毕业设计不会做,抄也要讲究方法作为一个已经毕业了的大学生,在做毕业设计的过程中,无论是设计成果的研究还是毕业论文的撰写,不可回避的一个问题就是抄袭。作为一个过来人,我想说的是,做毕业设计难免会有抄袭的现象,但是一定要掌握方法,千万不要盲目的抄完了事,那样做是非常危险的。有的同学看都不看就抄到论文上去了,有的同学拿着别人做完的东西都不研究一下就参加答辩去了。我就听过一个活生生、血淋淋的例子——老师问:“你这段代码是什么意思?”答:“我不知道。”老师又问下一段代码,又不知道,老师问:“这是你做的吗?”答:“不是,老师给的。”其结果可想而知了。你们想想,那些东西都是往届毕业生做出来的,老师们能看不出来吗?掩耳盗铃,自欺欺人,大家都是成年人,我想不用多说了吧。大家在完成毕业设计的过程中肯定会遇到各种各样的现实性困难,成果做不出来了怎么办?论文写不出来了怎么办?外文文献不会翻译怎么办?其实这都好办,世界上再难的技术也是人做出来,没有成果就找个现成的东西;论文写不出来就多看几本书,多引用书里的内容;外文水平不高就用翻译软件。总之一句话,你有张良计,我有过墙梯,物竟天择,适者生存。文章转自 众赏文库 毕业设计论文,专业文档下载
就目前人工智能的发展水平来看,机器降重还远远做不到“准确读取语句的意思,并将之用不同的词汇表述出来”我学姐推荐的北京译顶科技那边做的不错,你可以考虑一下。你可以加速去知道了解下
“论文”一词的英文表达很多,通常因场合、用处不同而有不同的表达,下面罗列了几种,请楼主斟酌一下那一种是适合自己。*dissertation(博士学位)论文,(专题)论文,学术演讲:长而正式的论文,尤指大学里由博士学位攻读者所写的论文;学位论*disquisition专题论文;专题演讲,专题讨论:关于一个论题的正式讨论,常为书面形式*thesis命题论文:尤指出于获得学位的研究需要而改进原来观点以作为研究成果的论文*discourse(学术)讨论,研讨用的论文*paper作业形式的,为达到某一目的或效果(如学位)而写的
靠谱不靠谱,那要看你基本的写作功底怎么样了。润色公司的编辑对细节的把控强大。对格式的要求精益求精。我学姐推荐的北京译顶科技那边做的不错,你可以考虑一下。你可以统一去知道了解下
科技是把双刃剑
Improvement in science and technology is a double-edged sword, offering comfort and convenience to life, while simultaneously bringing harm and pain to people.
When the development of science and technology brings mankind plenty of profits, it also brings us severely negative effects.
积极影响:positive effects
高科技对人类社会发展的积极影响
1、促进了社会生产力的迅速发展。
New scientific discovery and technical revolution are changing the social mode of production, promoting the development of the social productivity
2、提高了人们的物质和精神文化生活水平。
With the rapid development of science and technology,people's material and spiritual life have been greatly improved
现代科技成果广泛应用,使人们的闲暇生活变得丰富多彩,例如上网游戏,听音乐,看电影等。
Modern scientific and technological achievements are widely used to make people's leisure life rich and colorful, such as online games, listening to music, watching movies, etc.
3、极大地开阔了人类的视野和对物质世界的认识水平。improve human's cognitive ability and knowledge
Science and technology has greatly broadened our vision and understanding of the material world level
4、有力的应对自然灾难
With the advance of the science and technology, the power of human being to conquer natural disasters is so increasingly improved that the confidence of human is greatly strengthened.
5、提高了人类的身体健康水平。
Science and technology make human enjoy better medical conditions
Man's life span has been increased with the advance of the medical science.
消极影响:
高科技对于自然生态的破坏作用,全球变暖、物种灭绝速度加快,极端气候
1、it can cause global warming,the damage of ecological balance,the
acceleration of species extinction rate and more frequent extreme weather
2、高科技拉大了富国与贫国的差距
Technology has widened the gap between rich and poor countries
3、高科技对传统文化的影响。
Modern technology challenges the traditional culture
4、高科技对道德伦理观念的挑战。
Modern technology challenges our ethics and morality.
5、高科技对于人类安全的.负面影响
The improvement of science and technology causes negative impacts on human security and peace
With the development of science and technology,people's lives have been greatly changed.There is no doubt that we benefit a lot from the scientific advancements in many different ways.For instance,the invention of computers dramatically increases work efficiency and helps complete many difficult tasks that were impossible in the past.Apart from this,new discoveries and technology in medicine improve people's health,which allows them to enjoy a longer life.The progress of science also enlarges human's ablilities to explore the world around them,from up into space to deep under the sea.Thanks to the development of science and technology,human society has enjoyed continuous prosperity and more convenience.
However,just like a double-edged sword,science can cause problems too.It is known to all that the nuclear power,an environmentally friendly source of energy,can also be developed into a weapon of mass destruction.In addition,human cloning,which is expected to cure many serious diseases and save lives,may bring disasters of social morality.As a matter of fact,most of the improvements in science are made at the cost of our precious natural resources and have done great harm to the environment where we live in.
Therefore,how to deal with the progress of science and technology properly is worth our careful consideration.
随着科学技术的发展,人们的生活已经大大改变了。毫无疑问,我们受益很多从科学进步在很多不同的方式。例如,电脑的发明极大地提高工作效率,帮助完成许多困难的任务,在过去是不可能的。除此之外,新发现和医学技术改善人们的健康,使他们享受更长的生活。科学的进步也扩大人类的能力去探索周围的世界,从太空深海底。由于科学和技术的发展,人类社会的持续繁荣和更方便。
然而,就像一把双刃剑,科学也可以造成问题。众所周知,核能,环保的能源,也可以发展成一个大规模杀伤性武器。此外,克隆人类,预计治愈许多严重的疾病和挽救生命,可能带来灾害的社会道德。作为事实上,大多数科学的改进都是我们宝贵的自然资源为代价的,我们生活的环境造成了极大的伤害。
因此,如何正确处理科学技术的进步是值得我们仔细研究。
I'm wangNan,a student of No.1 Middle School. I have a gooa friend,Jim.He' an USA girl.We are both in Class Two,Grade Eight.She is 15 years old,one year older than me. We both study hard.I'm good at physices,but she's good at math.We often help each other with lessons.Both of us like helping others. We both like sports very much.Jim enjoy playing basketball.but Ilike palying soccer. She likes green but Ilike red. Tough we are different in my ways,we are good friends
Not long ago, many people believed that babies only wanted food and to be kept warm and dry. Some people thought babies were not able to learn things until they were five or six months old.不久之前,许多人认为婴儿的基本需求是食物和保持温暖干燥.人们以为婴儿只有到了五六个月大的时候才会开始学东西.Yet doctors in the United States say babies begin learning on their first day of life. The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development is a federal government agency. Its goal is to identify which experiences can influence healthy development in human beings.然而,美国的医生声称婴儿在他们出生的头几天便开始学习.肯尼迪施莱佛国立儿童健康和人类发展机构是联邦政府代理机构,他的目标是鉴别那些能影响人类健康发展的经验.Research scientists at the institute note that babies are strongly influenced by their environment. They say a baby will smile if her mother does something the baby likes. A baby learns to get the best care possible by smiling to please her mother or other caregiver. This is how babies learn to connect and communicate with other human beings该机构的调查科学家们注意到婴儿很大程度上受环境的影响,如果婴儿的母亲做了什么他们喜欢的事情,这个婴儿就会笑.婴儿学着通过微笑来愉悦母亲或者监护人来达到得到最好的照料的目的.这就是婴儿如何学习与他人联系交流的方式.
原始网址: 一般来说,科学论文可以分为综述论文(review paper)和实证研究论文(research paper)。这两种类型都可以作为深入了解特定科学研究领域的极好来源。然而,这些论文密集,并且包括一些可能令人生畏的术语。如果你有耐心,并有条不紊地研究论文,你将能够理解呈现的研究,并将其纳入你自己的工作中。[1] 1、确定论文是综述论文。 综述论文总结了许多其他论文的数据和结论,为您提供特定主题或领域的概述。 通常,您会在论文的标题或摘要中看到“综述(review)”一词。[2] a. 如果你不熟悉某个特定领域,一篇综述文章(review paper)可以让你更好地理解。综述论文还可以帮助你确定你需要阅读的经验性论文 (research paper),或将其作为你自己工作的来源。 2、确定论文是叙述性综述还是系统性综述。 叙述性综述通常更容易阅读,并提供对特定学术领域或研究领域的广泛概述。 系统综述更详细,可以评估所综述的论文的方法和数据。 [3] a. 作者通常在论文的标题或摘要中说明综述的类型。系统评论在医学研究中最为常见。 3、通读论文的摘要和介绍。 摘要是综述论文的总结,包括提出的问题和论文作者找到的答案。 引言解释了作者选择进行综述的原因。 [4] a. 在阅读了摘要和导言之后,如果你认为这篇论文与你的兴趣无关,就没有必要再阅读了。 4、批判性地评估综述的设计。 一个系统的综述结合了几个不同研究的结果,以产生对研究领域更全面的理解。然而,只有当综述包括使用相同方法的已发表和未发表研究时,这才有效。 a. 在某些研究领域,已发表研究的结果与未发表研究的结果不同。 仅包括已发表研究的综述并不能呈现该领域研究状态的全貌。b. 一些综述论文可能会考虑不同类型的研究,特别是在尚未完成大量研究的新兴研究领域。 5、跳转到论文的结果部分。 首先阅读结果部分可以让你在阅读论文的其余部分时知道要寻找什么。一旦你知道作者的结论,你就可以专注于支持这一结论的研究中的数据。[5] a. 结果部分应该有逻辑地组织并且相对容易让您遵循。 它还通常包括作者综述的任何给定类型研究数量的摘要。 6、仔细分析综述的方法。 对于综述论文,方法学部分将讨论如何选择研究内容纳入综述。这包括综述作者使用的标准,以及他们搜寻的研究数据来源。[6] a. 作者通常会讨论他们用来确定一项研究是否应包括在他们的综述中的标准。 想想这些标准是否给综述带来了一些偏见。b. 方法论还包括综述作者如何综合综述研究结果的描述。 通过综合,该综述得出了一个新的(通常是更广泛的)结论,而不是所综述的任何单个研究。 [7] 7、研究呈现的合成数据图形。 一篇系统性的综述论文利用被称为“森林图(forest plots)”的图表来评估综述中所有研究的所有结果。一旦你知道如何解释它们,你可能会发现森林图比其他统计图更容易阅读。[8] a. 水平方向是综述所分析的条件或实验方法。 纵轴表示没有效果。 在该轴的左侧,将根据其结果的极限程度绘制得出结论有效的研究。 在轴的右侧,绘制了有利于控制而不是实验或干预的研究。b. 通过大多数综述,您应该能够一眼看出大多数研究是否支持实验或干预。 密切的研究森林图: 除基本图外,森林图还包括大量其他信息,包括所综述研究的作者姓名、每项综述研究进行或发表的年份,以及每项研究中实验组和对照组的患者数量。 8、从头到尾把这篇论文翻一遍。 现在,您已经对该综述及其方法有了深刻的理解,您将能够更好地理解本文的其余部分。积极阅读,边走边记笔记。记下你可能想自己阅读的综述中包含的个人实证论文。[9] a. 如果您看到任何您不理解的内容,请突出显示或记下。 您可以稍后在线查找,或查看科学词典。b. 在阅读时做笔记可以帮助您在以后自己的写作中转述论文中的信息,而不必担心抄袭原始来源。 1.↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ 9.↑
其实呢,润色公司其实就那么几个选的。能给你建议是需要注意的几点,第一是不要用本地的公司,资源普遍差一些,也基本不是母语润色。而且编辑证明,SCI刊得认才行。不知道名字的小公司开的有啥用?第二是不用选期刊集团的润色,因为对你的期刊发表并没有帮助而且还更贵。也不是瞎说的。我之前一个师兄用其中一家的翻译,然后给另外一家润色公司润色发现还要重新翻译。关键他们也不是真的在意这部分业务(我有师妹就在期刊里任职,他们就不是自己做这个业务的)。第三就我接触过做母语润色的公司,你还可以选理文,英论阁,Letpub和意得辑。意得辑以前用的也不少,客服还算认真,最近涨了点价好像。服务质量感觉差不多。理文有段时间质量好些下滑,(同事说的)现在不知道如何了。还有个AJE,听说也可以,没有怎么接触过。第四,选有本地运营团队的可能遇到事情了,解决起来更方便一些。总之,个人觉得这些里面能保证给你修好修完,售后完善并且你的经验判断不会跑路就差不多。如果你有团队,也可以找他们聊聊合作优惠之类的。
科技是把双刃剑
Improvement in science and technology is a double-edged sword, offering comfort and convenience to life, while simultaneously bringing harm and pain to people.
When the development of science and technology brings mankind plenty of profits, it also brings us severely negative effects.
积极影响:positive effects
高科技对人类社会发展的积极影响
1、促进了社会生产力的迅速发展。
New scientific discovery and technical revolution are changing the social mode of production, promoting the development of the social productivity
2、提高了人们的物质和精神文化生活水平。
With the rapid development of science and technology,people's material and spiritual life have been greatly improved
现代科技成果广泛应用,使人们的闲暇生活变得丰富多彩,例如上网游戏,听音乐,看电影等。
Modern scientific and technological achievements are widely used to make people's leisure life rich and colorful, such as online games, listening to music, watching movies, etc.
3、极大地开阔了人类的视野和对物质世界的认识水平。improve human's cognitive ability and knowledge
Science and technology has greatly broadened our vision and understanding of the material world level
4、有力的应对自然灾难
With the advance of the science and technology, the power of human being to conquer natural disasters is so increasingly improved that the confidence of human is greatly strengthened.
5、提高了人类的身体健康水平。
Science and technology make human enjoy better medical conditions
Man's life span has been increased with the advance of the medical science.
消极影响:
高科技对于自然生态的破坏作用,全球变暖、物种灭绝速度加快,极端气候
1、it can cause global warming,the damage of ecological balance,the
acceleration of species extinction rate and more frequent extreme weather
2、高科技拉大了富国与贫国的差距
Technology has widened the gap between rich and poor countries
3、高科技对传统文化的影响。
Modern technology challenges the traditional culture
4、高科技对道德伦理观念的挑战。
Modern technology challenges our ethics and morality.
5、高科技对于人类安全的.负面影响
The improvement of science and technology causes negative impacts on human security and peace
With the development of science and technology,people's lives have been greatly changed.There is no doubt that we benefit a lot from the scientific advancements in many different ways.For instance,the invention of computers dramatically increases work efficiency and helps complete many difficult tasks that were impossible in the past.Apart from this,new discoveries and technology in medicine improve people's health,which allows them to enjoy a longer life.The progress of science also enlarges human's ablilities to explore the world around them,from up into space to deep under the sea.Thanks to the development of science and technology,human society has enjoyed continuous prosperity and more convenience.
However,just like a double-edged sword,science can cause problems too.It is known to all that the nuclear power,an environmentally friendly source of energy,can also be developed into a weapon of mass destruction.In addition,human cloning,which is expected to cure many serious diseases and save lives,may bring disasters of social morality.As a matter of fact,most of the improvements in science are made at the cost of our precious natural resources and have done great harm to the environment where we live in.
Therefore,how to deal with the progress of science and technology properly is worth our careful consideration.
随着科学技术的发展,人们的生活已经大大改变了。毫无疑问,我们受益很多从科学进步在很多不同的方式。例如,电脑的发明极大地提高工作效率,帮助完成许多困难的任务,在过去是不可能的。除此之外,新发现和医学技术改善人们的健康,使他们享受更长的生活。科学的进步也扩大人类的能力去探索周围的世界,从太空深海底。由于科学和技术的发展,人类社会的持续繁荣和更方便。
然而,就像一把双刃剑,科学也可以造成问题。众所周知,核能,环保的能源,也可以发展成一个大规模杀伤性武器。此外,克隆人类,预计治愈许多严重的疾病和挽救生命,可能带来灾害的社会道德。作为事实上,大多数科学的改进都是我们宝贵的自然资源为代价的,我们生活的环境造成了极大的伤害。
因此,如何正确处理科学技术的进步是值得我们仔细研究。
I'm wangNan,a student of No.1 Middle School. I have a gooa friend,Jim.He' an USA girl.We are both in Class Two,Grade Eight.She is 15 years old,one year older than me. We both study hard.I'm good at physices,but she's good at math.We often help each other with lessons.Both of us like helping others. We both like sports very much.Jim enjoy playing basketball.but Ilike palying soccer. She likes green but Ilike red. Tough we are different in my ways,we are good friends
The development of science and technology makes our life more comfortable and convenient. However, scientists have created many problems, which are not easy to be resolved, such as air pollution, the deterioration of environment and the scarcity of natural resources, to which we must some solutions. Modern science and technology render people many advantages. Modern telecommunication shortens the distance between people and makes communication much easier. Internet is widely used now not only for collection of abundant information but also for correspondence. Email, the most effective communication device now, is becoming very popular. Besides, telephone and mobile phone make contact more convenient than before. Modern transportation, such as airplanes and high-speed trains make our journey smooth and fast. With the help of modern transportation, people can go everywhere they prefer to. The journey to outer space and other planets is not a dream any more. Rockets and space shuttles can help us realize the dream of space travel. Modern medicine prolongs peoples life and relieves patients of sufferings from many diseases. Cancer and AIDS are fatal to peoples health. Thanks to the endeavors scientists have made, these diseases become treatable. However, the process of scientific development also arouses many sever problems to our human beings. Internet, though widely used in modern communication, is easy to be destroyed by computer virus. Outer space exploration has produced much waste in the space. A tiny metal, a screw, for example can destroy a flying man-made satellite. Industrialization is making natural resources become scarce. Confronted with these problems, scientists are seeking prompt and feasible solutions. The development of science and technology bring about both positive and negative effects to us. We must eliminate the positive effects to the least extent. 可以自己删减 在提供一篇翻译的: 现代科技使生活更加便捷(Modern Technology Makes Life More Convenient) Modern technology makes life more convenient; tools are the milestores of the technology as well as human being’ s progress. Men used to cut trees with hand saw. But now, by using electronic saw they can cut down a tree in only a few minutes. Another example is more vivid: You have something urgent which has to be informed to your friend whose house is two hour’s ride away. You probably want to make a phone call. But no telephone is installed in your friend’ s home. What could you do? Nowadays, with modern technology advanting, using internet is popular with us. Some years ago, people had to get what they wanted through looking into a lot of information; at last people could become tired and spent too much time. Now, if you use Internet, all becomes a piece of cake. Only by clucking, you will gain what you expect. We all hope that modern technology will reach a higher level, because modern technology makes life more convenient indeed. [参考译文] 现代科技使生活更加便捷 现代科技使生活更加便捷;工具是科技进步和人类进步的里程碑.人类过去用手锯锯树,但是现在,用电锯可在几分钟内锯倒一棵树.另外一个例子更加生动形象:如果你有急事通知你的朋友,而他家距你家有2小时的路程,你可能想打个电话.但是你的朋友家又没安电话,你该怎么办?如今,随着现代科技的进步,使用网络已很流行.若干年前,人们不得不查找大量资料来搜集需要的信息,最后人累得疲惫不堪,还浪费了大量时间.现在,如果使用网络,一切就都是小菜一碟了.只要轻敲键盘,就会有求必应. 我们都期待着现代科技能达到一个更高的水平,因为现代科技确实使生活变得更便捷. 21st century is the century of technology. Nowadays, technology is everywhere around us. The development of technology has a significant affact toward the society. Several technologies that we usually use are the internet, computer, and cellphone. These new technologies make our life much easier and better. First, the development of computer changes our life. Decades ago, people needed to do lots of complex calculation on hand because they did not have computer, and more obvious, they did not have the software for calculation. As the result of that, people spent hours on the equations that a computer can solve in just a minute. Since the development of computer, people are able to use some kind of software to compute lots of complex functions and mathematical calculation. Computer becomes the most helpful equipment for the sciencists because they can use their time more efficiently. Also, internet is another useful tool for us today. The development of internet brings a great impact toward the society. Instead of going to library and fliping all the books to figure out some information, we can just simply use a mouse and click on the website to do research. The internet leads us to a place where we can find unlimited information and resources. It makes our life much easier and better. The last technology is cellphone. Nowadays, many people have a cellphone. But it just appears on the market for about 10 years. It is very convenience to the users because we can talk to anyone we want with a phone as small as a wallet. Also, we can communicate with others by making a phone call instead of sending letters. It is very fast and useful way to communicate. In conclusion, I believe the development of technology brings significant impact to our life. It is very helpful to us and I believe technology will keep improving in future. 高分范文 As is vividly depicted by the picture above, a traveler happily starts his journey by high-speed railway from Guangzhou to Wuhan. In the year of 2009, Wuhan-Guangzhou high-speed railway went into operation, reducing travelling time from 12 hours to 3 hours, bringing much convenience to the transportation between the two cities①. No wonder the caption in the picture says “with the Wu-Guang high-speed railway, cities far away is just like a place nearby”. Science and technology are the primary productive forces② and have been playing a key role in the national economy development. On the one hand, progress in science and technology has promoted economic and social progress greatly. Take the high-speed railway as an example. Firstly, the railway becomes a new engine③ of booming of regional economic. Secondly, the railway helps to attract a lot of tourists, so that tourism in these cities flourishes. Last but not the least, the load of the existing transportation network can be released to a great extent. On the other hand, with the development of science and technology, such as the operation of high-speed transportation, video phone, webcam meeting, the world has become smaller and smaller. It has long been a tradition for Chinese government to attach great importance to the advances④ in science and technology. Science and technology has successfully shaped an entirely new image of China on global stage via the two grand world events, 2008 Olympic Games and 2010 Shanghai World Expo. It is strongly advised that young people should devote themselves into the study of science and technology for “better city, better life”. 佳作妙译 如上图所示,一位旅客从广州踏上了去往武汉的高速铁路.2009年,武广高铁正式建成通车,将两地之间的行程从12小时缩短到3小时,极大地方便了两地的交通.难怪这幅漫画上写道“有了武广高铁,每个城市都在家门口”. 科技是第一生产力,在国民经济发展中扮演着重要角色.一方面,科技的进步促进了经济社会的快速进步.高速铁路就是鲜活的例子.首先这条铁路成为地区经济发展新的引擎.其次铁路吸引了大量游客,这些城市的旅游业随之繁荣起来.再次这条铁路很大程度上缓解了现有线路的运输压力.另一方面,随着科技的发展,高速铁路,视频电话,视频会议等应用会越来越多,世界将变得越来越小. 中国政府一直很重视科技的发展,通过2008北京奥运会和2010上海世博两件盛事,科技成功地重塑了中国在世界舞台上的国际形象.因此青少年要怀着“城市,让生活更美好”的信念,积极投身到对科技文化知识的学习上.
学术堂提供了十五个好写的英语翻译论文题目,供大家参考:1、谈英语谚语的翻译2、谈英语幽默的翻译3、英语汉译技巧初探4、地方名胜古迹汉译英5、翻译中常见错误分析6、中英思维方式的差异对翻译的影响7、会话含义的推导与翻译8、词汇的文化内涵与翻译9、语境在翻译中的作用10、翻译技巧探索11、商标词翻译12、广告语言的翻译13、论英汉互译中的语义等值问题14、英汉文化差异对翻译的影响15、英汉谚语的理解和翻译
随着我国社会的不断进步以及政治、经济、科学技术等方面的发展,对具有独立个性的复合型人才的需求也随之增长。英语教学在中国大学 教育 领域已经占据着主导地位20多年。下文是我为大家搜集整理的关于英语专业 毕业 论文的内容,欢迎大家阅读参考!
浅议 商务英语 的译翻译技巧
[摘 要] 随着国际贸易和国际营销等跨国商务运作的日益频繁,商务英语翻译作为一种交流手段和媒介起着至关重要的作用。同时商务英语是一门具有专门用途的英语,形成了自身的文体特征,它要求选词恰当、精确,具有用语礼貌、表意清晰。因此商务英语翻译必须具有一定的翻译技巧,才能在商务交流中体现它的实用效果。
商务英语是为国际商务活动这一特定的专业学科服务的专门用途英语,所涉及的专业范围很广,并具有独特的语言现象和表现内容、文体复杂。商务英语翻译要求翻译者具备丰富的商务理论和商务实践知识,为了提高翻译质量,翻译者必须具备一定的自身条件。
第一,翻译者的汉语功底要好。很多人往往忽视这一点,认为汉语是自己的母语,凭着自己原来的底子应付翻译中的问题,是绰绰有余的。然而在真正的翻译过程中,为了一个词语或者一个句型,冥思苦想了半天也得不到一个满意的结果。有时好不容易想出来了也觉得不够理想。由此可见,汉语表达能力和对汉语理解能力的大小直接影响翻译的好坏。下功夫学好汉语,打好汉语基础对于翻译是十分重要的。
第二,英语语言能力要强。全面的语法知识和大量的词汇量缺一不可。如果只有大量的词汇量,而没有较好的英语语法知识。翻译过程中译者的理解肯定是错误百出,而且牛头不对马嘴。因此我们要提高在英汉翻译中对于英文 句子 理解的准确性及汉英翻译中英文表达的准确性。
第三,知识面要广。Www.11665.CoM商务英语翻译中要很好的做到这一点,就要掌握商务理论和贸易实务等理论知识及贸易实践 经验 。同时译者还要具有丰富的 百科 知识,对天文地理、古今中外不说通晓,也要了解其中的一些基本知识。没有一定的常识,译者的语言水平即使再高,也是无法做好翻译工作的。
一、一词多义
同一个词,由于语境不同,其词义可千差万别。试看下面几个例子:
1.they cannot obtain credit at all in the trade. 他们生意信誉已荡然无存。
2.they have opened the covering credit with the bank of china,london.
他们已从伦敦中国银行开立了有关信用证。
以上两个句子credit 词义都有所区别。
二、词类转译
词类转译是国际商务翻译中常见的译词技巧。常见的有名词与动词、介词与动词的互相转译。
1.名词与动词的互相转译, 如:
before the payment of these tariffs, the imported goods will bein the custody of the customs.
交关税前, 进口货物由海关保管。( 由于语法限制, 只有用名词形式,但译成汉语时,“payment”译作“交”)
2 . 介词与动词的互相转译
在许多场合下, 介词转译成动词时, 需要依据上下文进行引申,具体地进行翻译。如:
we should advise you to get in touch with them for your requirements.
建议你方与他们取得联系, 洽购所需商品。
三、词义引伸
在商务英语翻译中,有时会遇到某些词在词典上难以找到贴切具体上下文词义,如生搬硬套,译文往往语意不清,甚至导致误解。在这种情况下,需要根据上下文和逻辑关系,从该词固有基本含义出发,进一步加以引伸。例如:
the arrivals do not conform to the sample.
如果将arrival这个词的词义直接放入译文,显然不能正确表达原文的意义,所以需要进一步的引申。
四、词量增减
在商务英语翻译实践中,词量增减也是很重要的一个翻译技巧。翻译过程中要根据原文上下文意思、逻辑关系以及译文语言句法特点和表达习惯,在翻译时有时增加原文字面没有出现但实际内容已包含词,或者减去原文虽有但译文语言表达用不着词。
1.增词
根据具体上下文,可增加动词、形容词、名词或别词类,但在什么时候增加什么样词,才能恰到好处,而不超出一定界限,则需要在长期的翻译过程中实践和积累。如:all cash bonus shall be subject to income tax.所有现金红利,均须缴纳所得税。(根据汉语行文习惯,增加动词)
2.减词
减词译法可以使译文言简意赅,改变翻译中逐字翻译作造成的累赘、拖沓或不符合行文习惯,甚至产生歧义的现象。 如:on condition that you sign this receipt, i will pay the money.
你在 收据 上签字,我就付款。
五、商务英语中的常用术语翻译
商务英语翻译中包含大量的词汇,因此对于常见词汇的精确运用在翻译中很重要。作为商务英语翻译工作者就要大量的掌握这些具有商务含义的普通词和复合词和缩略词语。
如价格常用术语fob,cif 有其特定的专业内容,又如c.w.o定货付款;b/l 提货单;l/c 信用证;c.o.d 货到付现;w.p.a 水渍险;blue chip 蓝筹股、绩优股;bad debt 呆账,等等。总之,商务英语翻译不能拘泥于形式,在保证原文的信息量最大限度地传递到译文中的前提下,翻译者可以灵活运用译入语,已达到语义信息、风格信息和文体信息的最大程度的对等,同时商务英语翻译要遵循商务专业用语。所以要求商务英语翻译工作者要掌握大量的专业词汇及翻译技巧。
参考文献:
[1]葛 平: 外贸英语 函电[m].上海 财经 大学出版社,2004
[2]余富林等着:商务英语翻译[m].北京:中国商务出版社,2003
[3]李 平:国际经贸英语教程[m].中国国际广播出版社,1999
[4]王学文:新编经贸口译教程[m].中国对外经济贸易出版社,2001
[5]陈苏东 陈建平:商务英语翻译[m].高等教育出版社,2005
[6]王治奎:大学英汉翻译教程[m].山东大学出版社,2004
[7]曾蕙兰:进出口 实用英语 [m].外文出版社,2003
[8]冯庆华:实用翻译教程[m].上海外语教育出版社,2003
浅议商务英语函电的清楚原则
摘要: 撰写高水平的商务英语函电通常要遵守七个原则, 其中清楚原则是最基本的原则之一, 但国内以清楚原则为依据进行的应用研究尚不多见。本文针对清楚原则的运用, 分别从词语与句子等方面进行了论述。 文章 认为: 商务英语函电应尽量使用简单词语, 并注意代词的指代; 句子表达要求重点突出, 而且要有一定的连贯性。
商务英语函电是国际贸易的重要沟通工具。撰写高水平的商务英语函电通常要遵守七个原则, 其中, 清楚原则是七个原则中最基本的原则之一。在现有的商务英语函电研究成果中, 以清楚原则为依据进行的应用研究较少看到。为此, 笔者拟探讨清楚原则在商务英语函电中的运用, 以帮助国际商务人士提高商务英语函电写作水平。
一、商务英语函电的清楚原则
清楚原则包含三方面: ( 1) 一个句子包含一个意思; ( 2) 句子之间应有逻辑关系; ( 3) 以简单、直接的 方法 表达。[1]清楚的表达, 能避免误会, 甚至贸易纠纷。比如说, “fluctuation in theexchange rate after the date of contract signing will be for the buyer’saccount.”[1] “fluctuation in the exchange rate”包括了汇率的上涨和跌落两种情况。如果不表达清楚, 买卖双方就会对汇率的涨落产生纠纷。Www.11665.COM避免不必要的经济纠纷, 商务英语函电撰写的过程中要始终贯彻清楚的原则。上述例子若想表达“合同生效后汇率的波动由买方承担”, 原句子可改为“any increase ordecrease in the exchange rate after the date of contract signing willbe for the buyer’s account.”
二、清楚原则的运用
( 1) 词语的运用
1)词语的准确无误
当你明确了要表达的想法时, 要注意选用清晰、简单的词语, 准确无误地表达你要传达的信息。避免用一些复杂、深奥的词汇。有些写信人认为复杂、深奥的词汇会让信件看起来更有水平, 更重要些。然而, 复杂的词汇会增加对方读信的难度,甚至引起理解上的误会。通常, 商务英语函电的撰写适合采用简单易懂的词汇。
2) 代词的指代
注意代词指代的对象和关系代词前后的逻辑关系。一般来说, 代词和关系代词用以修饰离它们最近的名词, 并且与所指代的名词保持人称上和数量上的一致。但代词的不恰当运用, 会引起表达上的歧义。试看以下的句子: they informedmessrs. smith and richardson that they would receive an answerin a fewdays.[1]在这个句子中, 第二个“they”指代谁呢? 是整个句子的主语“they”还是“messrs. smith and richardson”呢? 这里就产生了歧义。如何清楚地表达? 比如原意想表达“smith和richardson两位先生将在近期内得到答复”, 原句子可改为:“they informed messrs . smith and richardson that the latterwould receive an answer in a fewdays.”这样的话, “the latter”指代“messrs. smith and richardson”, 指代清楚, 句子意思明确。
3) 修饰词的位置
同一修饰词在句子的不同位置, 句子意思和侧重点将完全不同。试比较以下两个句子: ①we can supply 100 tons of theitemonly. ②we can supply only 100 tons of the item.在第一个句子中, “only”修饰“the item”, 意思是只提供这种项目, 没有 其它 的项目。而在第二个句子中, “only”是修饰“100 tons”, 意思是只提供100吨, 没有更多了。故修饰词在句子中的位置不同,其所修饰的词就不同, 意思也将有所不同, 书写商务英语函电时一定要注意这一点。
此外, 修饰词的位置应该是紧跟着或者靠近它所修饰的词语。试比较以下两个句子: ①they bought a bicycle in a smallshop in beijing which costs $ 25.00. ②they bought a bicycle for$25.00 in a small shop in beijing. “$25.00”是修饰“bicycle”, 说明这一辆自行车的价格, 应该靠近它所修饰的词语“bicycle”。第一个句子“which costs $ 25.00”应移到“bicycle”后面。第二个句子不用定语从句, 直接用介词“for” 带出自行车的价格“$25.00”, 修饰词位置正确, 整个句子简洁、清楚易懂。
( 2) 句子的逻辑结构
分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语要保持一致。[4]试分析以下句子: “being an expertin international trade, i’m sure youhave experience of solving this kind of problem.”在这个句子中,句子的主语是“i”, 而分词的逻辑主语是“you”。为保持分词的逻辑主语与句子主语一致, 原句子可改为: “being an expert ininternational trade, you certainly have experience of solving thiskind of problem.” 或者“as you are an expert in internationaltrade, i’m sure you have experience of solving this kind of problem.”。
其次, 注意句子间意思的连贯性。例如: they wrote a letter.it was addressed to mr. woods. he is the sales manager.这三个短句缺乏意思上的连贯性, 每个句子都有它独立的意思,读信人很难区分哪个句子是最重要的信息。上述句子可改为: “they wrote a letter to mr. woods, the sales manager.”改写后的句子意思清楚明确: “他们给销售部经理woods先生写了一封信。”
此外, 清楚的表达要求重点突出, 读信人不会遗漏重要的信息。我们书写商务英语函电时可以通过调整句子结构, 突出要强调的部分。比如: “we sent you 5 samples yesterday of thegoods which you requested in your letter ofmay 25 by air.”该句子包括了很多信息, 有①we sent you, ②5 samples, ③yesterday, ④the goods which you requested in your letter ofmay 25, ⑤by air。一个句子包含多种信息, 读信人很容易忽略其中某些信息。对此, 重要的信息应放在句子的前面, 通过句子结构加以强调。上述句子重要的信息有①we sent you, ②5 samples, ⑤by air。原句子可改写为: “we sent you, by air, 5 samples of goods whichyou requested in your letter ofmay 25 yesterday.”经过改写的句子重点突出, 句子意思更清晰明确。
最后, 句子中简洁的情节有利于清楚的表达。如“we haveyour check of october 17 in the amount of $500, and wish at thistime to thank you for it.”原句子是表达“我方收到贵方10月17日开具的500美元支票一张, 特此感谢。”“特此感谢”原句子用“wish at this time to thank you for it”, 用词繁琐, 使得整个句子意思不明确。如果这一个情节简化为“thank you”, 原句子改为“thank you for your check of october 17 for $500.”修改后的句子意思更清楚易懂。
三、结束语
本文针对清楚原则在商务英语函电写作中的运用, 分别从词语与句子进行了论述, 得出以下主要结论: (1) 尽量使用简单词语, 并注意代词的指代; (2) 句子表达要求重点突出, 而且要有一定的连贯性。
参考文献:
[ 1] 胡鉴明.商务 英语写作 [m] .广州: 华南理工大学出版社, 2001: 4.
[ 2] sue kay.实用商务英语写作[m] .北京: 北京理工大学出版社, 2003: 63.
[ 3] 王晓英.商务英语写作教程[m] .南京: 东南大学出版社, 2001: 4.
[ 4] 廖瑛.实用外贸英语函电( 第二版) [m] .武汉: 华中科技大学出版社, 2003: 8.
摘要: 撰写高水平的商务英语函电通常要遵守七个原则, 其中清楚原则是最基本的原则之一, 但国内以清楚原则为依据进行的应用研究尚不多见。本文针对清楚原则的运用, 分别从词语与句子等方面进行了论述。文章认为: 商务英语函电应尽量使用简单词语, 并注意代词的指代; 句子表达要求重点突出, 而且要有一定的连贯性。
商务英语函电是国际贸易的重要沟通工具。撰写高水平的商务英语函电通常要遵守七个原则, 其中, 清楚原则是七个原则中最基本的原则之一。在现有的商务英语函电研究成果中, 以清楚原则为依据进行的应用研究较少看到。为此, 笔者拟探讨清楚原则在商务英语函电中的运用, 以帮助国际商务人士提高商务英语函电写作水平。
一、商务英语函电的清楚原则
清楚原则包含三方面: ( 1) 一个句子包含一个意思; ( 2) 句子之间应有逻辑关系; ( 3) 以简单、直接的方法表达。[1]清楚的表达, 能避免误会, 甚至贸易纠纷。比如说, “fluctuation in theexchange rate after the date of contract signing will be for the buyer’saccount.”[1] “fluctuation in the exchange rate”包括了汇率的上涨和跌落两种情况。如果不表达清楚, 买卖双方就会对汇率的涨落产生纠纷。Www.11665.COM避免不必要的经济纠纷, 商务英语函电撰写的过程中要始终贯彻清楚的原则。上述例子若想表达“合同生效后汇率的波动由买方承担”, 原句子可改为“any increase ordecrease in the exchange rate after the date of contract signing willbe for the buyer’s account.”
二、清楚原则的运用
( 1) 词语的运用
1)词语的准确无误
当你明确了要表达的想法时, 要注意选用清晰、简单的词语, 准确无误地表达你要传达的信息。避免用一些复杂、深奥的词汇。有些写信人认为复杂、深奥的词汇会让信件看起来更有水平, 更重要些。然而, 复杂的词汇会增加对方读信的难度,甚至引起理解上的误会。通常, 商务英语函电的撰写适合采用简单易懂的词汇。
2) 代词的指代
注意代词指代的对象和关系代词前后的逻辑关系。一般来说, 代词和关系代词用以修饰离它们最近的名词, 并且与所指代的名词保持人称上和数量上的一致。但代词的不恰当运用, 会引起表达上的歧义。试看以下的句子: they informedmessrs. smith and richardson that they would receive an answerin a fewdays.[1]在这个句子中, 第二个“they”指代谁呢? 是整个句子的主语“they”还是“messrs. smith and richardson”呢? 这里就产生了歧义。如何清楚地表达? 比如原意想表达“smith和richardson两位先生将在近期内得到答复”, 原句子可改为:“they informed messrs . smith and richardson that the latterwould receive an answer in a fewdays.”这样的话, “the latter”指代“messrs. smith and richardson”, 指代清楚, 句子意思明确。
3) 修饰词的位置
同一修饰词在句子的不同位置, 句子意思和侧重点将完全不同。试比较以下两个句子: ①we can supply 100 tons of theitemonly. ②we can supply only 100 tons of the item.在第一个句子中, “only”修饰“the item”, 意思是只提供这种项目, 没有其它的项目。而在第二个句子中, “only”是修饰“100 tons”, 意思是只提供100吨, 没有更多了。故修饰词在句子中的位置不同,其所修饰的词就不同, 意思也将有所不同, 书写商务英语函电时一定要注意这一点。
此外, 修饰词的位置应该是紧跟着或者靠近它所修饰的词语。试比较以下两个句子: ①they bought a bicycle in a smallshop in beijing which costs $ 25.00. ②they bought a bicycle for$25.00 in a small shop in beijing. “$25.00”是修饰“bicycle”, 说明这一辆自行车的价格, 应该靠近它所修饰的词语“bicycle”。第一个句子“which costs $ 25.00”应移到“bicycle”后面。第二个句子不用定语从句, 直接用介词“for” 带出自行车的价格“$25.00”, 修饰词位置正确, 整个句子简洁、清楚易懂。
( 2) 句子的逻辑结构
分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语要保持一致。[4]试分析以下句子: “being an expertin international trade, i’m sure youhave experience of solving this kind of problem.”在这个句子中,句子的主语是“i”, 而分词的逻辑主语是“you”。为保持分词的逻辑主语与句子主语一致, 原句子可改为: “being an expert ininternational trade, you certainly have experience of solving thiskind of problem.” 或者“as you are an expert in internationaltrade, i’m sure you have experience of solving this kind of problem.”。
其次, 注意句子间意思的连贯性。例如: they wrote a letter.it was addressed to mr. woods. he is the sales manager.这三个短句缺乏意思上的连贯性, 每个句子都有它独立的意思,读信人很难区分哪个句子是最重要的信息。上述句子可改为: “they wrote a letter to mr. woods, the sales manager.”改写后的句子意思清楚明确: “他们给销售部经理woods先生写了一封信。”
此外, 清楚的表达要求重点突出, 读信人不会遗漏重要的信息。我们书写商务英语函电时可以通过调整句子结构, 突出要强调的部分。比如: “we sent you 5 samples yesterday of thegoods which you requested in your letter ofmay 25 by air.”该句子包括了很多信息, 有①we sent you, ②5 samples, ③yesterday, ④the goods which you requested in your letter ofmay 25, ⑤by air。一个句子包含多种信息, 读信人很容易忽略其中某些信息。对此, 重要的信息应放在句子的前面, 通过句子结构加以强调。上述句子重要的信息有①we sent you, ②5 samples, ⑤by air。原句子可改写为: “we sent you, by air, 5 samples of goods whichyou requested in your letter ofmay 25 yesterday.”经过改写的句子重点突出, 句子意思更清晰明确。
最后, 句子中简洁的情节有利于清楚的表达。如“we haveyour check of october 17 in the amount of $500, and wish at thistime to thank you for it.”原句子是表达“我方收到贵方10月17日开具的500美元支票一张, 特此感谢。”“特此感谢”原句子用“wish at this time to thank you for it”, 用词繁琐, 使得整个句子意思不明确。如果这一个情节简化为“thank you”, 原句子改为“thank you for your check of october 17 for $500.”修改后的句子意思更清楚易懂。
三、结束语
本文针对清楚原则在商务英语函电写作中的运用, 分别从词语与句子进行了论述, 得出以下主要结论: (1) 尽量使用简单词语, 并注意代词的指代; (2) 句子表达要求重点突出, 而且要有一定的连贯性。
参考文献:
[ 1] 胡鉴明.商务英语写作[m] .广州: 华南理工大学出版社, 2001: 4.
[ 2] sue kay.实用商务英语写作[m] .北京: 北京理工大学出版社, 2003: 63.
[ 3] 王晓英.商务英语写作教程[m] .南京: 东南大学出版社, 2001: 4.
[ 4] 廖瑛.实用外贸英语函电( 第二版) [m] .武汉: 华中科技大学出版社, 2003: 8.
提供一些英语专业翻译方向的论文题目,供参考。商务合同英汉互译技巧英文品牌汉译知识对于翻译的重要性中英文化差异及其对英汉互译的消极影响英语广告中修辞手法的应用及其翻译<<红楼梦>>金陵判词两种译文的比较及评析从红楼梦诗词翻译看翻译中的文化补偿关于李后主“虞美人”的3种英译本的鉴赏跨文化交际与商标翻译中式菜肴的命名与翻译浅谈英语电影片名的翻译英文电影片名的翻译策略英文化妆品广告之美学翻译数字在中西文化中的内涵差异及数字习语翻译初探浅析原语文本在目标语文本中文体的适应性英语习用语翻译中的等效性研究论语境在英汉翻译中的作用浅析英语动画片翻译的基本原则中英服饰广告的翻译论英汉翻译中语篇连贯的重要性论译者的风格与译风经济英语中的隐喻及其翻译从翻译的美学角度浅析旅游资料的中英译
毕业设计不会做,抄也要讲究方法作为一个已经毕业了的大学生,在做毕业设计的过程中,无论是设计成果的研究还是毕业论文的撰写,不可回避的一个问题就是抄袭。作为一个过来人,我想说的是,做毕业设计难免会有抄袭的现象,但是一定要掌握方法,千万不要盲目的抄完了事,那样做是非常危险的。有的同学看都不看就抄到论文上去了,有的同学拿着别人做完的东西都不研究一下就参加答辩去了。我就听过一个活生生、血淋淋的例子——老师问:“你这段代码是什么意思?”答:“我不知道。”老师又问下一段代码,又不知道,老师问:“这是你做的吗?”答:“不是,老师给的。”其结果可想而知了。你们想想,那些东西都是往届毕业生做出来的,老师们能看不出来吗?掩耳盗铃,自欺欺人,大家都是成年人,我想不用多说了吧。大家在完成毕业设计的过程中肯定会遇到各种各样的现实性困难,成果做不出来了怎么办?论文写不出来了怎么办?外文文献不会翻译怎么办?其实这都好办,世界上再难的技术也是人做出来,没有成果就找个现成的东西;论文写不出来就多看几本书,多引用书里的内容;外文水平不高就用翻译软件。总之一句话,你有张良计,我有过墙梯,物竟天择,适者生存。文章转自 众赏文库 毕业设计论文,专业文档下载