A close mouth catches no flies. 病从口入。A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 一天一苹果，不用请医生。An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. 预防为主，治疗为辅。 A sound mind in a sound body. 健全的精神寓于健康的身体。 Early to bed and early to rise make a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起，令人健康、富有而且聪明Eat at pleasure, drink with measure. 随意吃饭，适度饮酒。Exercise, temperance, fresh air, and needful rest are the best of all physicians. 锻链、节制、新鲜空气和必要的休息是最好的医生。 “饭前喝口汤，永远没灾殃”. :Some soup before dinner,healthy body forever.“吃饭不要闹，吃饱不要跑”:No frolicing dering the meal,no running after the meal.:“要想身体好，早餐要吃饱”:Wanna be healthy?Do please treat yourself a nice breakfast A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。 A penny saved is a penny gained. 省下一分钱等于得到一分钱。 All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只工作不娱乐使人愚钝。Honesty is the best policy. 诚实为上策。In for a penny, in for a pound. 一不作，二不休。It takes two to make a quarrel. 一个巴掌拍不响。Let a sleeping dog lie. 莫惹事生非。 Let bygones be bygones. 既往宜不咎。 Money is a good servant but a bad master. 金钱可以成为很好的仆人，却绝对是最坏的主人Where there is a will,there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。 A bad beginning makes a bad ending.不善始者不善终。 A bad thing never dies.遗臭万年。 A bad workman always blames his tools.不会撑船怪河弯。 A bird in the hand is worth than two in the bush.一鸟在手胜过双鸟在林。 A boaster and a liar are cousins-german.吹牛与说谎本是同宗。 A bully is always a coward.色厉内荏。 A burden of one's choice is not felt.爱挑的担子不嫌重。 A candle lights others and consumes itself.蜡烛照亮别人，却毁灭了自己。 A cat has 9 lives.猫有九条命。 A cat may look at a king.猫也可以打量国王，意为人人平等。 A close mouth catches no flies.病从口入。 A constant guest is never welcome.常客令人厌。 Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩。 Adversity leads to prosperity.穷则思变。 Adversity makes a man wise, not rich.逆境出人才。 A fair death honors the whole life.死得其所，流芳百世。 A faithful friend is hard to find.知音难觅。 A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.吃一堑，长一智。 A fox may grow gray, but never good.江山易改，本性难移。 A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难见真情。 A friend is easier lost than found.得朋友难，失朋友易。 A friend is never known till a man has need.需要之时方知友。 A friend without faults will never be found.没有十全十美的朋友。 'After you' is good manners.“您先请”是礼貌。 A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半。 A good beginning makes a good ending.善始者善终。 A good book is a good friend.好书如挚友。 A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever.一本好书，相伴一生。 A good conscience is a soft pillow.不做亏心事，不怕鬼叫门。 A good fame is better than a good face.美名胜过美貌。 A good husband makes a good wife.夫善则妻贤。 A good medicine tastes bitter.良药苦口。 A good wife health is a man's best wealth.妻贤身体好是男人最大的财富。 A great talker is a great liar.说大话者多谎言。 A hedge between keeps friendship green.君子之交淡如水。 A joke never gains an enemy but loses a friend.戏谑不能化敌为友，只能使人失去朋友。 A leopard cannot change its spots.积习难改。 A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth.说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。 A light heart lives long.静以修身。 A little body often harbors a great soul.浓缩的都是精品。 A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.一知半解，自欺欺人。 A little pot is soon hot.狗肚子盛不得四两油。 All are brave when the enemy flies.敌人逃窜时，人人都成了勇士。 All good things come to an end.天下没有不散的筵席。 All rivers run into sea.海纳百川。 All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马。 All that ends well is well.结果好，就一切都好。 All that glitters is not gold.闪光的不一定都是金子。 All things are difficult before they are easy.凡事总是由难而易。 All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。 A man becomes learned by asking questions.不耻下问才能有学问。 A man can do no more than he can.凡事都应量力而行。 A man cannot spin and reel at the same time.一心不能二用。 A man is known by his friends.什么人交什么朋友。 A man of words and not of deeds is like a garden full of weeds.光说空话不做事，犹如花园光长刺。 A man without money is no man at all.一分钱难倒英雄汉。
1.Bird (1) Kill two birds with one stone. 一箭双雕；一举两得。 (2) A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. 双鸟在林不如一鸟在手。 (3) Birds of a feather flock together. 物以类聚，人以群分。 (4) It’s an ill bird that fouls own nest. 家丑不可外扬。 (5) Fine feathers make fine birds. 人要衣装，马要鞍。 (6) A bird is known by its note, and a man by his talk. 听音识鸟，闻言识人。 (7) Each bird loves to hear himself sing. 鸟儿都爱听自己唱。（自我欣赏） (8) You cannot catch old birds with chaff.(粗糠). 用粗糠捉不住老鸟。（有经验的人难。） (9) Birds in their little nests agree. 同巢之鸟心儿齐。 2. Cat (1) A cat has nine lives.猫有九条命；吉人天相。 (2) Cats hide their claws. 知人知面不知心。 (3) All cats are grey in the dark.. 黑暗之中猫都是灰色的。（人未出名时看起来都差不多。） (4) A gloved cat catches no mice. 戴手套的猫，老鼠抓不到。（不愿吃苦的人成不了大事业。） (5) When the weasel and the cat make a marriage, it is a very ill presage. 黄鼠狼和猫结亲，不是好事情。） (6) Who will bwll the cat? 谁去给猫系铃？（谁愿意为大家冒风险？） (7) The cat shuts its eyes when stealing cream. 帽偷吃奶油的时候总是闭着眼睛。（掩耳盗铃） (8) There are more ways of killing a cat than by choking it with butter. 杀猫的办法很多。（达到目的的途径很多。） (9) Care kill a cat. 忧虑愁死猫。 3. Chicken (1) Don’t count your chickens before they’re hatched. 鸡蛋未孵出，先别数小鸡。（不要过早乐观。） 4. Crow (1) A crow is never the whiter for washing herself often. 江山易改，本性难移。 5. Dog (1) He who would hang his dog gives out first that it is mad. 欲加之罪，何患无词. (2) A staff is quickly found to beat a dog with. 欲加之罪，何患无词. (3) Love me, love my dog. 爱屋及乌. (4) Too much pudding will choke a dog. 布丁太多噎死狗。 (5) Every dog has his day. 人人皆有得意时。 (6) Barking dogs don’t (seldom) bite. 爱叫的狗很少咬人。 (7) Let sleeping dogs lie. 勿惹事生非。 (8) Dead dogs bite not. 死狗不咬人。 (9) All are not thieves that dogs bark at. 狗见了叫的不一定都是贼。（不要以貌取人。） (10) Every dog is a lion at home. 狗在家门口就成了狮子。 (11) Don’t be a dog (lying) in the manger. 莫学狗占马槽不吃草。（不要占着茅坑不拉屎。） (12) Dog does not eat dog. 同类不相残。 (13) Scornful dogs will eat dirty puddings. 狗再傲慢也会吃脏布丁。 (14) A son never thinks his mother ugly,and a dog never shuns its owner’s home however shabby it is.儿不嫌母丑，狗不嫌家贫。 6. Frog (1) The frog in the well knows nothing of the great ocean. 井底之蛙，不知大海。 7. Fox (1) The fox may grow grey, but never good. 狐狸毛色可变灰，但是本性难移。 (2) The fox preys farthest from his hole. 狐狸捕食，远离洞府。（兔子不吃窝边草。） (3) When the fox preaches, then take care of your geese. 每当狐狸说教，当心鹅群被盗。 (4) When the fox says he is a vegetarian, it’s time for the hen to look out. 狐狸说它吃素的时候，母鸡就得注意。 英语中有关动物的谚语（下） 8. Fish (1) The best fish swim near the bottom. 好鱼常在水底游。 (2) Never offer to teach fish to swim. 不要班门弄斧。 (3) Go to the sea, if you would fish well. 不入虎穴，焉得虎子。 (4) There’s as good fish in the sea as ever came out of it. 海里的好鱼多的是。 (5) It is a silly fish that is caught twice with the same bait. 智者不上两次档。 (6) If water is noisy, there are no fish in it. 咆哮的水中无鱼。（夸夸其谈者无真才实学。）。 9. Hare (1) You cannot run with the hare and hunt with the hounds(猎狗). 不能既和野兔一起跑又和猎狗一起追。（人不应两面讨好。） (2) The tortoise wins the race while the hare is sleeping. 兔子睡懒觉，乌龟跑赢了。 10. Horse (1) You can take a horse to the water, but you can’t make him drink. 带马到河边容易，逼马饮水难。 (2) Don’t ride the high horse. 勿摆架子。 (3) A good horse cannot be of a bad colour. 好马不会毛色差。 (4) A horse may stumble on four feet. 马有四条腿，亦有失蹄时。 (5) A running horse needs no spur. 奔马无需鞭策。 (6) Don’t put the cart before the horse. 不要将大车套在马前面。（处理问题应按先后次序，不要本末倒置。） (7) The common horse is worst shod. 公用之马，掌子最差。 (8) Lock the barn door after the horse is stolen. 失马之后锁马厩。（亡羊补牢） (9) Don’t look a gift horse in the mouth. 馈赠之马，勿看牙口。 (10) Hair by hair you will pull out the horse’s tail. 一根一根拔，拔光马尾巴。（水滴石穿） 11 . Mouse (1) It is a poor mouse that has only one hole. 狡兔三窟。 (2) The mouse that has but one hole is quickly taken. 只有一个洞的老鼠，很快就被抓住。 (3) A speck of mouse dung will spoil a whole pot of porridge. 一粒老鼠屎，坏了一锅粥。 12. Sheep (1) If one sheep leaps over the ditch, all the rest will follow. 榜样的力量是无穷的。 (2) A lazy sheep thinks its wool heavy. 懒羊嫌毛重。 (3) He that makes himself a sheep shall be eaten by the wolf. 甘心做绵羊，必然喂豺狼。 13.Swallow (1) One swallow does not make a spring. 孤燕不报春。 (2) One swallow does not make a summer. 一燕不成夏。 14. Tiger (1) If you don’t enter a tiger’s den, you can’t get his cubs. 不入虎穴，焉得虎子。 15. Wolf (1) Don’t trust a goat with the kitchen-garden,or a wolf with sheepfold. 不能请羊管菜园，不能请狼管羊圈。 (2) Who keeps company with wolves, will learn to howl. 和狼在一起，就会学狼叫。 (3) Man is a wolf to man. 人对人是狼。（人心狠，人吃人） (4) A growing youth has a wolf in his belly. 年轻人，在成长，吃起饭来像饿狼 一定要选我哦！
1.有关英语俗语的文化内涵及其特点 英语习语是英语语言文化中不容忽视的重要组成部分。 英语习语折射着英语语言民族在地理、历史、宗教信仰、生活习俗等方面丰富的文化信息和独特的文化特色。准确掌握英语中的习语， 能帮助我们深刻理解英语词汇中的文化内涵及文化差异， 从而更加准确、传神地使用英语。 一、引言 语言是人在劳动中创造的，习语是语言特征的集中反映，它来自于普通百姓的生产劳动和生活经历，是语言的精华、语言的缩影；语言是一个任意的符号系统，习语是人在长期的语言实践中约定俗成的；语言是以交际为目的的，习语的起源就是在口头交际中使用最频繁的俚语和俗语；语言是人类智慧的表现，习语比较集中地反映出语言的修辞手段和表现手法（其中相当一部分是文学巨匠的精彩词句）；语言是为人类各种活动服务的，而习语恰好生动地反映出人类生活的方方面面。 广义的习语包含比喻性词组、俚语、格言、俗语、谚语、典故等，是语言发展的结晶。 英语语言历史悠久，包含着大量的习语，它们或含蓄、幽默、或严肃、典雅，不仅言简意赅，而且形象生动，妙趣横生，给语言增色不少。由于地理、历史、宗教信仰和生活习俗等多方面的因素决定，习语承载着英语语言民族的文化信息和文化特色，并与它们的文化传统紧密相连，不可分割。而对英语习语的学习有助于我们掌握英语本族语者的真实语言，了解语言背后所隐藏着的丰富而有趣的文化信息。二、英语习语中隐含的历史背景 1、罗马人的痕迹 公元前49年，罗马执政庞贝和元老院共谋进攻恺撒。 当时恺撒的领地和意大利本部交界处有条小河Rubicon。恺撒不顾一切，悍然率领军队渡过此河与庞贝决战。 在渡河时他说"The die is cast."骰子已经掷下， 表明义无反顾。过了河，他还烧毁了渡船，（ burn the boats） 逼得士兵毫无退路，只好勇往直前， 打败了敌人。 就是这样一段历史故事， 在英语中留下了几个常见的习语： cross the Rubicon（ 渡过鲁比肯河） 喻意决定冒重大危险， 采取断然行动； burn one's boats（ 烧掉自己的船） 表示破釜沉舟的决心； The die is cast. （ 骰子已经掷下） 预示着事情已经决定， 再也不能改变。 2、条顿人的征服 条顿人， 即居住在西北欧的3个日耳曼部落， 他们是盎格鲁人、萨克逊人和朱特人。 约在公元449 年， 他们开始征服不列颠。他们的入侵给英语带来了极大的影响， 并最终形成盎格鲁-萨克逊语， 即现代英语的起源。 条顿人的征服对英语的影响是全面的， 起决定作用的， 从很多英语习语还可以找到条顿人征服的影子。如cut someone to the quick 意为"大伤某人的感情"， quick 这里指"皮肉"，这个解释源于古撒克逊语。 Go through fire and water是"赴汤蹈火"的意思， 源自盎格鲁- 撒克逊时期的中世纪判罪法。 3、斯堪的纳维亚风暴 公元790年开始，斯堪的纳维亚人入侵英国，并在英国大批定居，他们讲的是北日耳曼语， 是现在的瑞典语、芬兰语、挪威语和冰岛语的前身。 在此后的二百年中，许多斯堪的纳维亚各族语言（北日耳曼语）的词语渗入英语词汇。据估计，现代英语中约有900个斯堪的纳维亚各族语言的单词或构词成分。 斯堪的纳维亚各族语言对英语的渗透特别深入。最常用的习语rain cats and dogs， 来自北欧神化：古代斯堪的纳维亚人的主神是奥丁（Odin），狗（dog）和狼（wolf）象征"风"，猫（cat）象征"雨"，所以该习语喻指"狂风暴雨"。 4、诺曼底登陆 公元1066年，诺曼底公爵威廉入侵英国，并建立了诺曼底王朝。这一事件对英国的影响巨大。 它使法语成为现代英语的三大来源之一。同时，法国文化逐渐向英国社会渗透， 影响着英语及其习语。 如： return to one's mutton 原是直译自法国田园诗中的一句： 多情的男女牧羊人在牧场上谈情说爱、海阔天空，最终还得回到现实，回到自己的羊群中来。因此，这一习语比喻"回到实际问题，言归正传"。 三、英语习语体现自然地理环境特征 生活在不同自然环境中的人会形成不同的文化， 每种文化因其地域、气候环境的特点而具有不同的特征， 习语恰恰包含了独特的文化基因。 2.讲一讲英语谚语的知识 英语中的谚语种类繁多。 通过习语的学习可以掌握更多的习语的来源，了解更多的历史典故，丰富英语文化知识。是学习和提高英语的重要手段之一。 英语习语一般是由若干单词构成的固定词组或句子，它有以下几个特点：一、习语中词与词之间的组合具有固定性二、习语的语义具有完整性习语的语义是一个完整的不可分割的统一体，因此不能根据组成这个习语的各个单词的意思来理解习语，否则就会犯望文生义的错误。就是说组成习语的每个成分除了构成整体所必需的意义之外没有任何其它字典意义。 例如：punone's socks up（振作起来，鼓起勇气，加紧努力），切不可根据组成这一习语的四个部分，把这个习语理解为“提起自己袜子”。三、习语的整个构成形式经常具有非语法性例如：习语“Diamond cut diamond”（强中更有强中手中）的动词不加词尾“s”尽管主语是第三人称单数。 再如，“Carekilled the eat”（忧能伤人）中的动词是一般过去时。四、具有历史性英语习语都有深厚的历史和文化渊源，有的反映本民族的风俗习惯；有的包含有趣的历史史实或传说故事；有的习语来自《圣经》或莎士比亚的经典著作等。 例如a baker'sdozen（十三个）：在中世纪，英国的法律极其严格，若面包师出售的面包缺斤少两就要受到重罚。为了避免偶尔的分量不足。 面包师便在每打面包中免费多给一个。英国是个岛国，在英国没有哪一个地apple of discord（祸根，不和与争斗之源）源于希腊神话中的一个传说。 珀琉斯和西蒂斯举行婚礼时，邀请奥林匹斯山上的众神参加婚宴，却忘了邀请专司争吵的女神厄里斯。厄里斯就把一只上面刻着“属于最美者”字样的金苹果，偷偷放在婚礼的宴会上。 这就引起了天后赫拉、智慧女神雅典娜和爱与美女神阿芙罗狄蒂的争夺，她们都想把它据为己有。后来，特洛伊王子帕里斯出来评判，把苹果判给了阿芙罗狄蒂。 从此赫拉和雅典娜就对帕里斯和特洛伊人怀恨在心，导致了历时十年的特洛伊战争，最终以特洛伊城的陷落而结束。有关古罗马的一些故事和传说，在英国人民中间也几乎是家喻户晓的，请看下例：Caesar'S wife must be above suspi.cion（身为凯撒妻，必须无可疑）（或：跟伟大人物有关系的人，必须洁身自爱无容怀疑）。 凯撒是古罗马大将，其妻Pompeia与P.Clodius一案有所牵连，凯撒因此遗弃她。凯撒这样做，不是他相信妻子有罪，而是认为象他这样地位人的妻子不应该有犯罪的嫌疑。 方离海洋的距离超过110英里的。因此，英国人民喜爱海洋，他们的生活和斗争与海洋和水运事业有着密切的关系，他们的很多谚语都是以海洋和水运事业为题材的。 五、丰富的文化性与深刻的思想性英语谚语具有丰富的文化性，能使英语学习者了解英语民族的文化背景，感受东西文化的差异。例如：“Every Jackmust have his Jill”人各有偶。 此谚语形成于公元十七世纪前半叶。在英语国家，Jack是常见的男子名，Jill而是常见的女子名，分别用来代表男子和女子。 意为不要无事担扰，人人都有妻可娶。又如在基督教中，上帝是唯一的、至高无上的神，人际关系是平等的。 英语谚语不仅具有丰富的文化性，还具有深刻的思想性。有些英语谚语蕴藏着深刻的哲理，闪耀着智慧的光芒，是人们生活、行动的指南。 六、语言凝炼。富于音乐美和形象美，具有很高的艺术性它兼有诗的活泼、文的凝重、熟语的简练。 它结构紧凑匀称、韵律优美和谐，念起来朗朗上口，听起来悦耳动听，有一种和谐的音乐美。不少英语谚语常借助于头韵、尾韵、对仗、重复等来增加音韵美。 很多英语谚语大量使用修辞格，使之精练简洁、形象生动、寓意深刻，具有强烈的艺术感染力和语言艺术美，使人们在得到经验教诲的同时，又得到了一次美好的艺术享受。 英语谚语常用的修辞手段有明喻、暗喻、拟人、夸张、排比等。综上所述，英语谚语具有强烈的艺术感染力，从中可以使我们了解英语国家的社会历史、风土人情，可以使我们了解外国人的一些生活哲理。 尤其是当我们在讲英语或用英语写文章时，适当地恰如其分地引用一些英语谚语，可以使我们的谈吐显得生动、幽默，文章显得形象感人，给人一种美的享受。令人们在诵读它们时，如饮甘泉，如吸芳香，那沁人心脾的艺术力量，每每会给读者留下难忘的印象。 谚语以简洁、扼要、机智的语言表达富有教育价值和警喻性的忠告。对于英文学习者而言，掌握英语谚语就掌握英语的精髓，从中也学到为人处世的道德准则，同时也可以把握英语发展的历史脉搏，随着社会经济文化的发展，人们将会领略到更多更精辟的新谚语。 希望能帮到你。 3.英语谚语,笑话,小知识 英语谚语 /proverb 笑话/otherweb/e_c/joke/index 英语小知识：Can Fish Drow Yes,fish can drown.It isn't the water that keeps fish alive, but the oxygen in the water . Fish breathe through their gills, which draw oxygen from the water. When too many fish crowd together in a *** all pond or tank,the oxygen in the water may soon be used up.When this happens,the fish suffocate,which is what happens when any animal drowns 鱼会淹死吗 是的。鱼同样会淹死。使鱼能活着的并不是水，而是水中的氧气。鱼用其鳃进行呼吸，从水中吸取氧气。当过多的鱼拥挤在一个小水塘或小水池里时，水中的氧气很快就消耗尽。在这种情况下，鱼就会窒息而死。这与其它动物淹死的情况是完全一样的. 4.英语文化小知识 分美音（American English）和英音（British English），其中英音的标准发音为RP英语（Recived Pronunciation）-_-。 ，是一种较正式的英语口音，并不见得比其他口音好多少，但是用于受过正规教育的人。 而且英语有不少外来词汇，如： 法语：biscuit,passport 西班牙语：guitar,banana,mosquito 拉丁语：lobster,candle 意大利语：violin,mafia 德语：kingdergarten,hamburger 荷兰语：landscape,cruise 我这些是外教交的和自己的积累，若有质量或数量问题……见谅了……：P 5.浅谈英语谚语的文化价值 语言是文化的表现形式。谚语同文学作品、诗歌一样是语言的精华。英语谚语是富于色彩的语言形式，一般具有生动形象、喻义明显、富于哲理的语言特征。在一定程度上，英语谚语反映了英语民族的文化特点。因此，翻译英语谚语时，仅仅以语言之间词汇的同义性（等价性）为前提，寻求对等的表现是不够的。译者须较多运用汉语的表现手段，力求能再现英语谚语的语言风格和丰富内涵。只有多注意英语谚语字面以外所特有的语言内涵色彩，才能使译文讽喻得当，宜于说理，又不失原来谚语所具有的语言形象。 某些英语谚语和汉语成语、俗语在表现形式和含义方面是一致的或基本一致的。汉译这些英语时，可惜用与其喻义相同或相近的成语或谚语及俗语直接对译。这样不但可以比较好地保持原文的神韵和形式，又使译文易于为读者或听者接受。 6.有趣的英语小知识 英语趣味测试：成语对对碰 俚语和谚语是英语学习中的一大绊脚石。 这些英语句子一反常态，我们不明白这些俗语的含义，是因为我们和英语国家的文化背景不同。如果能在汉语中为这些俗语找到对应的说法，问题就解决了。 看看下面的句子你能翻译对几个来。 1.After meat, mustard; after death, doctor Explanation: this describes a situation where assistance or fortis given when it is too late。 Example: just as I had cancelled my application to go abroad, I hada promise of money for my fare. It was a case of after death, thedoctor。 2.After praising the wine they sell us vinegar Explanation: to offer to give or sell something that is inferior towhat you claim it to be。 Example: that fellow pletely misled us about what he was capableof doing. After praising the wine, he sold us vinegar。 3.All is over but the shouting Explanation: finally decided or won; brought to the end; not ableto be changed。 Example: after Bill's touch down, the game is all over butshouting。 4.All lay load on the willing horse Explanation: a willing horse is someone who is always doing thingsfor others. Very often the implication is that others impose onhim。 Examples: the trouble is you're too good-natured and people takeadvantage of it. all lay load on the willing horse. You will haveto learn to refuse people who ask too much。 5.anger and haste hinder good counsel Explanation: one can not act wisely when one is angry or in ahurry。 Example: you should calm down before you decide the next move.Anger and haste hinder good counsel。 6.As poor as a church mouse Explanation: to be exceedingly poor, having barely to liveupon。 Example: he has a large family, and is poor as a churchmouse。 Note: a church is one of the few buildings that contain nofood。 7.A word spoken is past recalling Explanation: the harm done by a careless word can not easilyundo。 Example: for the rest of his life he regretted what he had said,but a word spoken is past recalling and he knew he could neverrepair the damage of that moment of harshness。 8.World is but a little place, after all Explanation: it is used when a person meets someone he knows or isin someway connected with him in a place where he would never haveexpected to do so。 Example: Who would have thought I would bump into an old schoolmateon a trek up Mount Tai. The world is but a little place afterall。 9.When in Rome, do as the Romans do Explanation: conform to the manners and customs of those amongstwhom you live。 Example: I know you have egg and bacon for breakfast at home, butnow you are on the Continent you will do as the Romans do and takecoffee and rolls。 10.What you lose on the swings you get back on theroundabouts Explanation: a rough way of starting a law of average; if you havebad luck on one day you have good on another; if one ventureresults in loss try a fresh one---it may succeed。 Example: he may always possess merits which make up for everything;if he loses on the swings, he may win on the roundabouts。 11.What are the odds so long as you are happy Explanation: what does anything else matter if a person ishappy。 Example: you plain so much, but you have a good family, parents,health, and money. What's the odd so long as you're happy。 12.Entertain an angel unawares Explanation: to receive a great personage as a guest withoutknowing his merits。 Example: in the course of evening someone informed her that she wasentertaining an angel unawares, in the shape of a poser of thegreatest promise 13.every dog has his day Explanation: fortune es to each in turn Example: they say that every dog has his day; but mine seems a verylong time ing。 14.every potter praises his own pot Explanation: people are loath to refer to defects in theirpossessions or their family members Example: he said that his teacher considered his work brilliant,but I would rather hear it from his teacher's own mouth. Everypotter praises his own pot 答案： 1.雨后送伞 2. 挂羊头卖狗肉 3. 大势已去 4.人善被人欺，马善被人骑 5. 小不忍则乱大谋 6. 一贫如洗 7. 一言既出，驷马难追 8. 天涯原咫尺，到处可逢君 9. 入乡随俗 10. 失之东隅，收之桑榆 11. 知足者常乐 12. 有眼不识泰山 13.是人皆有出头日 14.王婆买瓜，自卖自夸 送花须知：十二星座的幸运花 Aries: Thistle, wild rose, gorse, nasturtium, woodbine 白羊：蓟、野玫瑰、金雀花、旱金莲花、忍冬 Taurus: Lily of the valley, violet, red rose, myrtle 金牛：铃兰、紫罗兰、红玫瑰、桃金娘 Gemini: Snapdragon, iris 双子：金鱼草、爱丽丝 Cancer: Poppy, water lily, white rose 巨蟹：罂粟、荷花、白玫瑰 Leo: Marigold, sunflower, cowslip, heliotrope, 。 7.英语谚语,笑话,小知识 英语谚语/proverb笑话/otherweb/e_c/joke/index英语小知识：Can Fish Drow Yes,fish can drown.It isn't the water that keeps fish alive, but the oxygen in the water . Fish breathe through their gills, which draw oxygen from the water. When too many fish crowd together in a *** all pond or tank,the oxygen in the water may soon be used up.When this happens,the fish suffocate,which is what happens when any animal drowns 鱼会淹死吗 是的。 鱼同样会淹死。使鱼能活着的并不是水，而是水中的氧气。 鱼用其鳃进行呼吸，从水中吸取氧气。当过多的鱼拥挤在一个小水塘或小水池里时，水中的氧气很快就消耗尽。 在这种情况下，鱼就会窒息而死。这与其它动物淹死的情况是完全一样的。 8.有趣的英语小知识 来到美国，说到吃，肯定很多人的第一个反应是The Big Apple，不过千万别误会，这可是你吃不了的苹果，它其实是纽约市的“昵称”。 如果你旅游的目的地是The Big Apple，那我们可要说Congratulations（恭喜）了，那可是个美食之都。 关键词一：食 The Big Apple：来到美国，说到吃，肯定很多人的第一个反应是The Big Apple，不过千万别误会，这可是你吃不了的苹果，它其实是纽约市的“昵称”。 如果你旅游的目的地是The Big Apple，那我们可要说Congratulations（恭喜）了，那可是个美食之都。 Hero：首先，你该到饭店去点一份hero。 别担心，服务生不会当你是“吃英雄”的疯子。Hero是纽约人管大个儿意大利潜水艇三明治的叫法。 当然，如果你一下子吃了十个Heroes，可能别人就会说话了：“Look at that strange gal!She's really out in left field！”这里，out in left field 专门用来形容那些古怪或者是莫名其妙的人。 Surf n'Turf：当然，美食并不只是在纽约才有，如果你有兴趣，不妨到“天使之城”洛杉矶逛一圈，Surf n'Turf就是一种在洛杉矶非常普及的美食，其中主食是海鲜及牛排，可能会比较贵，但还有很多叫“dives”的便宜餐厅，你可以以合理的价格买到。 来到美国，说到吃，肯定很多人的第一个反应是The Big Apple，不过千万别误会，这可是你吃不了的苹果，它其实是纽约市的“昵称”。如果你旅游的目的地是The Big Apple，那我们可要说Congratulations（恭喜）了，那可是个美食之都。 关键词一：食 The Big Apple：来到美国，说到吃，肯定很多人的第一个反应是The Big Apple，不过千万别误会，这可是你吃不了的苹果，它其实是纽约市的“昵称”。如果你旅游的目的地是The Big Apple，那我们可要说Congratulations（恭喜）了，那可是个美食之都。 Hero：首先，你该到饭店去点一份hero。别担心，服务生不会当你是“吃英雄”的疯子。 Hero是纽约人管大个儿意大利潜水艇三明治的叫法。当然，如果你一下子吃了十个Heroes，可能别人就会说话了：“Look at that strange gal!She's really out in left field！”这里，out in left field 专门用来形容那些古怪或者是莫名其妙的人。 Surf n'Turf：当然，美食并不只是在纽约才有，如果你有兴趣，不妨到“天使之城”洛杉矶逛一圈，Surf n'Turf就是一种在洛杉矶非常普及的美食，其中主食是海鲜及牛排，可能会比较贵，但还有很多叫“dives”的便宜餐厅，你可以以合理的价格买到这种美食。 Taco Stand:Taco Stand是另一种在洛杉矶及附近的加州城市都很常见的美食，tacos来自于拉丁美洲，但在美国加州也非常的流行。 “stand”是一种街边小摊，你可以在那儿买到一些速食。一般这要比McDonalds（麦当劳）或是Burger King（汉堡王）那样的速食连锁店要便宜，但是食物要可口的多哦！ Franks：在美国的街头，你经常会碰到一些Street vendors（街头小贩）高嚷着“Franks”，这时候你可千万别以为他们在寻找名叫Frank的人，Franks在这里是“热狗”的意思。 这些小贩就正在Selling Hot dogs（卖热狗）。 关键词二：玩 “Bro”、“Dude”、“Brother”、“Amigo”：在美国，所有这些词都是用来称呼男性朋友的常用词。 和人打招呼，你可以说“What's up,bro?” Do me a solid：出门在外，问路是少不了的功课。如果你在问路的时候还是用“Would you please do me a favor……”开头，未免显得老土。 你应该说：“Hey can you do me a solid？”，可别小看这样个小小的调整，只是改了一个词，你就显得非常“ *** 湖”了！ “The 10”、“The 5”、“The 101”：美国有大批的高速公路，如果你有朋友在那里，他可能会开车带你到处逛逛。如果这时你们向当地人问路的话，他们会以以上方式告诉你高速公路的方向。 比如“To get to the Hollywood sign,you need to get on the Ten and……”（要去好莱坞方向的话，你得先上10号高速公路，然后……） $10 cover：如果你还想体会下美国的夜生活，你可能会在酒吧门口看到这样一行字“$10 cover”，这时候，你可千万别浪费时间猜它的意思，赶快掏出10美元吧，否则你可无法进去。 Hail a cab：体验过美国的夜生活，从酒吧出来时候已经很晚了。 这时候可能你的朋友会建议你：“Hey,you should hail a cab.”这时你可千万别心疼钱了，人家是让你赶快叫部出租车回旅店呢。养好精神，第二天才能继续快乐“西游”哦。 小贴士 1.作为游客，无论你的英语多么地道，总可能有一些奸商想打你的主意。这里再教你一招：如果你认为有人在捉弄或是欺你的话，你就可以这么说：“Don't jerk my chain！”意思是别想欺我！学会了这句话，你的“西游”之路上麻烦就会少很多了。 2.吃了这么多的美食，玩了这么多地方，让人感觉这样逍遥的旅行有些不真实了，这时你可以来一句“I'm keeping it real”，在任何城市中，你说这句话可都是对这个城市一个极高的评价。 9.英语小谚语 Every advantage has its disadvantage. 有利必有弊。 Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother. 经验是智慧之父，记忆是智慧之母。 Fool's haste is no speed. 欲速则不达。 Fools learn nothing from wise men, but wise men learn much from fools. 愚者不学无术，智者不耻下问。 Genius is nothing but labor and diligence. 天才不过是勤奋而已。 If you want knowledge, you must toil for it. 要想求知，就得吃苦。 It is never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。 Learn to walk before you run. 先学走，再学跑。 Man proposes, God disposes. 谋事在人，成事在天。 No pains, no gains. 没有付出就没有收获。 Never say die. 永不言败。 No cross, no crown. 不经历风雨，怎么见彩虹。 10.求几个英语谚语,简单些就行 Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁Go bananas. 走火入魔Each bird love to hear himself sing.孤芳自赏East or west,home is best.金窝银窝，不如自己的狗窝It rains cats and dogs.下着倾盆大雨Kings has long arms.普天之下莫非王土An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening.一天之计在于晨Kill two birds with one Stone.一箭双雕Like father,like son.有其父必有其子White night.不眠之夜。
在前面的帖子中，我提到一句中国谚语“三个臭皮匠，赛过诸葛亮”。这个帖子发表后，网友vmax给我留言，问我这个谚语是否可以翻译成下面的句子。我回答他说，当然可以，但我不鼓励您这样做，主要原因是：您的译文，我们中国人看得懂，但外国人看不懂，他们根本不知道诸葛亮是什么人，如果您想让外国人也能看得懂，您就必须在译文的后面，额外增加一段注释，介绍一下《三国演义》，再介绍一下诸葛亮，只有这样，外国人才能真正理解这个谚语，您说麻烦不麻烦？！ Three cobblers are more clever than Mr. Zhuge Liang.(三个皮匠会比诸葛亮先生更聪明。) 其实，我们中国的许多谚语，都有对应的英语谚语，两者意思相同或者相似，完全可以互相代替，一般情况下，不需要我们自己翻译。比如“三个臭皮匠，赛过诸葛亮”这个谚语，就有一个对应的英语谚语，请看下面第一行。另外一个与《三国演义》人物有关的谚语“说曹操，曹操到”，也有对应的英语谚语，请看下面第二行。 ①Two heads are better than one.(两个脑袋比一个脑袋更好。) ②When we talk about the devil, he will appear.(当我们谈论魔鬼的时候，他将会出现。) 看到这里，有些朋友可能会问：在哪里可以找到这些对应的英语谚语呢？我曾在北京王府井的外文书店中，看到过这方面的书，书名好象叫做《汉英谚语词典》(时间长了，记不清楚了)，我们可以从这种词典中，查出大多数中国谚语的对应英语谚语。现在国内是“英语热”，英语图书(包括英语词典)多如牛毛，我想这种词典应当不难找到。 一个中国谚语，只有在词典中找不到对应的英语谚语时，我们才考虑自己翻译，不过这种情况好象并不多见。比如“周瑜打黄盖，一个愿打，一个愿挨”这个谚语，我就一直没有找到对应的英语谚语，因此我把它翻译为： One is willing to sell, and the other is willing to buy.(一个人愿意卖，另外一个人愿意买。)
英汉翻译的载体是 文化 ，并且英汉翻译还受到了文化因素的影响。在英汉翻译的论文中，题目占据了一半文的作用。为此我将为你推荐英汉翻译论文选题的内容，希望能够帮到你!英汉翻译论文选题(一) 1. 跨文化视角中的英汉 谚语 互译 2. 英译汉中名词的转译 3. 文学作品中的隐喻翻译 方法 4. 论正说反译、反说正译 5. 翻译选词如何避免 Chinglish 6. 如何正确使用直译和意译 7. 双面佳人——谈《喧哗与骚动》中凯萧的人物形象 8. 论英汉动物词的文化意象差异与翻译 9. 论非常规翻译的作用 10. 从文化差异中看商标翻译 11. 英汉语言的对比 12. 浅谈《宠儿》中母亲塞丝的形象 13. 《毛猿》中扬克的悲剧探微 14. 文学作品中汉语姓名的英译 15. 《远离尘嚣》对 典故 的运用 16. 英语新闻标题的翻译 17. 析《好人难寻》的主要人物 18. 《喧哗与骚动》的视角 19. 试析欧·亨利小说的写作风格 20. 商务合同中长句的翻译 21. 英译汉中词义的抽象化到具体化的转换 22. 论文化语境与翻译选词 23. 语言差异与翻译中的合理叛逆 24. 浅析《远大前程》主人公匹普的成熟过程 25. 论翻译中的中国英语 26. 翻译中的英汉文化差异 27. 劳伦斯笔下的悲剧性人物保罗 英汉翻译论文选题(二) 1. 语法翻译法在中学英语教学中的应用 2. 中学英语语法课堂多媒体技术运用的优势 3. 汉语宣传资料英译探讨 4. 体现在中英习语中的文化差异 5. 英语学习 中对美国 俚语 的认识 6. 电影片名英汉互译的归化与异化及翻译的相关技巧 7. 浅析中国英语 8. 大卫·科波菲尔中的批判现实主义 9. ”信”与英语比喻翻译 10. 佩科拉的悲剧探源 11. 论凯瑟琳·曼斯菲尔德《园会》中的艺术特色 12. 中学 英语阅读 教学中的文化差异渗透 13. 口译中的笔记及实际运用中的障碍 14. 浅析委婉语及其语用功效 英汉翻译论文选题(三) 1. 汉译英中的文化差异——词汇空缺与中国特色文化翻译 2. Questioning and Teaching of Reading 3. 英汉动物比喻的文化内涵及差异 4. (动物比喻在英汉两种文化的内涵及差异) 5. 哈代——具有乡土田园气息的作家 6. 英语语言中的性别歧视(主义) 7. 浅析英语语篇中的词汇衔接 8. 浅谈景点名称的英译 9. 英汉禁忌语和委婉语对比研究 10. 广告 翻译中的修辞手法 11. 不同语境中的翻译 12. 直译与意译 13. 浅谈中国式英语的现象 14. 英汉翻译中文化特性的处理 15. 英汉谚语比较 16. 英文广告中双关语及其翻译 17. 商标翻译中的文化因素 18. 英美文化差异与颜色词的翻译 19. 论英语俚语的汉译 猜你喜欢： 1. 翻译英语专业毕业论文选题 2. 翻译学术论文题目 3. 英语专业文化类毕业论文题目 4. 英语跨文化论文选题 5. 英汉语言对比方面论文参考目录
怎么写开题报告呢？首先要把在准备工作当中搜集的资料整理出来，包括课题名称、课题内容、课题的理论依据、参加人员、组织安排和分工、大概需要的时间、经费的估算等等。第一是标题的拟定。课题在准备工作中已经确立了，所以开题报告的标题是不成问题的，把你研究的课题直接写上就行了。比如我曾指导过一组同学对伦教的文化诸如“伦教糕”、伦教木工机械、伦教文物等进行研究，拟定的标题就是“伦教文化研究”。第二就是内容的撰写。开题报告的主要内容包括以下几个部分：一、课题研究的背景。 所谓课题背景，主要指的是为什么要对这个课题进行研究，所以有的课题干脆把这一部分称为“问题的提出”，意思就是说为什么要提出这个问题，或者说提出这个课题。比如我曾指导的一个课题“伦教文化研究”，背景说明部分里就是说在改革开放的浪潮中，伦教作为珠江三角洲一角，在经济迅速发展的同时，她的文化发展怎么样，有哪些成就，对居民有什么影响，有哪些还要改进的。当然背景所叙述的内容还有很多，既可以是社会背景，也可以是自然背景。关键在于我们所确定的课题是什么。二、课题研究的内容。课题研究的内容，顾名思义，就是我们的课题要研究的是什么。比如我校黄姝老师的指导的课题“佛山新八景”，课题研究的内容就是：“以佛山新八景为重点，考察佛山历史文化沉淀的昨天、今天、明天，结合佛山经济发展的趋势，拟定开发具有新佛山、新八景、新气象的文化旅游的可行性报告及开发方案。”三、课题研究的目的和意义。课题研究的目的，应该叙述自己在这次研究中想要达到的境地或想要得到的结果。比如我校叶少珍老师指导的“重走长征路”研究课题，在其研究目标一栏中就是这样叙述的：1、通过再现长征历程，追忆红军战士的丰功伟绩，对长征概况、长征途中遇到了哪些艰难险阻、什么是长征精神，有更深刻的了解和感悟。2、通过小组同学间的分工合作、交流、展示、解说，培养合作参与精神和自我展示能力。3、通过本次活动，使同学的信息技术得到提高，进一步提高信息素养。四、课题研究的方法。在“课题研究的方法”这一部分，应该提出本课题组关于解决本课题问题的门路或者说程序等。一般来说，研究性学习的课题研究方法有：实地调查考察法(通过组织学生到所研究的处所实地调查，从而得出结论的方法)、问卷调查法（根据本课题的情况和自己要了解的内容设置一些问题，以问卷的形式向相关人员调查的方法）、人物采访法（直接向有关人员采访，以掌握第一手材料的方法）、文献法（通过查阅各类资料、图表等,分析、比较得出结论）等等。在课题研究中，应该根据自己课题的实际情况提出相关的课题研究方法，不一定面面俱到，只要实用就行。五、课题研究的步骤。课题研究的步骤，当然就是说本课题准备通过哪几步程序来达到研究的目的。所以在这一部分里应该着重思考的问题就是自己的课题大概准备分几步来完成。一般来说课题研究的基本步骤不外乎是以下几个方面：准备阶段、查阅资料阶段、实地考察阶段、问卷调查阶段、采访阶段、资料的分析整理阶段、对本课题的总结与反思阶段等。六、课题参与人员及组织分工。这属于对本课题研究的管理范畴，但也不可忽视。因为管理不到位，学生不能明确自己的职责，有时就会偷懒或者互相推诿，有时就会做重复劳动。因此课题参与人员的组织分工是不可少的。最好是把所有的参与研究的学生分成几个小组，每个小组通过民主选举的方式推选出小组长，由小组长负责本小组的任务分派和落实。然后根据本课题的情况，把相关的研究任务分割成几大部分，一个小组负责一个部分。最后由小组长组织人员汇总和整理。七、课题的经费估算。一个课题要开展，必然需要一些经费来启动，所以最后还应该大概地估算一下本课题所需要 的资金是多少，比如搜集资料需要多少钱，实地调查的外出经费，问卷调查的印刷和分发的费用，课题组所要占用的场地费，有些课题还需要购买一些相关的材料，结题报告等资料的印刷费等等。所谓“大军未动，粮草先行”，没有足够的资金作后盾，课题研究势必举步维艰，捉襟见肘，甚至于半途而废。因此，课题的经费也必须在开题之初就估算好，未雨绸缪，才能真正把本课题的研究做到最好。
那么，不同国家的文化差异，究竟应该怎样来表示呢？霍夫斯坦特从其调查数据的分析中，得出了以下描述各种文化差异的指标： （一）权力距离(power distance) 权力距离即在一个组织当中，权力的集中程度和领导的独裁程度，以及一个社会在多大的程度上可以接受组织当中这种权力分配的不平等，在企业当中可以理解为员工和管理者之间的社会距离。一种文化究竟是大的权力距离还是小的权力距离，必然会从该社会内权力大小不等的成员的价值观中反映出来。因此研究社会成员的价值观，就可以判定一个社会对权力差距的接受程度。 例如，美国是权力距离相对较小的国家，美国员工倾向于不接受管理特权的观念，下级通常认为上级是“和我一样的人”。所以在美国，员工与管理者之间更平等，关系也更融洽，员工也更善于学习、进步和超越自我，实现个人价值。中国相对而言，是权力距离较大的国家，在这里地位象征非常重要，上级所拥有的特权被认为是理所应当的，这种特权大大地有助于上级对下属权力的实施。这些特点显然不利于员工与管理者之间和谐关系的创造和员工在企业中不断地学习和进步。因而要在中国的企业当中采纳“构建员工与管理者之间和谐的关系”以及“为员工在工作当中提供学习的机会，使他们不断进步”这两项人本主义政策，管理者有必要在实践当中有意识地减小企业内部权力之间的距离，才会更好地实现管理目标。 （二）不确定性避免(uncertainty avoidance index)
ABSTRACT The development of people's ability totranslate figurative speech was studied, using sentences containing metaphors, dual function words, and proverbs, aspresented in classroom workbooks. One hundred twentychildren from first, third, fifth, and seventh grades wereasked to describe the meaning of each figurative word orphrase placed in context. Responses were scored on a fourpoint scale indicating the extent to which the child used aliteral or figurative translation. Significant effects betweengrade levels and figurative conditions were found, indicatingthat the ability to translate figurative speech proceeds alonga developmental hierarchy of language comprehension. Themajority of third grade children were able to translate metaphors and dual function words into figurative language successfully. The ability to translate proverbs required a levelof comprehension that does not appear in most childrenuntil seventh grade, as suggested by Piaget.A recent review of the psychological literature onmetaphor suggests a strong relationship betweenmetaphor comprehension and Piaget's cognitive stagesof thought development (3). Piagetian theory suggeststhat children from seven to twelve years of age developa broad range of transformational skills that allows themto operate on reality, building a repertoire of symbolsand signs (8). This display of cognitive growth representsan enormous expansion of power and abstraction in thatit frees children from the literal aspects of their perceptions.Inhelder and Piaget suggest that the capacity for poeticusage and the ability to operate on linguistic elementsmay be the last facet of language to develop (3). Theauthors' experiences in third grade classrooms, whileobserving children's understanding of figurative speechas presented in reading workbooks, revealed a wide rangeof abilities in the children's interpretation of metaphorsand proverbs at the concrete operations period of development. Some children had an immediate grasp of the multiple meanings of terms, while others, regardless of theamount of explanation given, could not override theircognitive ties to the literal interpretation.Research suggests that the capacity to understandmetaphoric speech occurs at an age beyond the preschoollevel (5). An early study investigated the development ofchildren's ability to understand dual function words,terms that have a joint reference in language to bothphysical and psychological data (1). For example, suchwords as "cold" and "warm" denote thermal propertiesand can serve a dual function in describing psychologicalaspects of people. The authors suggested that these termsare an elementary instance of metaphorical thinking andinvestigated the order in which children's understandingof dual terms emerged. Results indicated that childrenfrom three to seven are sensitive only to the literal translation, while seven- to eight-year olds demonstrate thebeginning of the ability to use the psychological sense ofthe terms. The ability to state the dual function of theterms was clearly developed in the twelve-year-old group(for example, "hard things and hard people are bothunmanageable").Further work examined the ability of preschool children to make metaphoric links, to perceive relationshipsamong disparate phenomena (6). Children, ages three tonineteen, were asked to indicate their knowledge ofliteral meanings of word pairs and then project them ontosensory domains using metaphoric skills. In contrast toearlier findings, these results indicated that the capacityfor metaphoric association between sensory modalitiesand adjectives was evident in young children.A recent investigation found a developmental trendtoward the comprehension of metaphors, though it concluded that not until the age of ten were children ableto demonstrate metaphoric understanding of dual function words (12).The ability to understand proverbs has been explainedby Piaget as part of the development of cognitive thinking (10). He proposed that children from nine to elevenyears of age use a simple projection of the proverb intosentences by process of immediate fusion. At this level,there is no analysis of detail in comprehending proverbs,but a general fusion of two propositions without analysisof their meanings. Piaget believed that this phenomenonprecedes the development of logical thinking, that theability to translate proverbs does not occur until theformal operations period.The present study examined the relationship amongmetaphors, dual function words, and proverbs, specificallylooking at children's ability to translate classroom materialpresented in context. Context has been cited as an impor
构词是语言的基本要素之一，在英语构词方面我们可以看到许多性别歧视的例子。最突出的例证莫过于history，它是由his和story构成的，也就是说，历史是男人的故事，没有也不需要女人的参与。（1）以man结尾、含有man的复合词及派生词。这一类词泛指男女两性，但从表述效果来看，对于男女性别指代往往不是很清晰，甚至仅仅向读者或听众传递男性形象。例如：①Manisthemostintelligentofallspecies.②Allmenshouldmaintaintheecologicbalance.这些句子容易误导人们忽视女性的存在以及女性在历史发展进程中的作用，可将其更改为：①Humankind/humanbeingisthemostintelligentofallspecies.②Allpeopleshouldmaintaintheecologicalbalance.或veryoneshouldmaintaintheecologicalbalance.在英语词汇中，还有很多含有man的复合词及派生词，均带有明显的性别歧视色彩。这一类词主要有man-kind、man-made、freshman、manhood、manly、toman、manhours、manpower等等。在实际应用中，应将其更改为humanbeings、synthetic、first-yearstudent、adulthood、strong、tooperate、workhours、workforce。（2）英语中有一些以-ess，ette，rix和enne等阴性词缀结尾，如Actress、Authoress、Suffregatte、Usherette、Administratrix、aviatrix、Comedienne，他们往往含有微不足道、无足轻重或卑微低下的含义，因此要避免使用这一类词缀，并可改变使用or，an，er，ist等无性别歧视的词缀。（3）在含有man的英语短语中，我们也不难发现有很多带有性别歧视色彩的，如beone'sownman、goodwilltoman、Jackofalltrades、Manoftheworld、Maninthestreet、Toaman等等，如果我们在使用这些短语是将其置换为beone'sownperson、goodwilltoall、personofalltrades、personoftheworld、personInthestreet、everyperson就显得更为客观和容易被接受了。
写作思路：首先提出跨文化交流的意义，提出跨文化交流的重要性，写到跨文化交流的解决办法与做法。
跨文化交际是指将跨文化、商务、交际三个要素结合在一起, 进而演变成一个全新的文化领域。在当前的商务活动中, 跨文化交际通常包括跨文化的商务交际礼仪及商务人员的跨文化交际能力等, 其中商务人员的跨文化交际能力直接会影响到国际商务活动的开展, 面对的当前在国际商务中存在的跨文化交际问题需要国家有针对性的培养商务人员的跨文化商务交际能力, 保障商务活动的顺利开展。
1、 跨文化交际在国际商务中的重要性
国际商务是指在整个世界范围内的各种贸易交流的总和, 随着经济全球化趋势的不断加强以及国际市场的不断完善, 国际商务活动的开展在促进世界范围内经济共同发展上起到了巨大的作用。
而且国际商务活动的开展给不同文化背景的国家和人们都提供了交流平台, 这种跨文化交流在实施过程中又进一步的促进了全国范围内的经济发展, 使其现代企业能够突破国内市场的桎梏, 继而在国际市场的舞台上大显身手, 实现自身企业的规模化发展以及可持续发展。同时, 现代企业在跨文化交流过程中也需要从同文化背景下的人们思想观念和行为方式出发, 全面提高跨文化交际能力, 为国际商务活动的开展奠定基础。
国际商务跨文化交际问题与解决建议
2、 在国际商务中存在的跨文化交际问题
2。1、 跨文化交际中的语言差异问题。
在国际商务的跨文化交际中, 各国之间的文化差异就是交际过程中面临的最大问题, 其中语言是国家文化的代表, 也是文化得以继续传承的重要载体, 其在跨文化交际中还承担着实现人们交流的重要功能, 可以说, 国际商务中的任何一项活动得到开展都需要语言作为依托, 同样, 语言的差异存在的交际问题也是当前跨文化交际中存在的最重要的问题。
以中文和英文为例, 虽然在国际商务中翻译可以为交易双方提供方便, 但是中文的表达往往会比较委婉, 翻译并不能就中文所表达出的内涵意义进行分析, 相反的英文就会比较直接简单, 这就使得双方在交流过程中往往只会了解字面意思, 容易使双方对彼此表达的意思产生误解, 从而影响跨文化商务交际的顺利进行。
2。2、 跨文化交际中的思维方式差异问题。
思维方式是人们看待事物的角度、方式和方法的总和, 决定着人们思考问题的根本方法, 而在国际商务的跨文化交际中, 思维方式往往会直接影响交易者的行为方式。
由于东、西方文化的差异较大, 其思维方式也存在较大的差异, 以中国为代表的东方文化主要是以形象思维为主体, 注重综合思维, 尤其喜欢迂回的方式, 而西方国家会比较注重分析思维, 偏向理性、逻辑和实证, 因而东方思维会偏向模糊, 西方则是偏向精确, 以上思维方式的差异会使得国际商务的开展存在交易上的阻碍。
2。3、 跨文化交际中的价值观念差异问题。
价值观念的不同会影响人们对同一商品的价值判断, 这也是影响国际商务活动的重要因素, 而且价值观念的不同使得交易双方极易在针对商品价值的制定以及合同的签订上出现分歧, 影响下一步的商务合作。
2。4 、跨文化交际中的习俗差异问题。
风俗习惯的差异不仅存在于各国之间, 同一国中也会因风俗习惯产生争议。而在国家上午中的跨文化交际中, 风俗习惯的不同极有可能会引发交易矛盾, 影响商务活动的开展, 不利于跨文化交际的顺利开展。
3、 解决国际商务跨文化交际问题的建议
在国际商务中, 各国之间由于政治背景、文化背景、经济背景等方面存在的差异导致跨文化交际出现各种各样的问题, 尤其是现代企业要想在国际市场上占据有利地位就必须要提高自身的跨文化交际能力, 商务人员的跨文化交际是国际商务活动开展得基础, 因而需要企业有针对性的培养商务人员的跨文化商务交际能力, 保障企业的国际商务活动顺利开展。
3。1 、培养商务人员对不同国家文化的理解能力。
国际商务中的跨文化交际问题无一例外都是因为国家所具备的不同文化, 因而在对上午人员的培养过程中首先就是要培养其对不同国家文化的理解能力, 使其能够理解并接受不同国家文化的差异。
因而在培养过程中需要商务人员对不同的文化现象、模式及不同国家的文化差异有一定的观察力和理解力, 要求商务人员能熟练掌握不同国家的生活习俗、思维模式及社会价值观等。以便商务人员在国家商务的跨文化交际中能够根据不同国家不同地区的其文化背景适当的调节交际方法, 从而从实际出发去分析并解决问题。
3。2、 提高商务人员对跨文化交际问题的解决能力。
当出现跨文化交际问题时, 如果能够及时有效的解决问题也有可能力挽狂澜、扭转战局, 因而还需要提高商务人员对跨文化交际问题的解决能力。这就需要商务人员具有较好的应变能力, 根据实际情况采用妥协、竞争、回避等方法, 审时度势, 确保际商务跨文化交际能顺利的进行, 促进商务合作和交易。
结语：综上所述, 跨文化交际是当前积极融入国际市场得重要手段, 在国际商务中所出现得跨文化交际问题在一定程度上阻碍了国际商务活动的开展, 不利于世界经济范围内的共同发展, 因此我国现代企业需要认清形势, 加大投入, 有针对性的提高商务人员的跨文化交际能力, 以便促进国际商务的顺利开展, 实现企业自身的可持续发展。
中文摘要 性别歧视在不同的社会制度和国家中都不同程度地存在。而作为一种普遍的社会现象，自然会在语言中得到折射。本文介绍了英语中的性别歧视语的种种表现形式，分析了这种现象产生的社会原因和文化根源，并总结了在英语语言运用过程中消除性别歧视的方法。 关键词: 英语语言；性别歧视;产生原因；消除方法 Abstract Sex discrimination exists in all the social systems and countries, and as a mon social phenomenon, it is surly reflected in language. This paper lists out different forms of sex discrimination in English, *** yses the social and cultural causes of such phenomenon and summarizes the corresponding methods of eliminating sex discrimination in English speaking. Key words: English; sex discrimination; causes; methods of eliminating 引言 在社会生活中，语言对男女一视同仁，但语言是文化的载体，并在人们不断使用的过程中逐渐得到丰富和发展。作为一个地区，一个民族约定俗成的一种表达方式，语言必然会反映出一定的社会价值观念和民族思维方式。性别歧视是以性别为基础而产生的一种社会歧视现象，«朗曼英语词典» 对“性别歧视”的解释是：“以性别为基础的歧视，尤其是男性对女性的偏见。《美国传统字典》的定义是“一种性别成员对另一性别成员，尤其是男性对女性的歧视”。虽然它可以表现为男性对女性的歧视，也可以表现为女性对男性的歧视。但是“性别歧视”通常是对女性的歧视，是人们对女性的偏见和男女社会地位不平等的反映。“女性长期以来被看作是the weaker sex/the second sex，是男性的陪衬和附属品。即使在标榜人权，平等的西方发达国家中也是如此。而现代女权运动轰轰烈烈的发展形势正是对这一不平等现象的反抗和反映。”[1]P80从而在语言中，出现了多种多样的性别歧视语，英语也不例外。一、性别歧视语言现象 （一）人际称谓 亲暱称谓 在西方，男性上司称呼他们的女性下属时可以用一些表示亲密关系的暱称，如sugar, darling, sweetie, girlie; 反过来，女性下属却不能用这些暱称来称呼她们的上司，而且女性上司也不能如此来称呼她们的男性职员，可是，陌生男子或非亲密关系的男子却可用暱称来称呼女子，这说明在英美社会女性比男性社会地位低，受到的尊重比男性少。[2]P74 姓名称谓 在西方 ,女子婚前一般用父姓 ,婚后改用丈夫的姓 , 例如 :在西方婚礼上 ,新郎新娘步入教堂时 ,牧师宣布:“I now pronounce you man and wife.”“婚后的男子依旧是man ,而婚后的女子则由Miss变成了wife这种现象不乏女权主义者和职业妇女。”[2]P74 当时的美国总统Bill Clinton的夫人Hilary Rodhamon也在为自己的 ,即支援已婚女性不仅应当标注夫姓 ,而且只应当标注夫姓 ,而不应继续标注父姓。尽管Hilary Rodhamon本人是一位女权运动者 ,但她还是把自己的名字根据丈夫和自己的政治需要, 先从Hilary Rodhamon改为Hilary Rodhamon Clinton, 最后改为Hilary Clinton。但是, 不管怎么改, 都不能超出如下选择: 要么跟父亲姓, 要么跟丈夫姓。这种以丈夫的姓冠之于前的称呼 ,表明妇女出嫁后就成了丈夫的私有财产, 是属于丈夫的, 因此无法得到与丈夫平等的权利。未婚女性用Miss冠以父姓, 已婚的用Mrs.或Lady冠以丈夫的姓氏。 指代称谓 1）提到男女双方时，双方不是处于平等地位，而是男先女后。 King and queen, brother and sister, father and mother, boys and girls, hu *** and and wife, Adam and Eve, man and woman, Mr. Lucas and his wife Louise. 2）. 一些形式上没有男性标志的词意，人们习惯上把它们当作是男性词看待。 英语及其它讲英语国家的人习惯认为 professor, doctor, lawyer, surgeon, barrister, magistrate 等为男性，当我们听到有人说：My cousin is a professor 时，多数人会断定professor为男性。若要说明这些词是女性的，一般可在前面加上woman, lady, female 等修饰语。如:woman professor, lady doctor, female worker等，这些所谓的中性词的用法从一个侧面反映出旧社会中地位较高的职业为男子所垄断，相反地teacher, nurse , secretary, model 等人们一般认为是女性，如为男性时前面要加上male或是man,如:male nurse, man teacher。这些习惯除了历史现实情况有关，也可以说是一种社会偏见。 （二）词语发展 首先，表面上对应的词,含义却往往褒男贬女在英语中往往通过对女性名词的恶化来达到性别歧视的目的。几乎所有的女性名词都带有贬义,如queen, lady, mistress, madam等,其贬义为“雌猫”、“情妇”、以及“鸨母”等,而与之对应的king, lord, master, father 等词,如将他们的起首字母大写即可升格为“上帝”、“基督”、“主”、“神”等意义。 其次，英语中常用一些动物的名称来指称某些女性。 比如:bat贱妇,丑妇, *** ;dog丑妇,贱妇,没有成就的女人, *** ;chicken见面熟的年轻女人;cat恶妇,包藏祸心的女人,可卑的女人;cow子女多的女人,肥胖而不整洁的女人,经常怀孕的女人, *** ;mutton放荡的女人,做少女打扮的老妇女, *** 。 并且，英语中还有一些带有轻蔑色彩,专指中老年妇女的词汇。 比如:trot老太婆;hen爱管闲事或嘴碎的中年妇女;warhorse粗声大气,肥胖固执的女人;crone干瘪皱皮的老太婆;hag爱做坏事的老丑妇;witch老丑妇;biddy长舌妇;harridan面容枯槁,脾气暴躁的老妇。 （三）谚语运用 理性类 宋朝黄六鸿《福惠全书，弄名部》载：“妇人水性杨花，焉得不为所动”，诋毁女子“用情不专”，“缺乏理性”，在英语中就有相类似的谚语。 Long hair and short wit. 头发长，见识短 When an ass climbs a ladder, we may find wisdom in women. 若要女子有才智，除非毛驴攀上树 言及女子“感情游移”“二三其德”的有： A woman’s mind and winter wind change a lot. （冬天里的风，女子的心胸---变化异常） Women, wind and fortune are ever changing. （女子，风向与命运，翻天覆地无常态） 婚嫁类 A fair face is half a portion. （姿色艳，嫁妆半） When the candles are out, all women are fair. （烛灯熄，无妍女） Daughters and dead fish are no keeping wares. （女大不中留） Marry your son when you will, your daughter when you can. （娶媳不忙，嫁女宜速） There are many good women, it’s true; but they are in their graves. （世上好女实在多，可惜都在坟里卧） He that has a white horse and a fair wife never wants trouble. （倘若妻俊马俊，一世难得安静） 性情类 一代文豪莎士比亚曾云：“弱者，你的名字是女人”（Frailty, your name is woman） 弱女子的典型形象特征是“泪水涟涟”。 Woman is made to weep. 女子生来好哭 Nothing dries so fast as a woman’s tears. （易干不过女子泪） Woman is made of glass. （女子脆复弱，象是玻璃货） Glass and lasses are brittle wares. （少女嫩脆，瓷杯易碎） （四）职业中的性别歧视 许多表示职业的名词,如engineer ,pilot, scientist ,writer, doctor，pilot, scientist, engineer, pilot等对男女都适用,本来是中性词汇,本身没有性的区别。“由于历史上男性长期占据社会主导地位,人们习惯把它们与男性联络起来。”[3] P210如要特别指女性从事相同职业时,往往在前面加上female, woman lady, 从而使女性职业名词在外在的形式上呈现出“有标志性”,如woman doctor, female pilot, woman scientist, woman lawyer等。而行业名称冠以男性标记反而不符合语言习惯,但男保姆、男护士除外。只有一些地位较底的职业,如nurse, secretary等,传统上让人联想到女性,而与男性无缘。这种习惯除了与历史和现实有关,也可以说是一种性别歧视。 二、英语语言中性别歧视现象产生的原因 （一）、历史原因 在西方文化传统中,男性一直被认为富于创造力。在《圣经》里,创造世界的耶和华为男性,而耶和华创造的亚当亦是男性,亚当的妻子夏娃只不过是亚当一条肋骨的衍化物,这一传统观念就把创造力固定在男人身上,后人便有了“男性的特质是创造力的天赋”的说法。并且在圣经《创世纪》关于上帝造人的神话成了语言起源学说的联想依据。“在他们看来,既然上帝造了亚当这天下第一个男人,语言中的“性”范畴就应将阳性置于首位。如果把两者的顺序颠倒过来,就不符合语言习惯。 ” [4]P132英语语法并没有规定“先男后女”的语序,但人们在长期的言语习惯中,大都以男为先,女为后,女性只能是跟随在男性后面的第二性别。男先女后的语序是如此常见,以至于反过来如说woman and man ,she or he等则会令人感到不习惯。 （二）、社会原因 性别歧视的根源可以追溯到史前时代男女所扮演的性别角色。由于男性的肌肉比女性肌肉发达,又不生育,于是他们担当起打猎、耕作的角色,妇女体弱、要生育,所以负责照顾孩子、料理家庭、采集食物等。那时,男女角色虽然不同,但还没有一方价值高于另一方的观念。“随着社会生产力的不断发展,男子逐渐从事更多的农业生产活动,占据了主导地位,妇女的地位随供给食物能力的降低而下降。”[5]P113到了中世纪时期,妇女由于能生养孩子,能为土地所有者生养合法继承人,她们成了地主丈夫的宝贵财产。为了使妇女处于这样的地位,统治者便借助法律令女性屈服和受制于丈夫,于是,各种约束妇女的各种社会规范和习俗开始形成。在漫长的父系社会里,妇女地位低下,依附男性,受制于男性,这种观念逐渐根深蒂固,被人们视为理所当然。直到二十世纪,妇女的地位有了很大的改善,但是社会化偏见是在社会化的过程中，通过社会群体，父母，亲友，伙伴的言传身教和大众传媒（广播，电影，电视，报纸）获得的。人们对女性的歧视和偏见也是从父母，亲友或群体的交往中直接获得的，或通过大众传媒获得的。在英语中，受传统观念的影响，对女性的语言歧视已经成为了一种恶性回圈。比如，人们一看到或听到“virgin”和“prostitute”这两个词，首先想到的就是“处女”和“ *** ”的意思，而很少想到它们还分别可用于指“ *** ”和“男娼”。 （三）、生理原因 记的有人写道：在医院的育婴室里，每个刚出生的婴儿的小床上都有说明性别的标记，上面清楚写着：“I am a boy”或“It is a girl”.这里男孩的称呼是I, 而女孩却用it。在婴儿还不知道什么是语言时，而在他们的身上已深深打上了文化和语言的印记。在英语中用男性物主代词his指代包括女性在内的任何人的现象也不胜列举。例如Has everyone pleted his assignment?还有Everyone should do his best on the exam.这里的his已经包括了女性在内。虽然女性享有就业、选举、教育等等同男性一样的权利,然而女性仍然处于社会的边缘,被认为是“弱者”the weaker sex和“他者”the other;男性始终占据主导地位。” [6]P210根据1980年的联合国统计,男性拥有世界资源的99%,而女性拥有的资源不到1%。“因此说,对女性的歧视与偏见有长期的社会历史根源。”[6]P219 三、消除英语语言中性别歧视的方法 随着社会的发展和妇女社会地位的不断提高，尤其是随着美国女权运动的高涨，消除语言中的性别歧视的呼声越来越高。这其中核心问题有两个：如何直接剔除语言中的性别歧视词（sexist words）；如何消除第三人称代词泛指而引起的性别歧视问题。我们从英语性别歧视词的转换方式和如何选用恰当的人称代词来消除性别歧视问题的对策这几个方面来进行介绍和讨论。 （一）、 性别歧视词转换成无性别歧视词（non-sexist words）的方法 1 尽量使用那些包括两性在内的词，即无性别歧视词，例如：immigrant, voter, officer, coach, church member, grandparent, employee, testee, patriot, customers, dealer, clerk, civilian, politician, tutor, etc. 2.以阴性词缀-ess, ette, rix和enne 结尾的词要避免使用并改成无性别歧视的词缀：-or, an, er或ist。例如：actress →actor, administratrix →administrator ,suffragette →suffragist, usherette→ usher ,edienne→ edian . 3. 写信时，如果不知道收信人的具体性别时，最好不要使用传统的Dear Sir, Dear Gentleman, Dear Madam, 可用工作职称代替以免出现差错。例如：Dear friends of the library, Dear Madams and Sirs, Dear personnel officer, Dear mittee Member, Dear Agent, Dear Director. （二）、规避第三人称代词泛指所引起的性别歧视问题的对策 1.采用复数形式 Sexist: When bathing a baby, never leave him unattended. Revised: When bathing a baby, never leave them unattended. 2.用We/us/our改写原句 Sexist: From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs. Revised: From each of us according to our abilities, to each of us according to our needs. 3. 改用第二人称 Sexist: No man knows his true character until he has run out of gas, purchased something on the installment plan and raised an adolescent. Revised: You don’t know what your true character is until you have run out of gas, purchased something on the installment plan and raised an adolescent. 4.改用被动语态 Sexist: One who, when he has the choice of two evils, chooses both. Revised: One who, when given the choice of two evils，chooses both. 5.用 he and she/ his and her ,但是使用的次数不宜太多，否则会造成用词累赘。 s/he仅仅可以用于备忘录memos，便条notes，或者非正式的交谈之中。 6.用名词或上下文中用过的同义词替代 Sexist: To find a friend one must close one eye, to keep him, two. Revised: To find a friend, one must close one eye, to keep a friend, two. 7.采用交替使用阳性和阴性来达到平衡 例如：A young child is often persuaded by advertisements to buy what he sees on television. When the child does shopping with a parent, she sees the product on the shelf, remembers it, and asks to have it. （三）、英语教学作用 在英语教学中向学生传授新创立的中性表达法，学校和教师在语言的习得、文化的传授中起著不可低估的作用。改变对女性的否定态度,语言的改革也是重要的一环。语言教师同样也肩负著一份神圣的使命。在英语学习中,教师首先要规范自己的语言,在课堂上尽量避免带有性别偏见的语句。然后,教师根据教学内容把女权运动后英语中出现的新词、新用法传授给学生,有意识地加强性别平等的思想教育,让学生了解英语国家的社会变化、语言动态。应该强调妇女不应该被忽视。女人们每天在生活中仍然发挥着巨大的影响力。没有女人就没有男人的成功。女人们用自己的智慧竭尽全力使每个家庭生活更丰富多彩。 四、结论 在使用上面谈到的方法、对策时，我们一定要把握一个“度”，具体使用那一种方法、对策要取决于它能否使我们的写作、会话顺利进行并达到预期的效果。“正如以前女性主义思想家认为,女性与语言疏远太久,与她们的女性经验疏远太久,使她们不能将自己的经历符号化。”[7] P331传统的标准句法和确定的文类都代表父权制话语结构。因此女性主义试图找到新的语言和新的文学形式对女性现实做出反映。她们批评并激烈地改变既存语言,大胆地进行创作实验,使用新词、新拼写、新语法结构、新意象和新隐喻以远离父权语言的权威结构,为女性寻求一片新的话语空间。女性主义的口号之一就是“妇女通过语言获得完全的解放”。而且，“语言是社会的一面镜子,语言中所折射出的性别差异和性别歧视现象并不是由语言符号本身的自然属性决定的,而是特定社会的价值观念和民族思维方式在语言中的必然反映。”[8]P287语言本身是中性的,但语言的使用者却可以按照其社会观念和价值观念,赋予语言一定的语用色彩。若要消除语言包括人际称谓系统中的性别歧视现象,首先需根除社会上存在的性别歧视观念,语言的变革只有在社会变革的基础上才能最终实现。 从以上论述可以看到女性要获得自身的真正解放与不平等要做不懈努力。语言对社会的反映经历了漫长的过程。旧的歧视清除了,新的歧视还会反映到语言中来。语言中性别歧视的真正消除,只能寄希望于在社会现实中,男女真正的平等。“索绪尔认为语言不仅是交际工具,还是思想的载体,没有语言作为载体和工具,人的思维也就无法发展。”[9]P267性别歧视的改观不能等待男权的施舍,要女性自我的觉醒,要女性自己的参与。在强势和弱势文化的交汇中,同样需要弱势文化自身的努力。强调性别差异的重要性是必要的,但它只是过渡性的,女性不能只作为女性说话,男性也不能只作为男性说话。要走出性歧视的误区,出路在于语言的中性化,而实现语言的中性化,在于不断提高语言觉悟。因此,“女性运动要取得实质性的进展,不是依靠女性自身就能完成的,不仅需要世界范围内广大女性的团结,更需要寻求作为人类另一半的男性的支援与配合,因此更有必要加强与男性的沟通和协商。”[10]P113 参考文献 [1] 邓炎昌,刘润清.语言与文化[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1989。 [2] 蒋桂红.谚语视野里的性别歧视[J].宁波大学学报, 2004, 第1期。 [3] 朱伯通等译.哥伦比亚美国文学史[M].成都:四川辞书出版社,1994。 [4] 穆凤良,李秀萍.英语中的性歧视与中性化[J].外语与外语教学,1998。 [6] 让•雅克•卢梭. 洪涛译.论语言的起源[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2003。 [7] 王德春,孙汝建,姚远.社会心理语言学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1995。 [8] 柏子明.英语中的性别歧视及女权运动对英语的影响[J].四川外语学院学式化报,1999。 [9]美埃莱娜•肖瓦尔特.走向女权主义诗学.《新女权批评》及序言[M].纽约:潘修恩图书公司,1987。 [10]朱跃.论英语词义的变化和使用所反映出的对妇女性别的歧视现象[J].四川外语学院,1995。
英语毕业论文答辩稿范文（精选8篇）
一段忙碌又充实的大学生活要即将结束，我们毕业前都要通过最后的`毕业论文，毕业论文是一种比较重要的检验学生学习成果的形式，快来参考毕业论文是怎么写的吧！下面是我帮大家整理的英语毕业论文答辩稿范文，希望对大家有所帮助。
Good morning, all appraises committee members. I am XXX and my supervisor is XXX.
With his constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper.
Now it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is Comparative Study between English and Chinese idioms.
With the developing globalization, communication demand precise language.
Idioms are not a separate part of the language, we cannot omit. Studying the similarities and differences between English and Chinese idioms would be helpful to cross-cultural understanding and it’s also a good advance to our future if we can learn well.
For the above facts, I select the subject of “comparative study between English and Chinese idioms” as the title of my paper.
In the main part of this paper, I divide it four parts.
Part one presents general introduction to the basic concept and the studying purpose.
Part two presents overview of the Chinese and English idioms; it concludes similar origins and similar functions. Part three emphasize differences between English and Chinese idioms.
Through contrast analysis of well-known Chinese and English language, found the differences cultural discrepancy and the translation of animal words. Part four draws some conclusions that characteristics of English and Chinese idioms. And it is helpful to cross-culture .It’s necessary for a better understanding of international promotional communication. OK, that’s all. Thank you.
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense.
I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. I’m Zhang Da and my supervisor is Professor Zhang Jingcai. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. First of all, I really want to be a teacher, so during the four years, I have read many books about how to become a good teacher. Secondly, when I was a freshman in the summer of 2008, I was chosen as a teaching assistant of the summer camp which was organized by the New Oriental English School in Shijiazhuang. In the summer camp, I rewrote a script of an English drama to be one of the programs of the open ceremony. It was very popular among those students. They thought it was very interesting. In 2010, I was practiced as an English teacher at Chenguantun Middle School in Qinhuangdao, I found that the students have little interest towards English learning, so I hoped I could help them. So I use the Drama Method as my teaching method. Almost all of the students were highly motivated by the interesting teaching method and they have made great progress in the exam one month later. So the research proved that the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. For the above facts, I select the subject of On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School as the title of my paper. I hope by studying this topic we can find an effective teaching method to help all the students’ English learning in junior high school.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to identify the major problem of junior high school students’ English learning problems
Part two overviews all relevant researches in drama application in teaching oral English.
Part three is the research design, the research hypothesis, the subjects of the research, the research methods and the research procedures are conducted.
Part four is the findings from research data. After analyzing the data with Excel 2007, pedagogical findings and implications are delivered before the conclusion of the thesis.
Part five draws some conclusions about the research. As what has been shown in the research, there are a lot of benefits from drama performance; the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. In addition, there are some suggestions for forthcoming researches.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style
in from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!
I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.the title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.i hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.the way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.so when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.next, it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five parts.part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.ok! that is all. thank you!
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. （或Welcome to attend the oral defense.） :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any correction.The topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.Angela Carter （1940-1992） is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve into.With the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and propositions.Next, is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five parts.Chapter one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the thesis.Chapter two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the future.Chapter three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual relationship.Chapter four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist matriarchy.And her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two genders.Chapter five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further study.OK! That is all. Thank you!
Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m *** and come from class *. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. Li.With his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.
Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.
Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.
Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.
For the above facts, I select this title.
Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.
The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.
The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.
The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.
The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.
The last part is the conclusion.
I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.
When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.
That’s all. Thank you.
ABSTRACT The development of people's ability totranslate figurative speech was studied, using sentences containing metaphors, dual function words, and proverbs, aspresented in classroom workbooks. One hundred twentychildren from first, third, fifth, and seventh grades wereasked to describe the meaning of each figurative word orphrase placed in context. Responses were scored on a fourpoint scale indicating the extent to which the child used aliteral or figurative translation. Significant effects betweengrade levels and figurative conditions were found, indicatingthat the ability to translate figurative speech proceeds alonga developmental hierarchy of language comprehension. Themajority of third grade children were able to translate metaphors and dual function words into figurative language successfully. The ability to translate proverbs required a levelof comprehension that does not appear in most childrenuntil seventh grade, as suggested by Piaget.A recent review of the psychological literature onmetaphor suggests a strong relationship betweenmetaphor comprehension and Piaget's cognitive stagesof thought development (3). Piagetian theory suggeststhat children from seven to twelve years of age developa broad range of transformational skills that allows themto operate on reality, building a repertoire of symbolsand signs (8). This display of cognitive growth representsan enormous expansion of power and abstraction in thatit frees children from the literal aspects of their perceptions.Inhelder and Piaget suggest that the capacity for poeticusage and the ability to operate on linguistic elementsmay be the last facet of language to develop (3). Theauthors' experiences in third grade classrooms, whileobserving children's understanding of figurative speechas presented in reading workbooks, revealed a wide rangeof abilities in the children's interpretation of metaphorsand proverbs at the concrete operations period of development. Some children had an immediate grasp of the multiple meanings of terms, while others, regardless of theamount of explanation given, could not override theircognitive ties to the literal interpretation.Research suggests that the capacity to understandmetaphoric speech occurs at an age beyond the preschoollevel (5). An early study investigated the development ofchildren's ability to understand dual function words,terms that have a joint reference in language to bothphysical and psychological data (1). For example, suchwords as "cold" and "warm" denote thermal propertiesand can serve a dual function in describing psychologicalaspects of people. The authors suggested that these termsare an elementary instance of metaphorical thinking andinvestigated the order in which children's understandingof dual terms emerged. Results indicated that childrenfrom three to seven are sensitive only to the literal translation, while seven- to eight-year olds demonstrate thebeginning of the ability to use the psychological sense ofthe terms. The ability to state the dual function of theterms was clearly developed in the twelve-year-old group(for example, "hard things and hard people are bothunmanageable").Further work examined the ability of preschool children to make metaphoric links, to perceive relationshipsamong disparate phenomena (6). Children, ages three tonineteen, were asked to indicate their knowledge ofliteral meanings of word pairs and then project them ontosensory domains using metaphoric skills. In contrast toearlier findings, these results indicated that the capacityfor metaphoric association between sensory modalitiesand adjectives was evident in young children.A recent investigation found a developmental trendtoward the comprehension of metaphors, though it concluded that not until the age of ten were children ableto demonstrate metaphoric understanding of dual function words (12).The ability to understand proverbs has been explainedby Piaget as part of the development of cognitive thinking (10). He proposed that children from nine to elevenyears of age use a simple projection of the proverb intosentences by process of immediate fusion. At this level,there is no analysis of detail in comprehending proverbs,but a general fusion of two propositions without analysisof their meanings. Piaget believed that this phenomenonprecedes the development of logical thinking, that theability to translate proverbs does not occur until theformal operations period.The present study examined the relationship amongmetaphors, dual function words, and proverbs, specificallylooking at children's ability to translate classroom materialpresented in context. Context has been cited as an impor
英语毕业的论文答辩稿（精选6篇）
毕业论文答辩是一种有组织、有准备、有计划、有鉴定的比较正规的审查论文的重要形式。为了搞好毕业论文答辩，在举行答辩会前，校方、答辩委员会、答辩者（撰写毕业论文的作者）三方都要作好充分的准备。下面是我整理的英语毕业的论文答辩稿（精选6篇），欢迎大家分享。
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am xxx and my supervisor is prof.xxx. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !
晚上好，所有的评估委员会成员。我来自HUST，主修外国语言学和应用语言学。我是xxx，我的主管是教授。 xxx。凭着她的真诚和智慧的指导，近一年的辛苦工作，我已经完成了我的论文。最后，这是展示时间。今天晚上，我将向大家致以衷心的感谢，我衷心地欢迎您的加入。
我的论文的标题是哥特式风格的研究
我希望通过研究这个短小的故事，我们可以在某些历史和文化中更多地描述美国南方妇女，更多地要求帮助现代社会的妇女对自己有一个广泛的了解，帮助我们提高我的独立性和信心，并更多地关注我们的心理健康该
接下来，我将向您介绍。这是我演讲的大纲。他们是文学评论，哥特式传统，哥特式风格的故事和哥特风格的原因。
本文由六部分组成。第一部分提出了作者威廉·福克纳(William Faulkner)和艾米莉·艾丝丽(A Rose)的作者，指出了这项研究的目的.和意义。第二部分是文献综述，对国内外这本小说进行了相关研究，并指出了理论依据和方法。第三部分给出了小说中哥特式传统的时间表，即死亡主题，独特的人物和神秘的气氛。部分原因，详细介绍了这本小说中哥特式风格的原因：父权制的压迫，南方女士的神话和艾米莉对爱情的态度。最后，在结论中，笔者对以前的部分进行了梳理，再次强调了论文论证的意义。
好的，就是这样。现在你可以提出你的问题!我准备好了!谢谢 ！
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ：
I am Wu Lin. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professor Hu Anjiang, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van Winkle).
The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. i am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. with her constant encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper. now, it is the show time. i will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.the title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.i hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.the way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.so when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.next, it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five parts.part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.ok! that is all. thank you!
stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any correction.The topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.Angela Carter （1940-1992） is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve into.With the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and propositions.Next, is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five parts.Chapter one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the thesis.Chapter two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the future.Chapter three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual relationship.Chapter four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist matriarchy.And her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two genders.Chapter five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further study.OK! That is all. Thank you!
Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m xxx and come from class x. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. Li.With his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.
The title of my paper is xxxxxxxxxxxxx. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.
Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.
Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.
Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.
For the above facts, I select this title.
Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.
The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.
The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.
The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.
The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.
The last part is the conclusion.
I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.
When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.
That’s all. Thank you.
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. （或Welcome to attend the oral defense.） :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
客家谚语，是客家人在长期的劳动生活中总结与创造出来的`一种熟语，是人民群众喜爱的口头语言。以下是客家方言的谚语，欢迎阅读。
拳头拢过壁。 花被盖鸡笼。
穷人食贵米。 打屁安狗心。
手长衫袖短。 民以食为天。
痾屎揦倒牛墩。 新殡缸三日新。
烂泥糊唔上壁。 寒狗唔识热天。
金乌蝇一肚屎。 眼眉毛八尺长。
牛头唔对马嘴。 食饭快，屙屎粗。
人比人，气死人。 石灰箩，到处迹。
人带面，树带皮。 牙射射，想食蔗。
锡外甥，摸脚踭。 左耳落，右耳出。
朝见口，晚见面。 人一走，茶就凉。
食饭快，屙屎粗。 牛耕田，马食谷。
雷公头占韭菜地。 车到山前必有路。
皇帝唔急太监急。 久病床前无孝子。
烂船也有三斤钉。 清官难断家务事。
死猪唔怕沸水碌。 人心唔足蛇吞象。
条条马囹臭汗酸。 做了家娘当心舅。
公婆相撑冇好口。 隔离阿婆饭过香。
食死老公睡烂席。 灶头洗碗有相磕。
食屎食到黄豆片。 盲猫公有死老鼠。
痾屎唔出赖狗掌。 人善人欺天不欺。
偷鸡唔成蚀把米。 人逢喜事精神爽。
看死狗牯叼死猫。 家家有本难念的经。
屎忽冇虫拿显(蚯蚓)钻 有条草，就有点露水。
十月朝，糍粑碌碌烧。 天上雷公，地上舅公。
一芽知春，一叶知秋。 睡多梦多，食多屙多。
小时偷针，大来偷金。 学坏三天，学好三年。
靠山食山，靠水食水。 西装滑靓，荷包干净。
看树看根，看人看心。 瓜熟蒂落，藕断丝连。
人穷不语，水平不流。 流水无情，落花有意。
人为财死，鸟为食亡。 青山不老，绿水长流。
人穷志短，马瘦毛长。 榜上无名，脚下有路。
娶只心舅，卖只赖依(儿子)。西装腊靓，荷包干净。
人无远虑，必有近忧。 锦上添花，雪中送炭。
得人钱财，代人消灾。 人望神恩，草望春生。
河山易改，品性难移。 三日打鱼，两日晒网。
近朱者赤，近墨者黑。 牛事冇了，马事又来。
物以类聚，人以群分。 再好龙床唔当涯狗兜。
初学剃头遇到胡须佬。 牛和马比，蹄基都晓脱。
做死一世和尚打烂斋砵。 六月凳板凉，十月糯饭香。
人无千日好，花无百日红。 山中冇老虎，猴仔成霸王
人善被人欺，马瘦被人骑。 冇食冇人知，冇穿冇听企。
岁寒知松柏，忠难见交情 牛轭条条曲，人心冇厌足。
上山擒虎易，开口求人难。 风吹鸡春壳，财去人安乐。
留得青山在，不愁没柴烧。 出门看天色，落门看脸色。
庙小妖风大，池小王八多。 疾风知劲草，事久见人心。
一日阉九猪，九日冇猪阉。 近水知鱼性，近山识鸟音。
媒人成不成，烧酒两三瓶。 若要人不知，除非己莫为。
二八乱穿衣，农闲乱投圩。 禾怕寒露风，人怕老来穷。
培子先培娘，肥禾先肥秧。 人不可貌相，海不可斗量。
涯跳汝唔斩，涯斩汝唔跳。 来说是非者，便是是非人。
花冇重开日，人冇再少年。 两公婆，床头打交床尾和。
冇针唔引线，冇水唔行船。 上屋搬下屋，少了一箩谷。
欲穷千里目，更上一层楼。 有钱三叔公，冇钱三斤狗。
水阔凭鱼跃，天高任鸟飞。 嘴贱得人恼，力贱得人锡。
欢娱嫌夜短，寂寞恨更长。 读书读得多，料字写成科。
人细紧过债，锅烂冇钱买。 人多力量大，柴多火焰高。
在家千日好，出门半朝难。 一代亲，二代表，三代闲了了。
金盎对银盎，屎盆对尿砵。 家有千金，不如薄艺随身。
人穷志不穷，食烟爱大筒。 做死一世狐狸被鸡督盲眼。
咸鱼蒸猪肉，唔使盐唔使油。 不听老人言，食亏在眼前。
爷老如公样，锅篮吊在锅灶上。三月熬过去，四月有瓜驳。
求人不如求己，使口不如自走。人穷志不穷，食烟爱大筒。
静坐常思己过，闲谈莫论人非。
虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。
见千见万，冇见过汝花离斗灿。
人无横财不富，马无夜草不肥。
抬轿做抬轿，唔打理新娘屙唔屙尿。
蛤蟆解哥叫连连，想娶老婆又冇钱。
屋漏更遭连夜雨，船破又遇顶头风。
近水楼台先得月，向阳花木早逢春。
过桥多过汝行路，食盐多过汝食米。
芳草春回依归绿，梅花时到自然香。
百样功夫百样难，唔当啰食过清闲。
良言相对三冬暖，恶语伤人六月寒。
朝中冇人莫做官，厨下冇人莫去钻。
书到用时方恨少，事非经过不知难。
酒不醉人人自醉，花不迷人人自迷。
是非只因多开口，烦恼皆因强出头。
世事静观知曲折，人心甘苦见交情。
男人心多做冇家，女人心多织冇麻。
画虎画皮难画骨，知人知面不知心。
劝君莫做亏心事，举头三尺有神明。
酒逢知己千杯少，话不投机半句多。
乌发唔知勤学习，白发方悔读书迟。
人情似纸张张薄，世事如棋局局新。
年年岁岁花相似，岁岁年年人不同。
见千见万，冇见过惹花离斗灿。
水浸牛皮，浸水也三斤，搂起也三斤。
嫁鸡随鸡，嫁狗随狗，嫁倒狐狸满山走。
行运脚趾串到金戒指，当衰揩盐都拨虫。
男人望投圩，女人望做月，细仔老人望生日。
老人三件歪，行路脚犁犁，打屁打出屎，屙尿淋湿鞋。
霜降降禾黄。 处暑除犁耙。
小满江河满。 禾不受三朝降。
雷打秋，对半收。 春争日，夏争时。
吊脚云，走脱裙 日枷晴，夜枷雨。
南转北，水乙乙。 要谷食，望惊蛰。
春寒雨起，春暖雨止。 东闪西闪，禾田爆拆。
东阉西闪，田畴毕赤。 乌云拦东，不雨也风。
南闪三夜，北闪就泻 芒种夏至，有食懒去。
小暑小割，大暑大割。 小暑大暑，靠墙脱裤。
白露秋分，日夜平分。 大寒牛攒浆，冷死旱禾秧。
雷公先唱歌，有水也唔多。 有雨天开井，冇雨脚下光。
云掩中秋月，水打下元宵。 寒露过三朝，过水要寻桥。
禾怕寒露风，人怕老来穷。 处暑雷公叫，老鼠恶过猫。
东风一包虫，西风一包药。 鸡笼山戴帽，有三日好嬲 。
一场秋雨一场凉。 三月无清明，勤人不如懒人。
早造(插秧)沾根，下造插深。
小雪大雪，煮饭唔切(来不及)。
禾到立冬死，有青禾，冇青米。
天黄黄地黄黄，大水浸眠床。
天乌乌地乌乌，大水浸恋姑。
天白白地白白，大水浸囹核。
水督伯公衣，四十九日雨淋漓。
日朗朝，水漂漂;日朗昼，水流溜。
初一落水初二晴，初三落水成泥羹
还冇落水先唱歌，纵然有落也唔多。
朝发七，晚发日，半夜起风唔过日。
北发北(风)，水乙乙;夏发北，作田缺。
清明雨，鱼儿陂下死;清明晴，鱼儿上高坪。
行风坐雨看鹞婆(鹰飞着叫会刮风，鹰站着叫会下雨)。
一月冷死牛，二月冷死马，三月冷死耕田蛇。
冬在初，有冷都唔多;冬在中，十个牛栏九个空;冬在尾，冷脱耳朵尾。
1、木匠家里冇凳坐，和尚庙里鬼唱歌。
2、转外家，害自家，锅盖生尘菜打花。
3、唔贪郎田地，就贪郎爽利。
4、一好冇两好，两好唔到老。
5、男人莫当两头家，女人莫做两头蛇。
6、女人唔当家，男人做哇背虾虾。
7、生处怕水，熟处怕鬼。
8、家财万贯，不如薄艺在身。
9、人情大多债，锅头拿来卖。
10、人老心不老，人穷志不穷。
11、敬老得福，敬禾得谷。
12、若要真，问细人。
13、一年算得三次命，冇病也会算出病。
14、士别三日，当刮目相看。
15、六十六，学唔足，阿公换酒，孙子换肉。
16、人穷志不穷，蝻蛇脱壳变成龙。
17、路唔行唔平，人唔学唔成。
18、唔怨天，唔怨地，只怨自家唔争气。
19、人心高过天，做了皇帝想成仙。
20、火旺唔怕生鲁基，刀利唔怕死牛皮。
21、苦口良药利于病，忠言逆耳利于行。
22、得人钱财，为人消灾。
23、亲姊亲妹亲如水；认姊认妹认把嘴。
24、木匠师傅冇眠床，泥水师傅冇浴堂。
25、一人有福，牵带满屋。
26、六十六，学唔足。
27、宁与千人好，莫与一人仇。
28、想要光景好，日日起得早。
29、嫁鸡腾鸡，嫁狗腾狗，嫁倒狐狸满山走。
30、男人三十一枝花；女人三十豆腐渣。
1、一个巴掌拍唔响，一只草鞋难上岗。
2、肠通血净，冇疾冇病。
3、蒸酒做豆腐，唔敢逞师傅。
4、若要小儿安，三分饥和寒。
5、人老癫咚，树老窿空。
6、老了才来学吹笛，学得会来气也绝。
7、食唔穷，着唔穷，么划么算一生穷。
8、会交朋友，结交铁匠木匠；唔会交朋友，结交道士和尚。
9、人情留一线，日后好见面。
10、看人莫短，讨食也有三年时运转。
11、有钱妻贤子肖，冇钱蛇声鬼叫。
12、地理先生冇屋场，算命先生半路亡。
13、田螺唔知督上皱，狐狸唔知尾下臭。
14、人情唔怕阔，冤家唔好结。
15、千里送鹅毛，物轻人意重。
16、好打一身伤，好赌一身光，好嫖一身疮。
17、唔会烧香得罪神，唔会讲话得罪人。
18、忍耐忍耐，人情还在；唔忍唔耐，小事变大。
19、将军死，息息无闻；夫人死，将帅临门。
20、村中有个好嫂嫂，满村姑娘起得早。
21、秤不离砣，公不离婆。
22、后生唔做家，老哩正知差。
23、食了人家嘴软，拿了人家手软。
24、一个唔当二人计，三人肚里一台戏。
25、火要空心，人要虚心。
26、一代亲，二代表，三代闲了了。
27、得人钱财，替人消灾。
28、十搞九伤，唔搞坐赢庄。
29、有酒有肉接远亲，有灾有难喊近邻。
30、识字爱读书，致富爱养猪。
1. 量大福大。
2. 是非难逃众口。
3. 是非唔分，好坏唔清。
4. 弹打出头乌，掌打多嘴人。
5. 滚酒伤身，恶语伤人。
6. 人心不足蛇吞象。
7. 春暖春晴，春寒春雨。
8. 交春落雨到清明，清明落雨无日晴。
9. 春无三日晴，冬无三日雨。
10. 清明前后，种瓜种豆。
11. 春分秋分，日夜平分。
12. 小暑小食，大暑大食(指新谷登场)。
13. 白露白茫茫，无被唔上床。
14. 九月响雷公，十个豆子九个空。
15. 立冬前犁金，立冬后犁银，立春后犁铁(指应早翻土)。
16. 正月冻死牛，二月冻死马。
17. 清明断雪，谷雨断霜。
18. 春雾晴，夏雾雨，秋雾蒙蒙炙死鬼。
19. 谷雨莳田立夏止。
20. 立夏小满，河满缸满。
21. 唔怕五月五日雨，只怕六月六日风。
22. 食了端午粽，再将寒衣送。
23. 小暑一声雷，炙(晒)谷搬去又搬回(指多雨)。
24. 食晤穷，着(穿)晤穷，无划无算(无计划)一世穷。
25. 床上添双脚，要食又要着(寓意多子女受累)。
26. 贪人一尺布，“了撇”(花掉)一条裤。
27. 上屋搬下屋，“去撇”(用掉)一箩谷。
28. 在家千日好，出门半朝难。
29. 山高自有客行路，水深自有渡船人。
30. 有理走遍天下，元理寸步难行。
31. 辛苦钱，万万年。
32. 早起三朝当一工。
33. 一餐省一口，一年省三斗。
34. 远亲不如近邻;敬神不如敬亲。
35. 人情要长数要短。
36. 平时晤烧香，急时抱佛脚。
37. 树老根多，人老话多。
38. 口说如风吹，纸笔定山河。
39. 口无对心。
40. 唔学唔知，唔问唔晓。
41. 六十六，学唔足。
42. 冷铁难打，冷言难听。
43. 两虎相斗，必有一伤。
44. 虎死留皮，人死留名。
45. 山中无老虎，猴哥称大王。
46. 猫哭老鼠假慈悲。
47. 牛唔过溪屎唔出。
48. 老鼠爬墙，家贼难防。
49. 细时偷针，长大偷金。
50. 有便宜货，无便宜钱。
【文章导读】 客家民系是中国广东、福建、江西、台湾等省本地居民的重要组成部分，作为中国古代历史上南迁汉族移民群体中的一类，是世界上分布范围最广阔、影响最深远的汉族民系之一。 以下关于 客家人谚语，希望你会喜欢。 三十唔离本相 井里的蛤蚂冇见过天日(nie4) 火烧楼梯(kuai1) ——冇上下(sang1 ha1)(指再不与其来往，断绝关系了。) 火烧嘭嘭发，水打磨地嚓(迷信者认为火灾带来财运，水灾才真正的造成了损失) 牛唔晓角弯，马唔晓脸长(指自己不知自己的缺点) 狐狸唔知尾下臭，田螺唔知笃里皱 牛不过缺不拉屎 牛事冇了，马事又出(指麻烦事接连不断) 牛角(go4)对牛角，还是各顾各(go4) 手长衫袖短，嘴缺冇遮荫 风来竹梢动，雨过地皮湿(指凡事发生总会留下迹象) 风吹鸡蛋壳，破财人安乐 没有老实人，只有无用人 冇尾鳅鱼抓不住 少你只麻籽，照样做饼 乌龟莫笑鳖，大家泥里歇(指彼此都有缺点，无须只讥笑别人) 木匠做枷自己驮(指没想到想害别人倒害了自己) 长兄当爷，长嫂当娘 认字认一边，除非走上天 上舍(sa4)哇事，下舍听声(舍，指横屋与横屋之间的廊屋，客家人常把此处做吃饭纳凉闲坐之处) 分开三朝为邻舍(sa2)，分开四朝为外家(ga1) 无丁挂帽，有丁挽衣(指不能说无中生有的话，说话要有根据) 为人莫做好，做好惹烦恼 六月天的黄包袱——难背(指冤屈难以承担) 欠债尤则过，人情紧似火 三岁打娘娘欢喜，三十打爷爷告官 (爷yia2，指父亲) 三个老乡，赛过公章 三代人做官，唔敢得罪师匠(xiang4) 三两鸭子四两嘴夹(形容没真本领，只有一张嘴巴) 三两棉花——弹(谈)唔成 三年大旱唔会饿死厨官 三年接渍渍笼空，三年带人侬侬动 (渍jie4，指苎麻拧成的嫩线。侬侬动，指小孩活泼乱动) 三只手捡田螺——稳拿 上屋搬下屋，消耗一箩谷 上屋搬下屋，唔见一箩谷 过一只门坎，吃三碗饭尖尖 上不过眉，下不过膝(qi4)(指做事有分寸) 上穿千重，下身打灯笼 上歪一尺，下歪一丈(cang1) 土帮土成墙，水帮水成浪，人帮人成王 山里冇老虎，猴子称霸王 山里人唔怕狼，城里人唔怕官 乡下人赶城(sang3),看都看唔赢(yang3) 千日爬硝一铳打(指积蓄多日一日报销了) 千年难逢火烧天 千兵有头，万兵有主 大路朝天，各走一边 大路唔行(hang2),惹人铲削(指责的意思) 大路边打草鞋，有人哇长有人哇短 万恶淫为首，百行孝为先 马上唔晓马下苦，饱汉唔晓饿汉饥(gi1) 马唔食人脸难看 下坑人打饭汤卫亲房(指做再小的事都要照顾同宗人) 干的不如站的，坐的.不如看的 还冇上床先争被(pi1)——为时过早 冇钱唔占卦，现钱打现价(ga4) 天上雷公，地下舅公 天大的事，也在地上煞尾 天气越冷风越紧，人越有钱心越狠 天上怕噶流时星(xiang1),地下怕噶夹(kia4，瞬)眼睛(jiang4) 见千见万，冇见过叫化讨夜饭 水大浸唔过船，手大遮唔过天 水浸牛皮，越浸越韧(nin4) 水大好撑船，人多事早完 人多好做事，人少好夹鸡 不怕红脸关公，就怕抿嘴菩萨 太公不识称，且看篮中鱼(指看表面现象也能知是非曲折之一二) 人多出韩信，智多出孔明 人多出韩信，智多成孔明 人有五颜六色，米有花花红红 人有拐杖跌唔倒，事有商量错唔了 人无两套死，债无两套还(wang2) 人生三节草，唔晓哪节好 手唔识字，唔哪头禾好做种 人死盐落水(指人死了什么都没了) 人家养(giong1)的狗，唔听自家诱(liuo4) 人家的肉，贴唔到自家身上(hang4) 人难做，天难做 人情好水也甜，冇人情糖也咸(hang2) 十个赌棍九个穷，一个唔穷天难容 十只手指有长短，荷花出水有高低 十个地理九个破，一个唔破都冇做(指风水先生总要说别人做的风水不好，要不他就没手艺做了) 十步留一步，恐怕徒弟打师父 刁人手一指，笨人累到死 十字街上打烂钵，名声海样阔 七不等一，一不拗众 刀唔磨翻黄，路唔走抛荒 又要当婊子，又要立牌坊 七角喉咙八角声(sang1),唱的难唱听的难听(tiang1)(指歌唱水平差，无艺术细胞，又要燥喊。)