键词，即一篇文章中最主要、最核心的词汇，也常常被用于收录搜索等用途。那么对SCI关键词的选用，怎样才是正确的呢？一、论文关键词概念转换很多人在分析主题内容，找出论文的中心主题以后，还要对其进行概括、提炼,将主题概念准确、适度地表达出来。在这一步骤中，极易出现概念混淆的问题，以致于造成关键词的误标。为了更准确、适度地表达主题，常常要对主题的概念进行转换，主题概念的转换不能光从字面上进行，而要从主题概念的涵义上进行，因此要特别注意概念的综合分析。具体解决的方法：主题概念的转换，按复杂程度，有概念直接转换和概念的分解转换两种方式。概念的直接转换只需直接查阅词表就可完成，概念的分解转换却要复杂得多。在概念转换的过程中，标引者不仅需要有广博的知识，还需要有丰富的想像力，如标引“下肢不等长”一词时，可能想到的可以概念转换的词就有：“短肢畸形”、“肢体短缩”、“肢体不等长”等，而正确的标引是：“腿长不等”。可见，渊博的知识和丰富的想像力可以帮助我们更好地完成概念转换，标引出正确的关键词。二、关键词词表应用问题很多人对于论文关键词的选择有一定的随意性，并不是按照已有的医学论文关键词表来选择适合自己论文的关键词。这不仅为我们在资料查询方面造成了很大的影响，也是对于论文发表者本身的一种影响。因此，大家在学术论文写作过程中，对于关键词的确定可以根据《MeSH》词表规定。特别是医学方面的学术论文更加应该重视，因为在医学上很多专业术语与我们平常用的医学术语是不一样的。如果你的学术论文中用的不是专业术语关键词，这也是对你的学术论文本身就会有影响。三、如何来正确的主题分析是选取关键词第一步是文章审读。文章审读的步骤是：①阅读题目，明确文章论述的主题对象;②细读论文摘要，了解作者意图以及文章的内容与重点;③阅读结论，确定其新颖程度和价值;④浏览文中重要段落、图表乃至全文，确定其主要内容与中心、参考价值与应用范围。第二步是主题提炼。主题的提炼要在认真审读文稿的基础上进行判断，并对文中关键性的语句准确而精炼地进行高度概括，抓住本质的主要内容，舍弃次要内容。人们标引关键词的习惯做法往往是直接从文题中选择，但这必须有一个前提，那就是：文题已基本涵盖了文章的主题。事实上有相当一部分论文的文题未能直接揭示文章的主题，某些论文的主题内容是隐含的，仅仅阅读和分析标题、摘要难以作出正确的判断，必须通读全文，反复推敲，透过现象抓住本质，才能对主题内容作出全面正确的概括。要注意，关键词往往是文中出现频率最高的词。阅读文稿时要做到心中有数,明确哪些词使用频率最高,这样就不难把关键词提取出来。
editsprings据说都是国外有经验的教授科研人员，个人之前的论文就是在那里翻译的。
9个SCI必备翻译工具1、SCI T0 软件2、谷歌浏览器翻译3、专业词汇翻译--MedSci4、CNKI翻译5、word自带微软翻译6、Linggle网页链接7、NetSpeak网页链接8、Lingoes9、
您好，建议您去相关的专业学术网站上面搜索一下。
这些都是检索系统，一个收录很多论文的数据库。 SCI主要偏重理论性研究。 SSCI是社会科学期刊数据库。 EI偏工程应用。 CSCD和核心期刊都是中国的数据库。 ISTP是会议论文数据库，以上都是期刊论文。
可以班忙运算一下的正确滴使用
连词，句式，名言，高级词汇 and but however frankly anyway with recently what's more in my opinion what let There is no doubt As far as i knowaccording as the good saying goes: all roads lead to R/
一、用于驳性和比较性论文 In general, I don’t agree In my opinion, this point of view doesn’t hold The chief reason why… is that…There is no true that… It is not true that… It can be easily denied than… We have no reason to believe that… What is more serious is that… But it is pity that… Besides, we should not neglect that… But the problem is not so Therefore… Others may find this to be true, but I believer that… Perhaps I was question why… There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to… Though we are in basic agreement with…, What seems to be the trouble is… Yet differences will be found, that’s why I feel that… It would be reasonable to take the view that …, but it would be foolish to claim that… There is in fact on reason for us so believe that… What these people fail to consider is that… It is one thing to insist that… , it is quite another to show that … Wonderful as A is , however, it has its own disadvantages The advantages of B are much greater than A A’s advantage sounds ridiculous when B’s advantages are taken into 二、用于描写图表和数据 It has increased by three times as compared with that of There is an increase of 20% in total this It has been increased by a factor of 4since It would be expected to increase 5 The table shows a three times increase over that of last It was decreased twice than that of the year The total number was lowered by 10% It rose from 10-15 percent of the total this Compared with 1997, it fell from 15 to 10 The number is 5 times as much as that of It has decreased almost two and half times, compared with…三、用于解释性和阐述性论说文Everybody knows that…It can be easily proved that… It is true that… No one can deny One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is… The chief reason is that… We must recognize that… There is on doubt that… I am of the opinion that… This can be expressed as follows; To take …for an example… We have reason to believe Now that we know that… Among the most convincing reasons given, one should be mentioned… The change in …largely results from the fact There are several causes for this significant growth in…,first …,second …,finally… A number of factors could account for the development in… Perhaps the primary reason is… It is chiefly responsible of… The reasons for…are complicated, And probably they are found in the fact… Here are several possible reasons, excerpt that…Somebody believes/ argues/ holds/ insists/ thinks that… It is not simple to give the reason for this complicated phenomenon… Different people observes it in different 六、用于论证和说明 As it is described that… It has been illustrated that… It provides a good example of… We may cite another instance of… History man provides us with the examples of… A number of further facts may be added… The situation is not unique, it is typical of dozens I have A recent investigation indicate that… According to the statistics provided … According to a latest study, it can be predicted… There is no sufficient evidence to show that… All available evidence points to the fact that… Examples given leads me to conclude that… It reveals the unquestionable fact that… The idea may be proved by facts… All the facts suggest that… No one can deny the fact that… We may face the undeniable fact that…●表示比较和对照关系的句型：1) A is to B what/ as C is to D(A之于B犹如C之于D)2) Just , 3) A and B have sth in 4) A is similar to B5) The same is true of，The same can be said of(……也是如此)6) The advantages of A are much greater than B7) compared with B, A has many 8) The advantages outweigh the disadvantages(利大于弊)9) Wonderful as A is, however, it has its own disadvantages 10) Although A enjoys considerable advantage , it can not compete with B 11) Contrary to widely accepted views, I believe 12) What people fail to consider is 13) It is one thing to insist , it is quite another to show 14) Nothing can rival…(……是无与伦比的)15) …has drawbacks as well as 16) A is superior(inferior) to B17) varies from person to person(……是因人而异的)18) A is just the opposite (to B)19) A differs from B in that…(A不同于B在于……)20) …is not the same (as)●过渡性句型：1) this is true 2) This is true, no doubt, 3) 4) It is one thing ; it is another ●描写图表和数据的句型1) rank first (both) 2) in proportion 3) A is by far the 4) As many 5) The number is imes as much as that of 6) The figure has nearly doubled/tripled, as against that of last 7) It accounts for 35% 8) By comparison with , it decreased/increased/fell 9) ise rapidly(slowly)10) ain 11) ach 12)There is a slight/slow/steady/rapid rise/increase /////decrease/decline/reduction/fall/drop in13)be on the increase/ decrease/ rise/ decline (……在不断的增加,减少,上升,下降)●图表作文中的过渡、概括句型：1) As can be indicated in the table, 2) As we could find out later， 3) As is revealed in the table，4) As the survey results show，5) This table provides several important points of comparison 6) The two graphs depict the same thing in 7) The key findings taken from the surveys are as follows:8) According to the figures given in the table, 9) This chart shows that 10) As is shown by the graph, 11) It can be seen from the statistics that 12) It is generally believed / accepted/ thought/ held 四、用于文章的开头 As the proverb says… It goes without saying that… Generally speaking… It is quite clear than because… It is often said that … Many people often ask such question:“…？” More and more people have come to realize… There is no doubt that… Some people believe that… These days we are often told that, but is this really the case? One great man said that… Recently the issue of… has been brought to public In the past several years there has been… Now it is commonly held that… but I doubt whether… Currently there is a widespread concern that… Now people in growing number are coming to realize that… There is a general discussion today about the issue of … Faced with…, quite a few people argue that…, but other people conceive 五、用于文章的结尾 from this point of view… in a word… in conclusion… on account of this we can find that… the result is dependent on… therefore, these findings reveal the following information: thus, this is the reason why we must… to sum up … as far as…be concerned, I believe that… It is obvious that… There is little doubt that… There is no immediate solution to the problem of …, but …might be None of the solutions is quite The problem should be examined in a new It is high time that we put considerable emphasis on… Ta说明原因的句型:1) There are some/two/many good reasons /to 2) We have two good reasons 3) The reason for is that + 从句4) Among the most convincing reasons given by people , one should be 5) One may think of the trend as a result 6) The change largely results from the fact 7) There are several causes for this significant growth 8) A number of factors could account for the 9) It is no simple task to give the reason for 10) The cause of /reason for higher prices was an increase in 11) Because/As/Now that/Since the demand has increased, the prices are 12) An increase in demand causes/results in/leads to/produces higher 13) The demand has 14) Therefore,/As a result,/For this reason,/Because of this,/Consequently, the prices are 15) If there is an increase in demand, then prices /go //are 16) Different people look in different ●表示不同看法的句型:1) Different people have/ hold different opinions/ views on the question/ problem/ Some believe that ; Others argue Still others maintain that 2) They are quite different from each other in their 3) Some people hold the opinion that it is good to 4) They think quite differently on this 5) Opinions vary from individual to individual, from culture to ●表示必须,紧急,有困难做某事的句型:1) It is important (necessary , urgent , difficult , easy , convenient , comfortable , expensive , desirable , advisable) for to do king into account all these factors, we may safely reach the conclusion that…2) have trouble/difficulty/a hard time/a difficult time (in) doing (有困难做某事)为写作增加亮点几种常见的开头法(1) 主题句法：The appeal of advertising to buying motives can have both negative and positive The biggest safety threat facing airlines today may not be a terrorist with a gun, but the man with the portable computer in business Believe it or not, optical illusion (错觉) can cut highway (2) 问题法：Do you know how many people die from traffic accidents every 23 minutes?Why does cream go bad faster than butter?(3) 对比法：Some pessimistic experts feel that the automobile is bound to fall into They see a day in the not-too-distant future when all autos will be abandoned and allowed to Other authorities, however, think the auto is here to They hold that the car will remain a leading means of urban travel in the foreseeable (4) 数据法：According to a recent survey, about 9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their Honesty:根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。Living off Campus:根据最近的一项统计调查显示，35%的学生不住宿舍，而是在学校外面租房子住。Youth:根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。The latest statistics show that …(5) 故事法：Six o’clock yesterday (June 20th, Friday) afternoon when I was walking along the riverbank of our school, an unbelievable scene caught my (6) 引语法：A proverb says, “You are only young ”(适用于记住的名言)It goes without saying that we cannot be young (自编名言)作文的亮点句型亮点句型The popularity of “A World without Thieves” and mounting concerns about its negative impact upon children, have rekindled the outcry for a rating Building construction has been enjoying a boom particularly since China became a member of the WTO and Beijing was named host of the 2008 Olympic GShe has put forward a lot of very good suggestions and devoted a lot of her spare time to improving the living conditions of the I thought I wanted to do I wanted to use everything I had been That is the reason you are on the earth—to be My ears are open, my eyes are I am humble because I was China changes every day, for the My dream is to see an Enrichment Officer in every zoo in China and to have annual meetings when people from all the zoos in the country gather together to exchange views on what types of enrichment are working best for the animals in CPeace and development remain the overriding themes of the China will continue to give top priority to heritage Israel would continue its efforts to destroy the terrorist infrastructure, arrest those behind terrorist activities and harshly punish those who perpetrate these murderous The Liberal Party’s 11-year reign as Canada’s governing party was in The State has rendered strong support to alleviate the heavy burden of these Local protectionism is a serious issue in China and threatens the establishment of a national market We have to be flexible and pragmatic, and give necessary consideration to the concerns of other parties, including making compromises and concessions when the situation Experts say the reform and consolidation of the Chinese airline industry is laying a solid foundation for the rationalization of airline
first of all,I am concerned that,at last but not least ,some people think he others argue ,every coin has its two sides
上面各位的回答都不错，我给你找的是专门针对考研用的，因为看你的年纪应该不是为了考四六级这么简单了吧。 写作是语言的重要环节，看看英语考试中对作文的重视就明白了。在考研中，写作意义极其重大，其性价比（即投入的时间和提高的幅度）非常高，在我看来，如果你的阅读水平还可以的话，写作将是你的突破口。 提高写作只有一个字——“恒”，绝对的熟能生巧。我在网上看过高手写的文章，简直可以用恐怖来形容，完全是阅读理解的水平，而作者的诀窍就是每天写每天练！只要不断的写不断的改，你的文章会让你自己吃惊。套用一句：写作恒久远，练习永流传。 然而备考的时间是很紧的，不可能每天保持大量的练习，好在其要求也不高，从现在开始，到考前完全可以达到要求，但千万不要间断！很多同学都有一个情况，越不写，越怕写；越怕写，越不写。万事开头难，所以开始的练习尤为重要，而练习应以词句为主+阅读好文章，我就有一本记录本，专门收集好的词句，效果很好。这里列其中一些较简单实用的，希望能对大家有所帮助（不过，建议同学们最好自己写，自己收集，印象会深很多，每天花10分钟过过，绝对值得。另外，我列的句子很有限，多半是骨架，大家要学会扩展，并且在记忆的时候多联想一下。举例来说，一篇你的文章，用心改一下，好好套用几个句式，改些档次较高的词和词组，可以提高不少哦）： 一． 总结句型 1) ***in general/above all/with the result that/as a result/consequently, *** 2) As far as I am concerned/as for me, *** 3) This truth above seems to be self- 4) Whether we examine the ***above, such things can happens anywhere anytime to 5) In my point of view, I like/prefer A much more than B 6) I still prefer A, however, for they teach me not only to be ***but also to be*** ，both in ***and in*** 7) There is no doubt that*** 8) In order to make our world a better place in which to live we should efforts to*** 9) To a large extent, ***, therefore, reflects*** 10) If all above mentioned measures are achieved, *** 11) Wherever you are and whatever you do, ***is always 12) So clear/evident/obvious it is that there are quite different opinions on 13) Now, which one do you prefer-----the one***or the one***? Were it left to me to select, I should not hesitated a moment to choose the former/ 二． 开首句型 1) Have you ever gone***? Have you ever been to***? If you have no experience like these, your life is an inadequate 2) Are you***? Are you***? We are, 3) In large part as a consequence of***, somebody have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on 4) We expect the day will come when A with its characteristic of*** 5) Being is one of the virtues that people must possess (not only in***but also in***/during***/when***) 6) What A to B, that C to D 7) Currently, there is a widespread/serious concern over that*** 8) The reasons for the***are manifold, for instance, *** 9) Several factors contribute to this***, such as***, as for as I’m concerned, however, ***is the most significant ingredient/ 10) ***is more violent than what we thought it should be 11) There are intimate relations between the 三． 并列句型 1) Some people like A due to*** However, there are many young people, including me, especially like B 2) There might be two reasons, I think***, for the 3) A and B are both important, they are attribute which are equally necessary for a person to achieve success in his 4) Different people have different attitudes towards***, some believe that***others, however, argue that***still others maintain that*** 5) First***besides, in addition***what’s more*** 6) For one thing***nevertheless, for another*** 四． 转折句型 1)***Such defects as mentioned above can be prevented by the other way of *** 2) Except for ***’s sake 3) Perhaps A is the wrong word, however, B might be 4) First***last but not least*** 5) Shall we do this? Not necessary the 6) ***, and vice versa indeed 7) On the contrary, in spite of these increase*** 8) Compared with A, B has many advantages such as*** 9) Not so much*** as he had talked 10) ***, the truth of the matter, however, is that*** 11) For some, the way maybe right, nevertheless, for many others*** 12) As everything going to the extreme has its negative aspects, so has*** 13) It is fairly well know that***however, it is less know that*** 14) ***, but this was not always the 15) At first, ***different in their opinions, on second thoughts, however, all of them agree to*** 16) None the less(尽管如此)*** 17) When people succeed, it is because of hard work, however, luck has a lot to do with it 18) ***, sometimes it isn’t totally the case, 19) Do some A else but B 五． 名理句型 1) It is usually the case that *** 2) It is plain common sense---the more/less***the more/less*** 3) The serious reality had taught us a lesson: not being environment friendly will be avenged 4) As a proverb says/as is known to all/as a popular saying goes, *** 5) I can think of no better illustration than an English poem/adage which goes like this:*** 6) The old story of***can serve as a good illustration that*** 六． 强调句型 1) With/due to/spurred by***we can certainly cope with any task we are faced with, that is, *** 2) The reason why***is no other than***as I 3) The same thing is true with*** 4) What I want to point out is that, for a person who wants to be successful in life and to be useful in society, he will have to learn to be both A and B 5) What a wonderful picture? Especially for we students always swimming in the sea of books! 6) It’s high time that immediate measures were taken to better the strength and face the 7) Before everything else, ***is the secret of 七． 图表句型 1) From the figures/statistics given in the table it can be seen/noticed that*** 2) From the graph/table/diagram/chart above, we can see that*** 3) As show in the chart/by the graph*** 4) Have you ever anticipated the prospects of***in the coming decades? Let us just take a look at the figures of***as shown in the graph 5) The gap between***and***will be further 6) In face of increasingly serious shortage of energy, we should take effective measures/which of the measures we should take? 7) It is clear that the increase of percentage gets greater and 8) By***, the number of***had less/more than doubled/tripled compared with that of*** 9) 短语：made up about***/the figure amounted to/will rise to/will reach/will double that/will tripled that 另外，文章结尾也很重要，它的作用是概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想，使文章意义表达得更加深刻。 文章结尾的形式也是多种多样的，常见的有以下几种： 1．首尾呼应，画龙点睛 在文章的结尾，把含义较深的话放在末尾，以点明主题，深化主题，起到画龙点睛的效果。如"I Cannot Forget Her" (我忘不了她)的结尾： After her death, I felt as if something were missing in my I was sad over her passing away, but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of the 2．重复主题句 结尾回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，达到强调的效果。如“I Love My Home Town”(我爱家乡)的结尾： I love my home town, and I love its They too have They are going all out to do more for the good of our 自然结尾 随着文章的结束，文章自然而然地结尾。如“Fishing”(钓鱼)的结尾： I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours, but my brother caught many Tired from fishing, we lay down on the river bank, bathing in the We returned home very 4．含蓄性的结尾 用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接点明作者的看法，而是让读者自己去领会和思考。如“A Day of Harvesting”(收割的日子)的结尾： Evening came before we realized We put down our sickles and looked at each Our clothes were wet with sweat, but on every face there was a 5．用反问结尾 虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，并具有特别的强调作用，引起读者深思。如 "Should We Learn to Do Housework?" (我们要不要学做家务?) 的结尾。 Everyone should learn to do Don’t you agree, boys and girls? 6．指明方向，激励读者 结尾表示对将来的展望，或期待读者投入行动。如“Let’s Go in for Sports”(让我们参加体育运动)的结尾： As we have said above, sports can be of great They not only make people live happily but also help people to learn virtues and do their work A sound mind is in a sound Let’s go in for 文章的结尾没有一定的模式，可以根据表达主题的需要灵活创造。一般的习惯是，一些记叙文和描写文经常采用自然结尾的方法；但说理性和逻辑性较强的说明文和议论文则往往都有结束语，以便使文章首尾呼应，结构完整。
英语关联词用法 英语关联词 —并列连词 1 并列连词 在句子中不做成分,仅表示前后关系 用于连接彼此互补依存的对等的成分 1)连接语词:slow but safe/ either this week or next week 2)连接分句:I went and she 可分别表示下列关系 1)转折:but, yet, however, neverthe- less 2) 因果:so, for, therefore 3) 选择r, either…or, neither…nor 英语关联词 —并列连接词 2 4)并列和递进:and,both…and, as well as not only…but (also) 英语关联词 —关联词 关联词 用于引导从句 名词从句: He doesn't know what she 副词从句:If he comes, I'll give it to 形容词从句:He's the best student I've ever 英语关联词 —连接词 1 关联词的类别及所表示的关系 要特别注意关联词在从句中(及某些连接词在短语中)所担当的成分,这是正确使用关连词的关键 连接词:引导名词从句,在从句中不做成分 1) that(无含义): I said that he was 2) whether(if)(表示不确定性或选择关系): I don't know whether it is 英语关联词 —连接词 2 连接代词 1)引导名词从句,在从句中做主语,宾语,表语和 定语 A who/which 作主语(口语who中可做宾语, 但其前面不可有与其配合使用的介词): I asked him who came into the / I asked him who(m) he saw whom/which 做宾语: Ask him which he 英语关联词 —关联词 3 C whose 做宾语(=whose thing(s)) /定 语: I wonder whose house that D what 做上面提及的各种成分: I don't know what I should What can be done 2)与不定式连用,在其中多做主语和宾语 We can't decide whom to We must decide what to I couldn't decide which to 英语关联词 —关联词 4 连接副词 引导名词从句或与不定式连用,在从句 中做状语 1) how: That's how I look at 2) where: I don't know where he 3) when: Tell me when to use the 4) why: I'll tell you why you have to do 英语关联词 —关系词 1 关系代词 1) who 表示人,在从句中做主语和表语(口语 who中可做宾语,但其前面不可有与其配合使用 的介词): The man who spoke is my I don't know who he The man who I saw told me 2) whom 表示人,在从句中做宾语和表语: The man whom I saw told me 英语关联词 —关系词 2 3) whose 表示"某人/物的",of which表示 "某物的", 在从句中做定语: That's the man whose son is my The room whose window faces south is her The room of which the window faces south is her 英语关联词 —关系词 3 4) which 表示物,在从句中做主语和表语: I like the picture which was taken in front of the main 5) that 表示人/物,在从句中做主语和宾语; 注 意下列关于that作为关系代词的用法 A现行词前有最高级形容词修饰时: This is the best film that I've ever 英语关联词 —关系词 4 B先行词是下列词语或为其所修饰修饰时: the first, the last, the only, the same, the very, all, any, no, This is the last chance that you You are the only friend that I He told me all that he 英语关联词 —关系词 5 C 先行词是下列不定代词或为其所修饰修饰时: much, little, none, everything/body, nothing, There's nothing in the world that can frighten D 以Who/Which开始的句子,其后的定语从句中 的关系代词不使用who/which,而代之以 Who that knows him would trust him Which of these buses is the one that goes to London 英语关联词 —关系词 6 E人和事物/动物同为先行词时: The man and the horse that fell into the river were 6) 关系代词做介词宾语 A一般介词可放在whom/which的前面或其所 在的从句的句尾,关系代词为that时,只可 放在其所在的从句的句尾 Is this the car for which you paid a high price 英语关联词 —关系词 7 Is this the car which you paid a high price for Is this the car that you paid a high price for Is this the car you paid a high price for B介词during, except以及表示(从整体中) "分割"(出部分)的介词of等介词要放在关 系代词的前面: 英语关联词 —关系词 8 The years during which he was away were long years to He wrote many books, some of which C其介词与动词不可分割的短语动词中的介词必 须放在其动词之后,不可放在关系代词之前: This is the book which he has been looking 7)关系代词的省略 A关系代词作宾语时: The girl I work with is 英语关联词 —关系词 9 Bhat在定语从句中做表语时: He is not the man that he was when I saw him He is not the man he was when I saw him 关系副词 在定语从句中均做状语 1)where 地点: That's one point where I'd like your 英语关联词 —关系词 10 2) when 时间: At the time when I saw him, he was 3) why 原因: That is the reason why I came so 4) that 方式/时间/原因 I like the way that /in which he did 英语关联词 —关系词 11 That was the first time (that) I saw The reason why/that he was dismissed is not easy to 5)in which/at which = where This is the school in which/at which/ where he 6)for which = why I don't the reason for which he 英语关联词 —关系词 12 7)on which = when The day on which she was born was 22 September,
使用率高的英文写作中常用句式1．表示原因1）There are three reasons for this．2）The reasons for this are as follows．3）The reason for this is obvious．4）The reason for this is not far to seek．5）The reason for this is that．．．6）We have good reason to believe that．．．例如：There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life．Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved．Secondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life．注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life． There are three reasons for this．这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。2．表示好处1）It has the following advantages．2）It does us a lot of good．3）It benefits us quite a lot．4）It is beneficial to us．5）It is of great benefit to us．例如：Books are like friends．They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons．Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us．3．表示坏处1）It has more disadvantages than advantages．2）It does us much harm．3）It is harmful to us．例如：However，everything divides into two．Television can also be harmful to us．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television．4．表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient， possible）for sb．to do sth．2）We think it necessary to do sth．3）It plays an important role in our life．例如：Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business．Soon， computers will be found in every home，too．We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age．5．表示措施1）We should take some effective measures．2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties．3）We should do our utmost in doing sth．4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with．例如：The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious．Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it．6．表示变化1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years．2）A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications．3）The computer has brought about many changes in education．例如：Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years．The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek．Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins．7．表示事实、现状1）We cannot ignore the fact that．．．2）No one can deny the fact that．．．3）There is no denying the fact that．．．4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in．5）However，that’s not the case．例如：We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution．To solve these problems， we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution．The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment．8．表示比较1）Compared with A，B．．．2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV．3）There is a striking contrast between them．例如：Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable．Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum．Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem．Last but not least，they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise．9．表示数量1）It has increased（decreased）from．．．to．．．2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000．3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15％ compared with that of January．例如：With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of people’s income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased．再如：From the graph listed above，it can be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000．10．表示看法1）People have（take，adopt，assume）different attitudes towards sth．2）People have different opinions on this problem．3）People take different views of（on）the question．4）Some people believe that．．．Others argue that．．．例如：People have different attitudes towards failure．Some believe that failure leads to success．Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor．However， others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers．再如：Do “lucky numbers really bring good luck？Different people have different views on it．注：一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，考生应掌握这一写作方法。11．表示结论1）In short，it can be said that ．．．2）It may be briefly summed up as follows．3）From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that ．．．例如：From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however， its method should be improved．注：例句1可用于任何一个段落的结论句；例句3则多用文章结论段的第一句。12．套语1）It’s well known to us that ．．．2）As is known to us，．．．3）This is a topic that is being widely talked about．4）From the graph（table，chart）listed above，it can be seen that ．．．5）As a proverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way． 例如：As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus．The reason for this is obvious．Nowadays，the society is changing and developing rapidly，and the campus is no longer an “ivory tower ．As college students，we must get in touch with the world outside the campus．Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate．再如：Does it pay to be honest？This is a topic that is being widely talked about and different people have different opinions on it．
一、用于驳性和比较性论文 In general, I don’t agree In my opinion, this point of view doesn’t hold The chief reason why… is that…There is no true that… It is not true that… It can be easily denied than… We have no reason to believe that… What is more serious is that… But it is pity that… Besides, we should not neglect that… But the problem is not so Therefore… Others may find this to be true, but I believer that… Perhaps I was question why… There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to… Though we are in basic agreement with…, What seems to be the trouble is… Yet differences will be found, that’s why I feel that… It would be reasonable to take the view that …, but it would be foolish to claim that… There is in fact on reason for us so believe that… What these people fail to consider is that… It is one thing to insist that… , it is quite another to show that … Wonderful as A is , however, it has its own disadvantages The advantages of B are much greater than A A’s advantage sounds ridiculous when B’s advantages are taken into 二、用于描写图表和数据 It has increased by three times as compared with that of There is an increase of 20% in total this It has been increased by a factor of 4since It would be expected to increase 5 The table shows a three times increase over that of last It was decreased twice than that of the year The total number was lowered by 10% It rose from 10-15 percent of the total this Compared with 1997, it fell from 15 to 10 The number is 5 times as much as that of It has decreased almost two and half times, compared with…三、用于解释性和阐述性论说文Everybody knows that…It can be easily proved that… It is true that… No one can deny One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is… The chief reason is that… We must recognize that… There is on doubt that… I am of the opinion that… This can be expressed as follows; To take …for an example… We have reason to believe Now that we know that… Among the most convincing reasons given, one should be mentioned… The change in …largely results from the fact There are several causes for this significant growth in…,first …,second …,finally… A number of factors could account for the development in… Perhaps the primary reason is… It is chiefly responsible of… The reasons for…are complicated, And probably they are found in the fact… Here are several possible reasons, excerpt that…Somebody believes/ argues/ holds/ insists/ thinks that… It is not simple to give the reason for this complicated phenomenon… Different people observes it in different 六、用于论证和说明 As it is described that… It has been illustrated that… It provides a good example of… We may cite another instance of… History man provides us with the examples of… A number of further facts may be added… The situation is not unique, it is typical of dozens I have A recent investigation indicate that… According to the statistics provided … According to a latest study, it can be predicted… There is no sufficient evidence to show that… All available evidence points to the fact that… Examples given leads me to conclude that… It reveals the unquestionable fact that… The idea may be proved by facts… All the facts suggest that… No one can deny the fact that… We may face the undeniable fact that…●表示比较和对照关系的句型：1) A is to B what/ as C is to D(A之于B犹如C之于D)2) Just , 3) A and B have sth in 4) A is similar to B5) The same is true of，The same can be said of(……也是如此)6) The advantages of A are much greater than B7) compared with B, A has many 8) The advantages outweigh the disadvantages(利大于弊)9) Wonderful as A is, however, it has its own disadvantages 10) Although A enjoys considerable advantage , it can not compete with B 11) Contrary to widely accepted views, I believe 12) What people fail to consider is 13) It is one thing to insist , it is quite another to show 14) Nothing can rival…(……是无与伦比的)15) …has drawbacks as well as 16) A is superior(inferior) to B17) varies from person to person(……是因人而异的)18) A is just the opposite (to B)19) A differs from B in that…(A不同于B在于……)20) …is not the same (as)●过渡性句型：1) this is true 2) This is true, no doubt, 3) 4) It is one thing ; it is another ●描写图表和数据的句型1) rank first (both) 2) in proportion 3) A is by far the 4) As many 5) The number is imes as much as that of 6) The figure has nearly doubled/tripled, as against that of last 7) It accounts for 35% 8) By comparison with , it decreased/increased/fell 9) ise rapidly(slowly)10) ain 11) ach 12)There is a slight/slow/steady/rapid rise/increase /////decrease/decline/reduction/fall/drop in13)be on the increase/ decrease/ rise/ decline (……在不断的增加,减少,上升,下降)●图表作文中的过渡、概括句型：1) As can be indicated in the table, 2) As we could find out later， 3) As is revealed in the table，4) As the survey results show，5) This table provides several important points of comparison 6) The two graphs depict the same thing in 7) The key findings taken from the surveys are as follows:8) According to the figures given in the table, 9) This chart shows that 10) As is shown by the graph, 11) It can be seen from the statistics that 12) It is generally believed / accepted/ thought/ held 四、用于文章的开头 As the proverb says… It goes without saying that… Generally speaking… It is quite clear than because… It is often said that … Many people often ask such question:“…？” More and more people have come to realize… There is no doubt that… Some people believe that… These days we are often told that, but is this really the case? One great man said that… Recently the issue of… has been brought to public In the past several years there has been… Now it is commonly held that… but I doubt whether… Currently there is a widespread concern that… Now people in growing number are coming to realize that… There is a general discussion today about the issue of … Faced with…, quite a few people argue that…, but other people conceive 五、用于文章的结尾 from this point of view… in a word… in conclusion… on account of this we can find that… the result is dependent on… therefore, these findings reveal the following information: thus, this is the reason why we must… to sum up … as far as…be concerned, I believe that… It is obvious that… There is little doubt that… There is no immediate solution to the problem of …, but …might be None of the solutions is quite The problem should be examined in a new It is high time that we put considerable emphasis on… Ta说明原因的句型:1) There are some/two/many good reasons /to 2) We have two good reasons 3) The reason for is that + 从句4) Among the most convincing reasons given by people , one should be 5) One may think of the trend as a result 6) The change largely results from the fact 7) There are several causes for this significant growth 8) A number of factors could account for the 9) It is no simple task to give the reason for 10) The cause of /reason for higher prices was an increase in 11) Because/As/Now that/Since the demand has increased, the prices are 12) An increase in demand causes/results in/leads to/produces higher 13) The demand has 14) Therefore,/As a result,/For this reason,/Because of this,/Consequently, the prices are 15) If there is an increase in demand, then prices /go //are 16) Different people look in different ●表示不同看法的句型:1) Different people have/ hold different opinions/ views on the question/ problem/ Some believe that ; Others argue Still others maintain that 2) They are quite different from each other in their 3) Some people hold the opinion that it is good to 4) They think quite differently on this 5) Opinions vary from individual to individual, from culture to ●表示必须,紧急,有困难做某事的句型:1) It is important (necessary , urgent , difficult , easy , convenient , comfortable , expensive , desirable , advisable) for to do king into account all these factors, we may safely reach the conclusion that…2) have trouble/difficulty/a hard time/a difficult time (in) doing (有困难做某事)为写作增加亮点几种常见的开头法(1) 主题句法：The appeal of advertising to buying motives can have both negative and positive The biggest safety threat facing airlines today may not be a terrorist with a gun, but the man with the portable computer in business Believe it or not, optical illusion (错觉) can cut highway (2) 问题法：Do you know how many people die from traffic accidents every 23 minutes?Why does cream go bad faster than butter?(3) 对比法：Some pessimistic experts feel that the automobile is bound to fall into They see a day in the not-too-distant future when all autos will be abandoned and allowed to Other authorities, however, think the auto is here to They hold that the car will remain a leading means of urban travel in the foreseeable (4) 数据法：According to a recent survey, about 9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their Honesty:根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。Living off Campus:根据最近的一项统计调查显示，35%的学生不住宿舍，而是在学校外面租房子住。Youth:根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。The latest statistics show that …(5) 故事法：Six o’clock yesterday (June 20th, Friday) afternoon when I was walking along the riverbank of our school, an unbelievable scene caught my (6) 引语法：A proverb says, “You are only young ”(适用于记住的名言)It goes without saying that we cannot be young (自编名言)作文的亮点句型亮点句型The popularity of “A World without Thieves” and mounting concerns about its negative impact upon children, have rekindled the outcry for a rating Building construction has been enjoying a boom particularly since China became a member of the WTO and Beijing was named host of the 2008 Olympic GShe has put forward a lot of very good suggestions and devoted a lot of her spare time to improving the living conditions of the I thought I wanted to do I wanted to use everything I had been That is the reason you are on the earth—to be My ears are open, my eyes are I am humble because I was China changes every day, for the My dream is to see an Enrichment Officer in every zoo in China and to have annual meetings when people from all the zoos in the country gather together to exchange views on what types of enrichment are working best for the animals in CPeace and development remain the overriding themes of the China will continue to give top priority to heritage Israel would continue its efforts to destroy the terrorist infrastructure, arrest those behind terrorist activities and harshly punish those who perpetrate these murderous The Liberal Party’s 11-year reign as Canada’s governing party was in The State has rendered strong support to alleviate the heavy burden of these Local protectionism is a serious issue in China and threatens the establishment of a national market We have to be flexible and pragmatic, and give necessary consideration to the concerns of other parties, including making compromises and concessions when the situation Experts say the reform and consolidation of the Chinese airline industry is laying a solid foundation for the rationalization of airline