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太阳照常升起论文的参考文献

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太阳照常升起论文的参考文献

据学术堂了解论文写作时,在最后部分参考文献中,总会有部分同学出现自己手打参考文献或者自己复制文献的情况,这样做不仅效率低,而且会出现参考文献不规范的情况,下面我就说说如何快速,准确的引用参考文献。工具:中国知网步骤:1、找到自己需要引用的论文2、选中,点击导出/参考文献3、直接复制,或者导出按照这种方法,就是标准的论文参考文献,在论文中直接复制到论文就行。

Ernest Hemingway of the United States in the 20th century one of the most distinguished writers. His legendary life, the last shot in the head by the end of their lives. His life has created 17 works, received many literary awards. His works became the 1920s generation at a loss of representative works, the later generations have had a far-reaching consequences. Since the advent of his works from the date of his academic work has never been on the study. U.S. scholars generally agreed that Hemingway's "The Sun Also Rises" in the United States in the history of modern fiction classic. From the 1926 novel come out so far, critics of the novel research continued to deepen. His literary creation in Europe and the United States have an enormous impact in the United States and even lead to a revolution in literature. Study abroad, "The Sun Also Rises" and comment on the initial study, by the time the information restrictions, the United States after the war, as well as a specific historical and cultural context of the impact, it is more focused on the novel "Lost Generation" The topic of the relationship, the novel with a self-imposed exile in Paris after the war to the young Hemingway and my life experience together, that is the author of "Lost Generation", the spokesman. In the 1930s, the economic impact of the Great Depression, "The Sun Also Rises" less concern. In the 1940s by the Second World War, critics of "The Sun Also Rises" comments appeared in two completely different views. Edmund Wilson in "The Sun Also Rises", Jack is the only one in pain in the conduct of individuals adhere to the guidelines. Wilson, who may disagree with the Milken Henglisaide al. He and the novels of the 19th century Anglo-American literary tradition of a comparative study concluded that the novels of the 19th century hero no matter the ultimate success or failure, will have a good character, "and" The Sun Also Rises "All of the characters is a lack of good moral character will not have any form of the will." "They do not have the moral sense of responsibility, this is a defeatist on the novel. Princeton University literature professor Carlos Baker's book, "The Artist as a writer Ernest Hemingway ---" is the first academic monographs Hemingway's writings. Baker for the first time, "The Sun Also Rises," the characters had a detailed psychological analysis. Max Bi Turka " love of death" in an article that, in the Hemingway novel reveals the concentration of the 1920s by the trauma of World War I brought about by the death of the universal love theme . Hemingway's works closely fit the flow of the pulse of the times in order to in-depth insight and sensibility, the performance of a particular era in human existence and the spiritual state of suffering and the pain sharpen the course. Hemingway home on "The Sun Also Rises" has never stopped the study. Gu Ling in 2003 by the publication of why they became a wandering soul --- "The Sun Also Rises," "Lost Generation" perspective. Her description of the specific papers, "The Sun Also Rises," "confused generation" features. 2002 Shiyan Vocational Technical College, LU Wei and Sun Yuan published a "how they become wandering soul - On" The Sun Also Rises "in a number of prominent figures in the spiritual world," the novels of a few The main character's spiritual world. Alvin Wang in 2002 published "From the images," The Sun Also Rises "to reveal the theme of" the four characters from the novel image to reveal the theme of the novel. 1996 Journal of Xuchang Teachers College at Choi Wan-sheng, Zhang Hui plant in bloom. "Published prosperity, war, confusion, to avoid -" The Sun Also Rises "Analysis of them from the four analytical point of view," The Sun Also Rises. "1994 Zhejiang University, in a newspaper published by the Health and bamboo, "the two sides were at a loss of life -" The Sun Also Rises, "" once again discussed at a loss of life status. Although Hemingway's novels and "The Sun Also Rises" study at home and abroad have made many achievements, but few three-dimensional, multi-angle analysis of "The Sun Also Rises". In fact, the analysis of Hemingway's novel "The Sun Also Rises" theme at the same time, the performance of his existential philosophy of life: the myth of the world, nothing in the environment, people should live actively in the process of discovery and To create meaning, the order of the United States.仅供参考,请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

论文中参考文献引用的是国家颁布的文件或纲领政策,要用字母S表示。

例如:引用的是国家标准,“汉语拼音正词法基本规则”则,在参考文献中格式为:

GB/T16159-1996,汉语拼音正词法基本规则[S]。

参考标准格式指的是写论文的引用已经发表的文献格式,根据资源的类型可分为这本书[M],[C]学报》发布会上,报纸文章[N],[J],期刊文章论文[D]报告[R],标准[S],专利[P],[一]学报文献、杂志[G]。

电子文献类型:数据库[DB]、计算机[CP]、电子公报[EB]

电子文献载体类型:Internet[OL]、CD[CD]、磁带[MT]、磁盘[DK]。

参考文献按照其在正文中出现的先后以阿拉伯数字连续编码,序号置于方括号内。一种文献被反复引用者,在正文中用同一序号标示。一般来说,引用一次的文献的页码(或页码范围)在文后参考文献中列出。

格式为著作的“出版年”或期刊的“年,卷(期)”等+“:页码(或页码范围).”。多次引用的文献,每处的页码或页码范围(有的刊物也将能指示引用文献位置的信息视为页码)分别列于每处参考文献的序号标注处,置于方括号后(仅列数字,不加“p”或“页”等前后文字、字符;页码范围中间的连线为半字线)并作上标。

以下内容仅供参考:Ernest Hemingway of the United States in the 20th century one of the most distinguished writers. His legendary life, the last shot in the head by the end of their lives. His life has created 17 works, received many literary awards. His works became the 1920s generation at a loss of representative works, the later generations have had a far-reaching consequences. Since the advent of his works from the date of his academic work has never been on the study. U.S. scholars generally agreed that Hemingway's "The Sun Also Rises" in the United States in the history of modern fiction classic. From the 1926 novel come out so far, critics of the novel research continued to deepen. His literary creation in Europe and the United States have an enormous impact in the United States and even lead to a revolution in literature. Study abroad, "The Sun Also Rises" and comment on the initial study, by the time the information restrictions, the United States after the war, as well as a specific historical and cultural context of the impact, it is more focused on the novel "Lost Generation" The topic of the relationship, the novel with a self-imposed exile in Paris after the war to the young Hemingway and my life experience together, that is the author of "Lost Generation", the spokesman. In the 1930s, the economic impact of the Great Depression, "The Sun Also Rises" less concern. In the 1940s by the Second World War, critics of "The Sun Also Rises" comments appeared in two completely different views. Edmund Wilson in "The Sun Also Rises", Jack is the only one in pain in the conduct of individuals adhere to the guidelines. Wilson, who may disagree with the Milken Henglisaide al. He and the novels of the 19th century Anglo-American literary tradition of a comparative study concluded that the novels of the 19th century hero no matter the ultimate success or failure, will have a good character, "and" The Sun Also Rises "All of the characters is a lack of good moral character will not have any form of the will." "They do not have the moral sense of responsibility, this is a defeatist on the novel. Princeton University literature professor Carlos Baker's book, "The Artist as a writer Ernest Hemingway ---" is the first academic monographs Hemingway's writings. Baker for the first time, "The Sun Also Rises," the characters had a detailed psychological analysis. Max Bi Turka " love of death" in an article that, in the Hemingway novel reveals the concentration of the 1920s by the trauma of World War I brought about by the death of the universal love theme . Hemingway's works closely fit the flow of the pulse of the times in order to in-depth insight and sensibility, the performance of a particular era in human existence and the spiritual state of suffering and the pain sharpen the course. Hemingway home on "The Sun Also Rises" has never stopped the study. Gu Ling in 2003 by the publication of why they became a wandering soul --- "The Sun Also Rises," "Lost Generation" perspective. Her description of the specific papers, "The Sun Also Rises," "confused generation" features. 2002 Shiyan Vocational Technical College, LU Wei and Sun Yuan published a "how they become wandering soul - On" The Sun Also Rises "in a number of prominent figures in the spiritual world," the novels of a few The main character's spiritual world. Alvin Wang in 2002 published "From the images," The Sun Also Rises "to reveal the theme of" the four characters from the novel image to reveal the theme of the novel. 1996 Journal of Xuchang Teachers College at Choi Wan-sheng, Zhang Hui plant in bloom. "Published prosperity, war, confusion, to avoid -" The Sun Also Rises "Analysis of them from the four analytical point of view," The Sun Also Rises. "1994 Zhejiang University, in a newspaper published by the Health and bamboo, "the two sides were at a loss of life -" The Sun Also Rises, "" once again discussed at a loss of life status. Although Hemingway's novels and "The Sun Also Rises" study at home and abroad have made many achievements, but few three-dimensional, multi-angle analysis of "The Sun Also Rises". In fact, the analysis of Hemingway's novel "The Sun Also Rises" theme at the same time, the performance of his existential philosophy of life: the myth of the world, nothing in the environment, people should live actively in the process of discovery and To create meaning, the order of the United States.

关于太阳照常升起论文范文资料

Ernest Hemingway of the United States in the 20th century one of the most distinguished writers. His legendary life, the last shot in the head by the end of their lives. His life has created 17 works, received many literary awards. His works became the 1920s generation at a loss of representative works, the later generations have had a far-reaching consequences. Since the advent of his works from the date of his academic work has never been on the study. U.S. scholars generally agreed that Hemingway's "The Sun Also Rises" in the United States in the history of modern fiction classic. From the 1926 novel come out so far, critics of the novel research continued to deepen. His literary creation in Europe and the United States have an enormous impact in the United States and even lead to a revolution in literature. Study abroad, "The Sun Also Rises" and comment on the initial study, by the time the information restrictions, the United States after the war, as well as a specific historical and cultural context of the impact, it is more focused on the novel "Lost Generation" The topic of the relationship, the novel with a self-imposed exile in Paris after the war to the young Hemingway and my life experience together, that is the author of "Lost Generation", the spokesman. In the 1930s, the economic impact of the Great Depression, "The Sun Also Rises" less concern. In the 1940s by the Second World War, critics of "The Sun Also Rises" comments appeared in two completely different views. Edmund Wilson in "The Sun Also Rises", Jack is the only one in pain in the conduct of individuals adhere to the guidelines. Wilson, who may disagree with the Milken Henglisaide al. He and the novels of the 19th century Anglo-American literary tradition of a comparative study concluded that the novels of the 19th century hero no matter the ultimate success or failure, will have a good character, "and" The Sun Also Rises "All of the characters is a lack of good moral character will not have any form of the will." "They do not have the moral sense of responsibility, this is a defeatist on the novel. Princeton University literature professor Carlos Baker's book, "The Artist as a writer Ernest Hemingway ---" is the first academic monographs Hemingway's writings. Baker for the first time, "The Sun Also Rises," the characters had a detailed psychological analysis. Max Bi Turka " love of death" in an article that, in the Hemingway novel reveals the concentration of the 1920s by the trauma of World War I brought about by the death of the universal love theme . Hemingway's works closely fit the flow of the pulse of the times in order to in-depth insight and sensibility, the performance of a particular era in human existence and the spiritual state of suffering and the pain sharpen the course. Hemingway home on "The Sun Also Rises" has never stopped the study. Gu Ling in 2003 by the publication of why they became a wandering soul --- "The Sun Also Rises," "Lost Generation" perspective. Her description of the specific papers, "The Sun Also Rises," "confused generation" features. 2002 Shiyan Vocational Technical College, LU Wei and Sun Yuan published a "how they become wandering soul - On" The Sun Also Rises "in a number of prominent figures in the spiritual world," the novels of a few The main character's spiritual world. Alvin Wang in 2002 published "From the images," The Sun Also Rises "to reveal the theme of" the four characters from the novel image to reveal the theme of the novel. 1996 Journal of Xuchang Teachers College at Choi Wan-sheng, Zhang Hui plant in bloom. "Published prosperity, war, confusion, to avoid -" The Sun Also Rises "Analysis of them from the four analytical point of view," The Sun Also Rises. "1994 Zhejiang University, in a newspaper published by the Health and bamboo, "the two sides were at a loss of life -" The Sun Also Rises, "" once again discussed at a loss of life status. Although Hemingway's novels and "The Sun Also Rises" study at home and abroad have made many achievements, but few three-dimensional, multi-angle analysis of "The Sun Also Rises". In fact, the analysis of Hemingway's novel "The Sun Also Rises" theme at the same time, the performance of his existential philosophy of life: the myth of the world, nothing in the environment, people should live actively in the process of discovery and To create meaning, the order of the United States.仅供参考,请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

文学院的毕业论文,如果想要稳,就是拿个差不多的分,一般还是写比较的论文,就是几个有一定联系的作者或者作品或者意识流派等等的比较分析。这样的文章必定稳,至少过线是可以保证的,至于分数有多高就要看个人的角度还有文采了,这个可以向你导师好好请教。如果是想要出彩的话,还是专门研究一种事物的好,不过这个比较难。因为一般的专业领域都有人在研究,大学四年很难把某个领域的东西吃透,别的不说,就是这个作者的相关作品还有关于他的各种研究观点,你就很难完全领会掌握,更不要说在自己的论文中灵活运用了。所以这种题目一般来说做起来会很费功夫,然后还出不了彩,因为基本上你的观点都是别人研究过的了。不过呢,这种题目还可以走一种偏一点的路子,就是把另一学科的知识或另一种流派的观点拿来分析你定下来的那个作者或作品,就是剑走偏锋啦,这样的文章一般容易出彩,但是也容易出问题,就看你个人的驾驭了。下面以过来人的经验谈谈答辩哈,希望对你有用啊。一定要注意和指导老师保持良好的联系,指导老师一般只要你表现出认真诚恳,乖乖听话,就没问题的。如果答辩的时候遇到自己的指导老师那真是几辈子修的福分啊,因为即使有其他答辩老师故意刁难,你的指导老师都会帮你解围的,谁也不想自己指导的学生在别人面前丢人对吧,而且最后的分数还会超常的高噢。就算答辩时没遇到指导老师,也会出现答辩老师看在你指导老师的面子上放你一马的现象,所以那些分配到在院系位置威望高的指导老师的同学有福了。在写论文的过程中如果可以向你们指导老师求救的话最好,就是你感觉这个是和作弊等火线没有关系的,就像他求救。越是严格的导师一般越是喜欢一个劲请教自己的学生。如果在答辩前,你的导师都不熟悉你,叫不出你的名字,你就惨了。告诉你,你的导师和你的关系简单来说就是同伙。他是你老大,你跟着他走,事事顺她的心,那么关键时刻你老大也不会丢下你不管的 。还有,你的东西做好以后,要仔细询问她,哪些地方是答辩老师会询问的,老师们询问的角度会是什么。他带过那么多届学生,如果你想答辩有一个不错的分数的话就好好向她请教吧。 我们那时写论文,在动笔之前,我们就每一个都是拼命问该怎么做,几乎把每一段的段落分布都问出来了,然后再一稿二稿三稿的让导师过。所以最后我们写的东西都完全是按照老师的思路来的哈哈哈……答辩就是这么回事╮(╯▽╰)╭

欧内斯特·海明威是美国20世纪最杰出的作家之一。他一生充满传奇色彩,最后以自己枪击头部结束了生命。他的一生共创作了17部作品,获得过多项文学大奖。他的作品成为上世纪20年代迷惘一代作品的代表作,对后人产生了深远的影响。 自他的作品问世之日起学术界对他作品的研究就从来没有间断过。美国学界普遍认为海明威的《太阳照常升起》是美国现代小说史上的经典之作。从1926 年小说问世至今,批评者对该小说的研究不断深化。他的创作在欧美文坛产生巨大影响,甚至在美国引起一场文学革命。 在国外的研究中,对《太阳照常升起》的最初评论和研究,受当时的资料限制,以及一战后美国特定的历史文化语境影响,人们多集中在小说与“迷惘的一代”的关系这一话题范围内,将该小说与一战后自我流放到巴黎去的青年人及海明威本人的生活经验联系在一起,称作者是“迷惘的一代”的代言人。20 世纪30 年代,受经济大萧条的影响,人们对《太阳照常升起》的关注较少。20 世纪40 年代,受第二次世界大战的影响,评论界对《太阳照常升起》的评论出现了两种截然不同的观点。艾德蒙·威尔逊认为在《太阳照常升起》中,杰克是惟一一个在痛苦中坚守个人操行准则的人。与威尔逊意见相左的是亨利·赛德尔·肯拜。他将该小说与19 世纪的英美文学传统进行了比较研究后得出结论,认为19 世纪小说中的主人公不管最终是成功还是失败,都具有良好的意志品格,但是“, 在《太阳照常升起》中,所有的人物既缺乏良好的意志品格,也不具备任何形式的意志力。”“他们没有道德责任感,这是一部关于失败主义者的小说。普林斯顿大学的文学教授卡洛斯·贝克的著作《作为艺术家的作家———海明威》是学界第一本专论海明威的著作。贝克首次对《太阳照常升起》中的小说人物进行了细致的心理分析。马克·斯毕尔卡在《< 太阳照常升起> 中的爱情的死亡》一文中则认为,海明威在小说中集中揭示了20世纪20 年代由一战的创伤所带来的爱情死亡这一具有普遍性的主题。海明威的作品紧紧契合着时代的流动脉搏,以深刻的洞察力和感受力,表现了人类在一个特定时代的生存状态以及精神饱受磨励的艰辛历程。 国内对海明威《太阳照常升起》的研究也从未间断。2003年由顾玲发表的他们何以成了飘零的灵魂———《太阳照常升起》中的“迷惘的一代”透视。她的论文具体的描述了《太阳照常升起》中的“迷惘一代人”的特点。2002年的十堰职业技术Ernest Hemingway of the United States in the 20th century one of the most distinguished writers. His legendary life, the last shot in the head by the end of their lives. His life has created 17 works, received many literary awards. His works became the 1920s generation at a loss of representative works, the later generations have had a far-reaching consequences. Since the advent of his works from the date of his academic work has never been on the study. U.S. scholars generally agreed that Hemingway's "The Sun Also Rises" in the United States in the history of modern fiction classic. From the 1926 novel come out so far, critics of the novel research continued to deepen. His literary creation in Europe and the United States have an enormous impact in the United States and even lead to a revolution in literature. Study abroad, "The Sun Also Rises" and comment on the initial study, by the time the information restrictions, the United States after the war, as well as a specific historical and cultural context of the impact, it is more focused on the novel "Lost Generation" The topic of the relationship, the novel with a self-imposed exile in Paris after the war to the young Hemingway and my life experience together, that is the author of "Lost Generation", the spokesman. In the 1930s, the economic impact of the Great Depression, "The Sun Also Rises" less concern. In the 1940s by the Second World War, critics of "The Sun Also Rises" comments appeared in two completely different views. Edmund Wilson in "The Sun Also Rises", Jack is the only one in pain in the conduct of individuals adhere to the guidelines. Wilson, who may disagree with the Milken Henglisaide al. He and the novels of the 19th century Anglo-American literary tradition of a comparative study concluded that the novels of the 19th century hero no matter the ultimate success or failure, will have a good character, "and" The Sun Also Rises "All of the characters is a lack of good moral character will not have any form of the will." "They do not have the moral sense of responsibility, this is a defeatist on the novel. Princeton University literature professor Carlos Baker's book, "The Artist as a writer Ernest Hemingway ---" is the first academic monographs Hemingway's writings. Baker for the first time, "The Sun Also Rises," the characters had a detailed psychological analysis. Max Bi Turka " love of death" in an article that, in the Hemingway novel reveals the concentration of the 1920s by the trauma of World War I brought about by the death of the universal love theme . Hemingway's works closely fit the flow of the pulse of the times in order to in-depth insight and sensibility, the performance of a particular era in human existence and the spiritual state of suffering and the pain sharpen the course. Hemingway home on "The Sun Also Rises" has never stopped the study. Gu Ling in 2003 by the publication of why they became a wandering soul --- "The Sun Also Rises," "Lost Generation" perspective. Her description of the specific papers, "The Sun Also Rises," "confused generation" features. In 2002 the vocational and technical Shiyan

Ernest Hemingway is the 20th century, one of the most distinguished writers. His legendary life, and finally shot to the head end of their lives. His life has created 17 works, received many literary awards. His works became confused during the last century generation of 20 representative works of the later generations have had a profound impact. Since the advent of his works from the date of the academic study of his works on has never been interruption. U.S. scholars generally agreed that Hemingway's "The Sun Also Rises" is the history of modern American fiction classic. From the novel come out so far in 1926, critics of the novel research continued to deepen. His literary creation in Europe and America have a great impact, even in the United States lead to a literary revolution. Study abroad, for "The Sun Also Rises" The initial comments and research, by the time the information restrictions, and a post-war American history and culture-specific context of the impact, it is more concentrated in the novel and the "Lost Generation" of the relationship between the scope of the topic of the novel with a self-imposed exile in Paris after the war to young people and Hemingway's own life experiences linked, saying the author is the "Lost Generation" spokesmen. 30 era of the 20th century, by the economic impact of the Great Depression, people of "The Sun Also Rises" less concern. 40 era of the 20th century by the impact of the Second World War, critics of "The Sun Also Rises" comments appeared in two completely different views. Edmund Wilson in "The Sun Also Rises", the Jack is the only one in pain adhere to the norms of personal conduct of people. Wilson disagreed with the Milken亨利赛德al. His novels of the 19th century with the Anglo-American literary tradition, after a comparative study concluded that the 19th century hero of the novel regardless of the ultimate success or failure, will have a good character, but "in" The Sun Also Rises "All of the figures is the lack of good moral character will not have any form of willpower." "They have no moral sense of responsibility, this is a defeatist on the novel. Princeton University professor of literature Carlos Baker's book "as an artist --- writer Ernest Hemingway" is the first academic monographs Hemingway's writings. Baker, the first of "The Sun Also Rises" characters in a detailed psychological analysis. Max Bi turka in the " Love's death" a text that focus on Hemingway's novels reveal the age of 20 from the 20th century, the trauma of World War I brought about by the death of this universal love theme . Hemingway's works closely fit the flow of the pulse of the times in order to profound insight and sensitivity, showing the humanity in a given era, as well as the survival of the state of the spirit of the hardships suffered mill Patrick course. Domestic Hemingway's "The Sun Also Rises" Research has never stopped. 2003 published by the Gu Ling How can they become a wandering soul --- "The Sun Also Rises" in the "Lost Generation" Perspective. Her description of the specific thesis of "The Sun Also Rises" in the "Lost generation" characteristics. Shiyan 2002 Vocational and Technical College, the LU Wei and孙媛published "How can they become a wandering soul - An Analysis of" The Sun Also Rises "in several major figure in the spiritual world" of the novel in several the main character's spiritual world. Alvin Wang in 2002 published "From the characters of" The Sun Also Rises "to reveal the theme of" from his novel of the four main character's image to reveal the theme of the novel. Journal of Xuchang Teachers College in 1996 on Cui Wansheng, Zhang Hui thick. Published "prosperity, war, confusion, to avoid -" The Sun Also Rises "On their analysis from the four angles of" The Sun Also Rises. "1994 Zhejiang University newspaper published Bamboo Health "confused the two sides of life - On" The Sun Also Rises, "" once again discussed the status of a loss of life. Although Hemingway's novels and "The Sun Also Rises" study at home and abroad have made many achievements, but few people three-dimensional, from the multi-angle analysis of "The Sun Also Rises" theme. In fact, the analysis of Hemingway's novel "The Sun Also Rises" theme at the same time, on the performance of his existential philosophy of life: In the absurd world, in the emptiness of the environment, people should live actively in the process of discovery and the creation of the significance of the order of the United

太阳超常升起论文题目

欧内斯特·海明威是美国20世纪最杰出的作家之一。他一生充满传奇色彩,最后以自己枪击头部结束了生命。他的一生共创作了17部作品,获得过多项文学大奖。他的作品成为上世纪20年代迷惘一代作品的代表作,对后人产生了深远的影响。 自他的作品问世之日起学术界对他作品的研究就从来没有间断过。美国学界普遍认为海明威的《太阳照常升起》是美国现代小说史上的经典之作。从1926 年小说问世至今,批评者对该小说的研究不断深化。他的创作在欧美文坛产生巨大影响,甚至在美国引起一场文学革命。 在国外的研究中,对《太阳照常升起》的最初评论和研究,受当时的资料限制,以及一战后美国特定的历史文化语境影响,人们多集中在小说与“迷惘的一代”的关系这一话题范围内,将该小说与一战后自我流放到巴黎去的青年人及海明威本人的生活经验联系在一起,称作者是“迷惘的一代”的代言人。20 世纪30 年代,受经济大萧条的影响,人们对《太阳照常升起》的关注较少。20 世纪40 年代,受第二次世界大战的影响,评论界对《太阳照常升起》的评论出现了两种截然不同的观点。艾德蒙·威尔逊认为在《太阳照常升起》中,杰克是惟一一个在痛苦中坚守个人操行准则的人。与威尔逊意见相左的是亨利·赛德尔·肯拜。他将该小说与19 世纪的英美文学传统进行了比较研究后得出结论,认为19 世纪小说中的主人公不管最终是成功还是失败,都具有良好的意志品格,但是“, 在《太阳照常升起》中,所有的人物既缺乏良好的意志品格,也不具备任何形式的意志力。”“他们没有道德责任感,这是一部关于失败主义者的小说。普林斯顿大学的文学教授卡洛斯·贝克的著作《作为艺术家的作家———海明威》是学界第一本专论海明威的著作。贝克首次对《太阳照常升起》中的小说人物进行了细致的心理分析。马克·斯毕尔卡在《< 太阳照常升起> 中的爱情的死亡》一文中则认为,海明威在小说中集中揭示了20世纪20 年代由一战的创伤所带来的爱情死亡这一具有普遍性的主题。海明威的作品紧紧契合着时代的流动脉搏,以深刻的洞察力和感受力,表现了人类在一个特定时代的生存状态以及精神饱受磨励的艰辛历程。 国内对海明威《太阳照常升起》的研究也从未间断。2003年由顾玲发表的他们何以成了飘零的灵魂———《太阳照常升起》中的“迷惘的一代”透视。她的论文具体的描述了《太阳照常升起》中的“迷惘一代人”的特点。2002年的十堰职业技术Ernest Hemingway of the United States in the 20th century one of the most distinguished writers. His legendary life, the last shot in the head by the end of their lives. His life has created 17 works, received many literary awards. His works became the 1920s generation at a loss of representative works, the later generations have had a far-reaching consequences. Since the advent of his works from the date of his academic work has never been on the study. U.S. scholars generally agreed that Hemingway's "The Sun Also Rises" in the United States in the history of modern fiction classic. From the 1926 novel come out so far, critics of the novel research continued to deepen. His literary creation in Europe and the United States have an enormous impact in the United States and even lead to a revolution in literature. Study abroad, "The Sun Also Rises" and comment on the initial study, by the time the information restrictions, the United States after the war, as well as a specific historical and cultural context of the impact, it is more focused on the novel "Lost Generation" The topic of the relationship, the novel with a self-imposed exile in Paris after the war to the young Hemingway and my life experience together, that is the author of "Lost Generation", the spokesman. In the 1930s, the economic impact of the Great Depression, "The Sun Also Rises" less concern. In the 1940s by the Second World War, critics of "The Sun Also Rises" comments appeared in two completely different views. Edmund Wilson in "The Sun Also Rises", Jack is the only one in pain in the conduct of individuals adhere to the guidelines. Wilson, who may disagree with the Milken Henglisaide al. He and the novels of the 19th century Anglo-American literary tradition of a comparative study concluded that the novels of the 19th century hero no matter the ultimate success or failure, will have a good character, "and" The Sun Also Rises "All of the characters is a lack of good moral character will not have any form of the will." "They do not have the moral sense of responsibility, this is a defeatist on the novel. Princeton University literature professor Carlos Baker's book, "The Artist as a writer Ernest Hemingway ---" is the first academic monographs Hemingway's writings. Baker for the first time, "The Sun Also Rises," the characters had a detailed psychological analysis. Max Bi Turka " love of death" in an article that, in the Hemingway novel reveals the concentration of the 1920s by the trauma of World War I brought about by the death of the universal love theme . Hemingway's works closely fit the flow of the pulse of the times in order to in-depth insight and sensibility, the performance of a particular era in human existence and the spiritual state of suffering and the pain sharpen the course. Hemingway home on "The Sun Also Rises" has never stopped the study. Gu Ling in 2003 by the publication of why they became a wandering soul --- "The Sun Also Rises," "Lost Generation" perspective. Her description of the specific papers, "The Sun Also Rises," "confused generation" features. In 2002 the vocational and technical Shiyan

文学院的毕业论文,如果想要稳,就是拿个差不多的分,一般还是写比较的论文,就是几个有一定联系的作者或者作品或者意识流派等等的比较分析。这样的文章必定稳,至少过线是可以保证的,至于分数有多高就要看个人的角度还有文采了,这个可以向你导师好好请教。如果是想要出彩的话,还是专门研究一种事物的好,不过这个比较难。因为一般的专业领域都有人在研究,大学四年很难把某个领域的东西吃透,别的不说,就是这个作者的相关作品还有关于他的各种研究观点,你就很难完全领会掌握,更不要说在自己的论文中灵活运用了。所以这种题目一般来说做起来会很费功夫,然后还出不了彩,因为基本上你的观点都是别人研究过的了。不过呢,这种题目还可以走一种偏一点的路子,就是把另一学科的知识或另一种流派的观点拿来分析你定下来的那个作者或作品,就是剑走偏锋啦,这样的文章一般容易出彩,但是也容易出问题,就看你个人的驾驭了。下面以过来人的经验谈谈答辩哈,希望对你有用啊。一定要注意和指导老师保持良好的联系,指导老师一般只要你表现出认真诚恳,乖乖听话,就没问题的。如果答辩的时候遇到自己的指导老师那真是几辈子修的福分啊,因为即使有其他答辩老师故意刁难,你的指导老师都会帮你解围的,谁也不想自己指导的学生在别人面前丢人对吧,而且最后的分数还会超常的高噢。就算答辩时没遇到指导老师,也会出现答辩老师看在你指导老师的面子上放你一马的现象,所以那些分配到在院系位置威望高的指导老师的同学有福了。在写论文的过程中如果可以向你们指导老师求救的话最好,就是你感觉这个是和作弊等火线没有关系的,就像他求救。越是严格的导师一般越是喜欢一个劲请教自己的学生。如果在答辩前,你的导师都不熟悉你,叫不出你的名字,你就惨了。告诉你,你的导师和你的关系简单来说就是同伙。他是你老大,你跟着他走,事事顺她的心,那么关键时刻你老大也不会丢下你不管的 。还有,你的东西做好以后,要仔细询问她,哪些地方是答辩老师会询问的,老师们询问的角度会是什么。他带过那么多届学生,如果你想答辩有一个不错的分数的话就好好向她请教吧。 我们那时写论文,在动笔之前,我们就每一个都是拼命问该怎么做,几乎把每一段的段落分布都问出来了,然后再一稿二稿三稿的让导师过。所以最后我们写的东西都完全是按照老师的思路来的哈哈哈……答辩就是这么回事╮(╯▽╰)╭

以下内容仅供参考:Ernest Hemingway of the United States in the 20th century one of the most distinguished writers. His legendary life, the last shot in the head by the end of their lives. His life has created 17 works, received many literary awards. His works became the 1920s generation at a loss of representative works, the later generations have had a far-reaching consequences. Since the advent of his works from the date of his academic work has never been on the study. U.S. scholars generally agreed that Hemingway's "The Sun Also Rises" in the United States in the history of modern fiction classic. From the 1926 novel come out so far, critics of the novel research continued to deepen. His literary creation in Europe and the United States have an enormous impact in the United States and even lead to a revolution in literature. Study abroad, "The Sun Also Rises" and comment on the initial study, by the time the information restrictions, the United States after the war, as well as a specific historical and cultural context of the impact, it is more focused on the novel "Lost Generation" The topic of the relationship, the novel with a self-imposed exile in Paris after the war to the young Hemingway and my life experience together, that is the author of "Lost Generation", the spokesman. In the 1930s, the economic impact of the Great Depression, "The Sun Also Rises" less concern. In the 1940s by the Second World War, critics of "The Sun Also Rises" comments appeared in two completely different views. Edmund Wilson in "The Sun Also Rises", Jack is the only one in pain in the conduct of individuals adhere to the guidelines. Wilson, who may disagree with the Milken Henglisaide al. He and the novels of the 19th century Anglo-American literary tradition of a comparative study concluded that the novels of the 19th century hero no matter the ultimate success or failure, will have a good character, "and" The Sun Also Rises "All of the characters is a lack of good moral character will not have any form of the will." "They do not have the moral sense of responsibility, this is a defeatist on the novel. Princeton University literature professor Carlos Baker's book, "The Artist as a writer Ernest Hemingway ---" is the first academic monographs Hemingway's writings. Baker for the first time, "The Sun Also Rises," the characters had a detailed psychological analysis. Max Bi Turka " love of death" in an article that, in the Hemingway novel reveals the concentration of the 1920s by the trauma of World War I brought about by the death of the universal love theme . Hemingway's works closely fit the flow of the pulse of the times in order to in-depth insight and sensibility, the performance of a particular era in human existence and the spiritual state of suffering and the pain sharpen the course. Hemingway home on "The Sun Also Rises" has never stopped the study. Gu Ling in 2003 by the publication of why they became a wandering soul --- "The Sun Also Rises," "Lost Generation" perspective. Her description of the specific papers, "The Sun Also Rises," "confused generation" features. 2002 Shiyan Vocational Technical College, LU Wei and Sun Yuan published a "how they become wandering soul - On" The Sun Also Rises "in a number of prominent figures in the spiritual world," the novels of a few The main character's spiritual world. Alvin Wang in 2002 published "From the images," The Sun Also Rises "to reveal the theme of" the four characters from the novel image to reveal the theme of the novel. 1996 Journal of Xuchang Teachers College at Choi Wan-sheng, Zhang Hui plant in bloom. "Published prosperity, war, confusion, to avoid -" The Sun Also Rises "Analysis of them from the four analytical point of view," The Sun Also Rises. "1994 Zhejiang University, in a newspaper published by the Health and bamboo, "the two sides were at a loss of life -" The Sun Also Rises, "" once again discussed at a loss of life status. Although Hemingway's novels and "The Sun Also Rises" study at home and abroad have made many achievements, but few three-dimensional, multi-angle analysis of "The Sun Also Rises". In fact, the analysis of Hemingway's novel "The Sun Also Rises" theme at the same time, the performance of his existential philosophy of life: the myth of the world, nothing in the environment, people should live actively in the process of discovery and To create meaning, the order of the United States.

呵呵,写毕业论文吧,我的给你参考下课题名称 从《太阳照常升起》浅谈美国迷惘一代一、研究的目的和意义《太阳照常升起》向人们展示了一幅战后荒原的画卷,生活在其中的荒原人不仅身体千疮百孔,精神也失去了家园。他们迷惘的,痛苦的,如行尸走肉般的生活着。研究《太阳照常升起》的目的是为了分析美国迷惘一代对于战争和生活的态度:他们之所以对生活失去信念是由于战争的创伤,但他们并未因此失去对人性的渴望。在当今世界,和平和发展成为两大主题的背景下,研究迷惘一代的悲剧生活,意义在于揭示战争的残酷性,发扬中华民族以和为贵精神,指导我们的生活。二、国内外研究现状和发展趋势美国青年巴恩斯在第一次世界大战中脊椎受伤,失去性能力,战后在巴黎任记者时与英国人阿施利夫人相爱,夫人一味追求享乐,而他只能借酒浇愁。两人和一帮男 女朋友去西班牙潘普洛纳参加斗牛节,追求精神刺激。夫人拒绝了犹太青年科恩的苦苦追求,却迷上了年仅十九岁的斗牛士罗梅罗。然而,在相处了一段日子以后, 由于双方年龄实在悬殊,而阿施利夫人又不忍心毁掉纯洁青年的前程,这段恋情黯然告终。夫人最终回到了巴恩斯身边,尽管双方都清楚,彼此永远也不能真正地结 合在一起。这是海明威的第一部长篇小说,作者藉此成为“迷惘的一代”的代言人,并以此书开创海明威式的独特文风。三、研究的主要内容及预期目标研究迷惘的一代”作家的共同点。第一次世界大战爆发时,他们大多是20岁左右的年轻人。他们在美国政府“拯救世界民主”口号的蛊惑下,怀着民主的理想,奔赴欧洲战场。他们目睹人类空前的大屠杀,发现战争远不是他们原来设想的那种英雄的事业都是人的东西。他们在战争中经历了种种苦难,了解到普通兵士中间的反战情绪。这在他们心灵中留下了无法医治。研究迷惘的一代人的共同点:他们目睹了那场人类空前的大屠杀,生活经历种种苦难,深受“民主”、“光荣”、“牺牲”口号的欺,对社会、人生大感失望。结合现状谈谈研究迷惘一代对现实意义。四、研究的基本方法和基本思路根据作者海明威创作《太阳照常升起》时期的经历,结合当时的政治、经济、文化背景,理解作者的创作意图和创作思想,对美国迷惘一代形成,发展,表现进行全面分析。五、任务完成的阶段内容及进度安排论文初稿阶段,为期 40 天,阅读相关文学最新研究成果,进行理论分析、论证,收集整理相关资料,确定论文提纲,开始撰写论文;论文二稿阶段,为期 60 天,根据导师对初稿的修改意见进行修改、补充和完善,注意论述层次,调整文章结构。论文终稿阶段,为期 30 天,根据导师对二稿的修改意见进行修改,注意语言表达,规范论文格式。七、完成论文所具备的条件收集了有关《太阳照常升起》的资料及相关学术论文,本科阶段学习了英美文学课程,基本掌握文学作品分析批评的基本理论和方法;同时,从选题开题到初稿阶段学生在校,能当面指导文献检索和科研方法,解答理论理解和运用方面的问题;能够方便使用图书馆、阅览室和校园网。

太阳能的论文参考文献

太阳能热发电是指将太阳光聚集并将其转化为工作流体的高,温热能,然后通过常规的热机或其它发电技术将其转换成电能的技术。下面是我整理的太阳能热发电技术论文,希望你能从中得到感悟!

浅谈太阳能热发电技术的应用

摘要:太阳能光伏发电已成为人们摆脱对化石燃料依赖的巨大功臣之一,尤其是化石燃料在提供能量的同时对居住环境带来的温室效应等各种负面影响及化石燃料的逐渐枯竭,世界各国都在研究和探索清洁、环保的可再生能源,如太阳能、风能、水能等。太阳能作为新型清洁能源之一,拥有巨大潜力。尽管太阳能具有很多优点,但太阳能的分散性、不易储存、受环境影响等多方面的不利因素影响着太阳能的开发及利用。经过国内外专家的潜心研究,太阳能技术的开发不断深入,太阳能热发电技术已进入了商业运用阶段。

关键词:太阳能电池;热发电;太阳能发电技术

能源已成为影响经济社会发展的一大主要因素,尤其是煤炭、石油等化石燃料的逐渐枯竭,当今世界已出现了能源争夺之战。局部地区的动乱很多都是由不可再生能源的争夺引发的。面对人们能源需求量的增加而不可再生能源的减少,人们开始转而寻求对可再生能源的开发,如风能、水能、太阳能等。尽管目前太阳能占能源总量的比重不大,但未来的发展潜力不可限量,有专家推测,到2100年来自太阳的能源超过世界能源需求总量的一半以上。

一、太阳能热发电技术概述

太阳能作为一种清洁能源之所以被人们开发利用的时间不长是因为太阳热能的低密度、间歇性、空间分布不断变化等特点,使太阳能的收集和利用比较困难。因此,要想研发太阳能光伏发电技术,必须要找到有效地收集和利用太阳能的方法,也是太阳能热发电技术的关键。因此太阳能光伏发电技术有四个关键技术,即聚光器技术、吸收器技术、跟踪技术和热能存储技术。聚光器技术、吸收器技术主要是研究如何更高效地获取太阳光源,难点在于解决太阳光热能的低密度、分布不断变化等特点;热能存储技术攻克的难点在于如何将收集到的太阳光源存储起来,并减少热量的损失,以备在阴天、下雨、夜间等无太阳光源时提供能量。

尽管太阳能是一种天然的、清洁的、可再生的能源,但由于太阳能所具有的低密度、间歇性、空间分布不断变化等特点,造成其开发利用投入的成本较高,阻碍了人们对太阳热能的开发。但是太阳热能技术一旦前期投入完成(固定投入),后期将带来可观的经济效益,再加上化石燃料对地区环境带来的负面影响及其本身的不可再生性,促使各国政府转向大力支持太阳热能的开发。太阳能热发电这基础的四方面技术解决的核心在于新型材料的研发。当前太阳能发电技术主要是太阳能光伏(PV)电池技术和聚光太阳能(CSP)技术。我国幅员辽阔,横跨多个纬度,再加上地形地貌的多样,太阳能开发前景广阔,根据2009年的世界太阳能发电关联产品的统计数据显示,我国大陆在结晶硅太阳能电池及结晶硅太阳能电池组件上的产业规模已位居世界第一,占世界总量的一半左右,是重要的太阳能光伏电池生产国。

二、太阳能热发电常见的模式及比较分析

在能源危机的驱动下,各国专家的持续研究下,人们对太阳能的开发已进入了一个新的时期,目前已开发出多种形式的太阳能热发电模式,其中有部分技术较为成熟,已投入商业运行中。太阳能热发电的关键技术之一就是集热器,太阳能热发电模式也可按集热器类型的不同,分为平板型光伏发电系统和聚光型光伏发电系统。

(一)平板型光伏发电系统

平板型光伏发电系统包括太阳能电池板、直流保护与汇集系统、交流保护与开关系统、逆变器、发电量计量、基础结构等几部分。此系统的工作原理是电池板阵列经汇线箱(盒)汇集后直接向直流负荷供电,再经逆变器将汇集后的直流电源转变成符合交流电压、频率的单相或三相交流电,最后汇入用户的电源系统。平板型光伏发电系统主要在大规模并网型电厂使用,在应用中需要考虑直流线路、交流线路、升压站等部分,在发电过程中,为了提高太阳光的利用率,通常采用单轴或双轴追踪系统,加长阳光直射的时间,提高发电量。因追踪系统的原理是根据太阳方位角的旋转产生阴影效应来驱动电池板,所以该系统占地面积较大。总体来看平板式光伏发电系统结构简单、技术含量低、安装施工方便,所需的硅晶体材料的降价,成本呈下降趋势。据估算平板式光伏发电系统每千瓦发电量的综合投资成本约为3.5~4万元。但该系统存在发电效率低、不便运输、不便于维护等缺点。

(二)聚光型光伏发电系统

聚光型光伏发电技术,是最近几年发展起来的大规模光伏发电技术,多用于兆瓦以上规模的并网型太阳能光伏发电厂。聚光型光伏发电技术与平板型光伏发电技术相比,具有更经济、建设周期短、维护方便、占地面积小、对场地平整程度要求不高等优点。聚光型光伏发电系统又可分为槽式聚光热发电系统、塔式聚光热发电系统和碟式斯特林太阳能热发电系统三大类。

1.槽式聚光热发电系统。太阳能发电最早被使用的技术就是槽式聚光技术,其也成为聚光式太阳能技术中最为成熟的技术。槽式太阳能热发电是借助槽形抛物面聚光器将太阳光聚焦反射到接收聚热管上,通过管内热载体将水加热成蒸汽,推动汽轮机发电。因此,槽式热发电的关键技术是太阳热能聚光器、吸收器、跟踪技术及高温热能储存技术。槽式太阳能热发电厂主要包括集热和发电两大部分。其中集热部分不同于传统发电,主要包括:抛物面槽形反光镜、热接受器、单轴追踪控制系统、集热器基础结构几部分。槽式聚光热发电系统是目前使用最早,最成熟也最为经济的发电系统。

2.塔式聚光热发电系统。塔式聚光技术是通过接受器聚焦分布安装在聚光塔周围呈环形排布的定日镜阵反射的太阳光。在接受器内实现热能的转化,进而驱动涡轮机带动发电机发电。西班牙的PS20是目前建设的最大的塔式热发电厂,装机容量为20MW,占地约1 415亩。若场地条件允许,此系统可以搭配传统热电厂,形成循环蒸汽涡轮机发电系统,减少对化石燃料的依赖。

3.碟式斯特林聚光热发电系统。碟式斯特林聚光热发电系统主要由旋转抛物面反射镜、吸热器、跟踪装置和热功转换装置等组成,安装在一个双轴跟踪支撑装置上,实现定项跟踪,连续发电。碟式斯特林聚光热发电系统既保留了塔式系统聚焦比高、规模大的优点,又较好地解决了塔顶吸热器热损大的缺点,安装维护成本较低。但碟式斯特林聚光热发电系统也存在一些明显的缺点,如发电效率低、占地面积大、使用材料多等。

针对三种聚光式热发电系统在规模、运行温度、年容量因子、峰值效率、年净效率、商业化情况及技术开发风险等因素做出的综合比较,从各项指标可以看出,槽式系统目前在商业运行中比较成熟。

三、太阳能热发电技术的应用前景

能源危机加上太阳能资源的多种优势,大量的传统的靠化石燃料获取能源的公司转而进入太阳能发电的开发,尤其是一些资源贫乏的发达国家,如日本等。太阳能的存储是一项关键技术,目前涉猎太阳能电池的企业已形成规模。太阳能电池按材料组成可分为结晶系、薄膜系、多接合系、有机系等,市面常见的是结晶硅型,而薄膜系太阳能电池未来也将有较大的市场。我国作为能源需求大国,在结晶硅太阳能电池和结晶硅太阳能电池组件的生产上成绩显著,总量均占到世界总量的一半左右。在世界各国的努力下,新型复合材料的制成,获取太阳能技术将不断成熟,成本也会降低,大规模的太阳能热电厂会越来越多,当太阳能发电成本降低到一定程度时,将会成为未来电网的主力。

点击下页还有更多>>>太阳能热发电技术论文

建筑节能技术中太阳能的应用论文

摘要: 在建筑行业飞速发展与人们生活质量不断提升的背景下,清洁性能源—太阳能在现代建筑中得到广泛应用。鉴于此,本文主要结合太阳能的技术特征和应用优势,具体探讨了太阳能在建筑节能方面的应用方式,旨在缓解当前能源短缺的紧张局面,不断丰富现代建筑节能技术内容,从而营造节约型社会。

关键词: 建筑节能技术;太阳能;优势;应用

环境污染和能源短缺是全世界目前面临的重要挑战,严重限制了社会与经济的可持续发展。在人们生活质量逐渐提升的背景下,加剧了对建筑能源的耗费。现代建筑行业的发展方向,在于及时发现新能源,并应用到建筑节能设计中。而太阳能作为可再生能源的一种,在现代建筑节能设计中得到尤为广泛的应用。

1太阳能技术的特征、应用优势及必要性

1.1太阳能技术特征

太阳能属于新型能源、可再生能源的一种,具备其他能源无法相比的功能特征。

1)普遍性。我国的太阳能资源较为丰富,国土面积中有2/3以上的年日照量超出2200小时,可以实现对太阳能资源的最大化利用[1]。

2)无污染。石油与煤炭等不可再生能源在燃烧过程中,容易形成废渣与有害、有毒气体,对环境造成严重污染。而太阳能资源的利用,不会对环境造成污染,也不会形成有害气体。

3)安全性。核能发电一旦出现安全事故,则会对环境造成严重污染,形成生态环境危机。而太阳能发电则全然不同,其可靠性与安全性不会对环境造成污染。

4)取之不尽,用之不竭。太阳内部通过裂变而释放出的能量,属于太阳能。在漫长的11亿年发展进程中,太阳对自身能量的消耗不超过20%[2];因此,相对于人类短暂的生活年限而言,太阳能资源是取之不尽、用之不竭的。

1.2太阳能的应用优势

1)能源蕴藏的丰富性。通过相关专家研究发现,太阳在漫长的11亿年间,只消耗了自身能源的20%左右。同时,太阳能资源在地球中的供应,可以保证几十亿年的使用或者更久,具备取之不尽且用之不竭的特征。

2)广泛的适用空间。太阳能资源的应用不会受到地域因素的制约。在地球任何地方都可以开发应用太阳能,不需要进行运输,为交通状况落后的农村、山区等提供了较大便利性。而我国处于地球北半球的东部,蕴藏的太阳能资源较为丰富。

3)使用的安全性与环保性。太阳能作为清洁能源的一种,在使用过程中存在较大便利因素。在利用与开发太阳能的过程中,不会形成有害气体、废渣、废水等,同样不会产生噪音污染,可以实现对生态环境平衡的维护,并降低环境污染。

1.3太阳能应用于建筑节能技术中的必要性

在改革开放逐渐深入的背景下,人们的生活质量得到飞速提升,实现了对热水淋浴设备的广泛应用。在建筑能源消耗中,生活热水的能源消耗占据较大比重;由于煤气热水器、电热水器对煤炭与石油资源的消耗过大,面临能源短缺的紧张现状。而太阳能热水器属于我国建筑行业当前最为成熟完善的技术,可以切实解决居民住宅中对部分生活热水的利用问题。

2太阳能在建筑节能技术中的实际应用分析

2.1太阳能空调方面

太阳能空调,主要是以太阳能为动力源,实现空调的正常运转;其工作原理主要分为两个方面,即吸收式制冷技术与吸附式制冷技术。

1)吸收式制冷技术。能够借助于吸收剂的蒸发与吸收功能,进行制冷工作。依据吸收剂的差异性,具体包括溴化锂—水吸收式制冷与氨—吸收式制冷两个方面;主要利用太阳能集热器对太阳能进行收集,形成热空气和热水,实现太阳能热空气或太阳能热水对锅炉热水输入制冷机的替代,进一步展开制冷工作。考虑到造价、工艺与效率等因素,需要保证制冷机尺寸的合理性,不可以过小。因此,吸收式制冷技术的太阳能空调系统,在中央空调中得到普遍应用,其规模相对较大。

2)吸附式制冷技术。通过固体吸附剂对制冷剂形成的吸附作用进行制冷,对分子筛—水以及活性炭—甲醇吸附质制冷技术的应用较广泛。由上述论述可知,在建筑节能技术不断成熟完善的背景下,太阳能空调在建筑节能工程中发挥着尤为关键的影响及作用。

2.2太阳能热水器方面

在人们的日常生活中,对太阳能热水器的应用较为普遍,可以通过太阳能热水器获取相应的生活热水。对太阳能热水器的充分利用,能够有效缓解建筑能源的短缺局面,最大限度节约建筑能源[3]。比如,某一居民住宅区将太阳能供热系统安装在中央热水系统中,对小区内4栋住宅建筑与1栋写字楼的热水进行供应。在安装工作完成后,日出水量较稳定,通过对太阳能热水器的应用,该小区在1年以内节约了10万元左右。

2.3太阳能发电方面

利用太阳能电池,光伏发电可以借助半导体界面具备的光生伏特特点,实现光能向电能的直接转变。在串联太阳能电池之后,展开封装保护工作,可以组成大面积的太阳能电池构件,并结合功率控制设备构成光伏发电装置。光伏行业方面要结合自身丰富的发展经验,适当扩大生产量与生产规模,并降低成本。其中,发电成本需要具体参考经济使用年限、整体系统价格、利率、运行费用与维护、保险费用等因素,对成本造价进行合理预算。现阶段,我国现代居民住宅区内部的工程照明系统,选用太阳能发电为辅助性电源。通过太阳能发电,在一定程度上实现了对能源消耗量的降低,同时降低了太阳辐射能带来的影响,实现了对生态环境的优化与保护。此外,太阳能热发电内容主要是将太阳辐射能直接转变为热能,然后利用热能进行发电,在建筑节能技术方面同样得到广泛应用。

2.4太阳能沼气技术方面

太阳能的转换形式丰富多样,其中,植物秸秆属于重要的转换形式之一。通过生物质实现对建筑物的照明活动与供暖活动,构建了集成太阳能恒温沼气池系统,可以视为太阳能在现代建筑节能技术中的应用手段之一[4]。太阳能沼气技术在我国农村得到普遍应用,其工作原理体现在:通过部分太阳光线进行的加热与加热发酵。分析发酵过程发现,可以展开连续工作且具备一定规模的发酵池,极少需要采用辅助加热措施。所以不难发现,现代太阳能沼气技术的功能优势,不是采光与加热功能,而是较小的土建工程,并且构建成本不高。通常在照明、炊事、保鲜、储粮以及发电等多方面的生产与生活活动中,沼气的应用较为普遍。一般的沼气池为6立方米,每天可以生产出1.2立方米左右的沼气,同时每立方米的沼气等同于原煤的3.3公斤,可以实现对水的煮沸,充分满足1个家庭1天之内的'生活用水量。此外,沼气还可以进行照明工作,每一立方米的沼气可以将一盏沼气灯的照明时间保持在6h范围内。由太阳能在建筑节能技术中的应用可见,建筑物能源的消耗比重过大,尤其是照明、供暖以及空调方面对能源的消耗比重最为明显。在现代建筑节能设计中对太阳能技术的应用,在降低能源消耗的同时,可以实现对生态环境的保护。将太阳能技术应用在供电、供暖以及照明等活动中,有助于改善现代人们居住的生活环境,如对排放温室气体而形成的“热岛效应”的改善。

3结束语

综上所述,在现代建筑节能工作中,太阳能技术已经成为建筑节能的关键所在。尽管目前对太阳能的利用依然停留在热水设备阶段,在光电转换过程中依然存在高成本、低效率的问题。通过国家方面对建筑节能环保工作的大力支持,充分借助太阳能资源巨大的功能优势,可以有效改善这一现状。同时,建筑节能是现代科技进步的关键标志,太阳能资源的高效利用在推动建筑行业可持续发展方面发挥着关键作用,需要相关领域的专业人才不断完善新型的太阳能利用方案与技术、产品等,严格遵循“因地制宜”的原则合理应用太阳能,从而为建筑物可以大规模使用太阳能资源提供可靠保障。

参考文献

[1]中国储能网新闻中心.我国太阳能辐照资源分布概况[EB/OL].http://www.escn.com.cn/news/show-124350.html,2014-4-13.

[2]刘彤.太阳能在建筑节能技术中的广泛应用[J].林产工业,2015,42(3):562-563.

[3]朱学荣.太阳能热水系统的应用[J].赤峰学院学报(自然科学版),2013,(5):119-121.

[4]李金平,马思聪,刁荣丹等.新型农村绿色建筑的构建与能耗分析[J].中国沼气,2012,30(6):28-32.

光伏发电我明白,这个我了解好比

太阳能供水论文参考文献

你不如把这个论文拿去让你导师帮你写完算了!~ 我也是这个意见!~

浅议太阳能技术在建筑设计中的应用工学论文

摘要: 能源是人类社会求生存和发展的物质基础,而以石油、煤炭等为基础的常规能源体系曾经极大程度的推动并促进了人类社会的发展,但这些常规的能源体系的过度开发直接导致了环境污染,为了可持续发展,我们应该充分开发和利用洁净能源。

关键词: 太阳能 建筑 能源

一、可持续发展太阳能在未来能源结构中的地位

国际能源机构预测,经济的发展离不开资源,目前全世界最常用的还是化石类能源,但随着经济的发展,煤炭和石油需求量越来越大,终有一天会枯竭。不同能源机构对世界能源供应情况的预测数据各有所不同,但基本结论都是相似的。即全世界的煤炭只能用220年,在未来短时期内化石类能源在能源供给结构站占据很大的比例,但随着科学技术的发展,可再生能源将逐渐替代化石类能源,并在2030之后开始逐渐进入大规模应用,随着经济的持续发展,可再生能源将在能源资源中占据越来越大的比例。与有限的化石燃料能源相比,太阳能堪称最为理想的可再生能源之一。随着太阳的辐射输出,光子能量完全可以转换成各种人类需要的能源。尤其是光能转换为最常见也是最高级的电能,而电能则可以转化为动能、热能等其它形式的能源。也就是我们只要充分利用自然界中最丰富的'太阳能,完全可以满足人类的生活和生产需求。

二、太阳能被充分利用的必然性

现代工业革命开创了现代文明,然而它都是建立在大规模开采和使用化石燃料的基础上的。“石油是工业的血液,煤是工业的粮食”是这一现状的最好诠释。化石燃料作为不可再生能源,之前的大规模开采和使用,已使化石资源日益枯竭,它已逐渐不能满足日益增长的经济需求,还诱发了不少国家之间、区域之间的政治经济纠纷,甚至引起冲突和局部战争。虽然我国矿物能源资源的储量是比较丰富,然而人均能源资源只有世界人均能源资源的二分之一左右。从能源消费结构来看,我国是世界上最大的煤炭消费国,而根据大概的估计,我国的煤炭资源只能开采80年,而石油资源只能开采20年。1997年我国正式成为了《京都议定书》签约国,但其影响和约束,限排压力很大。我国的火力发电,尤其是煤炭发电极大程度的受到了限制。随后我国也正式加入WTO,我国的经济迎来了一个新的机遇,同时我国也正式步入了工业化中期,即重化工业阶段,其能源需求量和消耗量也将快速的增长。从环境保护方面来讲,化石能源的利用已造成了严重的环境污染,温室效应、酸雨等环境问题接踵而来,尤其是温室效应是全人类所面临的环境问题。为了可持续发展我们必须寻求新的可再生的绿色能源,太阳能作为自然界最丰富的洁净能源,而我国全年辐射总量为917—2333kW·h/m2,是世界上太阳能资源丰富的国家之一,因此太阳能是我国可再生能源的首选。

三、太阳能的利用方式

目前太阳能的利用方式可分为光-热转换、光-电转换、光-化学转换。其中最成熟的就是光-热转化和光-电转化。而光-化学转换尚处于研究开发阶段,这种技术包括半导体电极产生电而电解水产生氧,利用氢氧化钙或重金属氢化物热分解储能形式。太阳能制氢问题解决了,才有真正意义上的氢利用,这将是引起时代的变革。 四、太阳能在建筑设计中的应用

目前建筑业是经济发展的重要产业,也是消耗能源较多的行业。尤其是现在住宅不仅仅是一个遮风避雨的场所,人们所追求的是建立在自然环境持续和谐发展基础上的优越的生活环境,即建筑中充分利用绿色能源、尽可能的减少建筑的能源消耗,在保护环境的根本前提下尽可能的因地制宜,合理利用当地的优势条件发展合宜建筑。太阳能作为绿色洁净能源的使用对建筑行业来说是一种全新的发展思路。目前太阳能在建筑设计中的应用主要有太阳能发电、太阳能热水器、太阳能空调及太阳能暖气等,至于太阳能发电在建筑中的应用因其技术限制,导致造价太高,不太适合广泛的推广。下面我们将着重论述太阳能热水系统。太阳能热水器是太阳能技术在建筑设计中应用的最广泛的绿色能源。太阳能热水系统主要是由太阳能集热系统和热水供应系统构成,包括了太阳集热器、贮水箱、循环管道、支架、控制系统、热交换器、水泵设备和福建。其中太阳能集热系统又是太阳能热水系统特有的组成部分,是太阳能是否能得到合理利用的关键。那么怎样充分利用太阳能,充分发挥太阳能热水系统的功效呢?

第一,首先我们在思维上要接受绿色建筑的概念,在建筑设计阶段就要把洁净能源的创意和思维与建筑的设计相结合。

第二,前面提到太阳能集热系统是太阳能利用的关键,因此我们在建筑设计中要运用太阳能热水系统的话,我们首先要做的就是尊重权威的质检部门出局的检测报告,在结合数据中的性能参数,再根据建筑物所在地的太阳能资源与气象条件进行优化设计,确保太阳能集热系统的长期稳定运行。

第三,太阳能热水系统已形成了成熟的理论系统和实际构照,但很多传统的建筑没有给太阳能热水器预留空间。这会阻碍太阳能热水器的推广和发展,因此在设计建筑时要充分考虑到太阳能热水器预留空间。第四,为保证太阳能热水系统的设计合理,建筑设计单位和太阳能热水系统设计单位都应共同参与设计。同时太阳能热水器的安装应该要满足建筑功能和建筑防护要求,做到太阳能热水器和建筑有机结合,与周围环境想协调。总结:建筑是国民经济的主要支柱,而能源也是国民经济的命脉。随着常规能源的日益枯竭和因过度开发带来的系列环境问题,我们应该坚持走可持续发展道路,加快技术研究,充分开发和利用太阳能。

参考文献:

[1]李向军.节能技术在绿色建筑设计中的应用.建筑环境与设备,第38期

[2]崔容强,赵春江,吴达成.并网型太阳能光伏发电系统.化学工业出版社

[3]秦永丽.太阳能利用在绿色建筑设计中的应用.襄阳市水利规划设计院

请问你是要了解哪种太阳能电池,太阳能电池分类很多,如:单晶硅、多晶硅、薄膜电池等;你想要找关于这方面的资料的话,可以去太阳能电池论坛(光伏论坛)找,希望能帮到你。

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