关于心理研究的英文论文

A Dream's Worth, Lesson on Psychology of DreamsA picture is worth a thousand words. You've heard it so many times that it sounds trite. But a picture really IS worth a thousand words. And if a dream is a very special kind of picture, how much is IT worth? Maybe more? What about very simple pictures and very simple dreams? No doubt they're worth a little bit less than complex, elaborate ones. Or are they? In my psychotherapy course one day, I presented my undergraduate students with these questions. "Here's a very simple dream from a psychotherapy client I worked with years ago. I won't tell you anything about the client. I'll just tell you his dream, and then lets see what we can discover about him by exploring it...... Here's the dream:" "I was wearing a white shirt and a purple tie." The students just stare at me, expecting more to come. "No," I explain, "that's it. That's the dream. Now let's start to explore it." I then lead them through a group process of free associating to the dream (much like I describe on the Working and Playing with Dreams Page). "Just let your imagination go. Take every element of the dream and just let your mind wander on it. Whatever comes to mind. Don't censor anything, that's important. There is no right or wrong. It can be a fun, playful exercise - although the results sometimes may be serious and powerful. Freud thought that free association bypasses the defenses of rational, logical thinking and unlocks deeper links within the unconscious. It opens one up to fantasy, symbolism, and emotion - the very place from which dreams spring." Here is a list of some of the associations the students come up with. For the purpose of this article I've organized them somewhat, whereas during the actual exercise the ideas surface in a much more freewheeling stream of consciousness: PURPLE .... royalty, bruises, choking, holding one's breath, grief, a combination of blue and pink, goes well with black, The Color of Purple TIE .... formal attire, going to work, phallic symbol, tied up, being tied to something, chokes the neck, confining PURPLE TIE .... unconventional, stands out, rebellious, showing off WHITE .... clean, pure, unstained, "good," light SHIRT .... the top part, covered up, tucked in, stuffed shirt, where are the pants? WHITE SHIRT.... conventional, boring, going to work, going to church, corporate America WHITE SHIRT AND PURPLE TIE.... unusual combination, contradictory combination, very unconventional, tie really stands out DEPLETION?.... there's nobody else in the dream, it's so static, there's nothing happening, where are the feelings? After we finish this free associating, I then describe the client to the class. At the time Dan had the dream, he was 23 years old. I would describe him as a quiet, held-back person who was very confined (the tie) in how he talked, behaved, and felt towards others. Put bluntly, people found him rather boring to be with (white shirt). His emotional and interpersonal life were choked (the tie). He had almost no friends and felt little connection to his family (the tie again). Other than going to his tedious job (white shirt) as a low level technician for a computer company, essentially nothing was happening in his static, uneventful life (depletion). Dan was also very limited in understanding anything but the most surface, top-level (shirt) characteristics of his personality. Although outwardly conventional in how he dressed and acted at his job (white shirt), secretly he felt rebellious against authority (purple tie on white shirt) and generally superior (purple) to most people. He liked to think of himself as a political activist who firmly believed in the rights of abused (purple) people and felt more tied to them than anyone else. Comparing outside to inside, he was a bit of a contradiction (white shirt on purple tie). But none of these issues is what consciously drove him to therapy. What he most desperately needed to discuss and resolve was the fact that he was homosexual (purple tie). Yet he didn't know whether he wanted to come out of the closet or not (the tie). Part of him wanted to let everyone know, to even show off and parade the fact that he was gay (purple tie on white shirt), to escape the feeling that his identity was being restrained and choked (more tie). His rebellious, unconventional side liked that idea. He sometimes did indeed bravely experiment with revealing his gay identity by wearing a purple triangle, which to him symbolized being homosexual (a combination of pink and blue). But another side of him (purple tie versus white shirt) was afraid to come out. He sometimes felt dirty, tainted, sick, for being gay. That part of him wanted to be somehow cleansed and redeemed (white shirt). Part of the problem was that sex in general was a very unpleasant issue for him. When he was young he had had surgery on his genitals. He still felt insecure and "bruised" (purple) down there. He was so conflicted about sex that I sometimes wondered if he had been sexually abused as a child (purple tie?, suffocating tie?). A dream, even a simple one, is worth at least a thousand words. Freud thought that there was no limit to how much you could analyze a dream. You can always go further and further into the symbols, the links of associations, the memories that generate a dream. At some deep unconscious level, any dream fans out into the infinite horizon of emotion and thought that constitute the individual psyche... that even transcends the individual psyche and constitutes us all. 920字左右，觉得不够你还可以再在开头或者结尾加一小段。本片小论文短小精悍，包括了理论与案例分析。觉得还能用的话希望能尽快加分：）

Educational Psychology is the study of education and the process of teaching, education and psychological activities of the educated, and changes in the law and its branch of psychology. It is one between science and education between the edge of psychological science disciplines. Educational Psychology in the late 19th century to become an independent discipline, but the history of the many educators have been able to consciously practice in education and in accordance with the psychological state of people in a targeted manner of teaching. Ancient Chinese educator Confucius on the proposed "no outcry not Kai, Fei is not a" heuristic teaching methods. The Socrates in ancient Greece also made "I do not give people the knowledge, but to bring their knowledge of the midwives" This kind of ideological and educational psychology. Modern Western ideas of education tend to education theory in psychology on the basis of research results, which is to promote educational psychology as an independent subject of preconditions. German psychologist Herbart book "general education", "psychology textbooks" and other books on the psychology of education to establish a pioneering role. Although not yet the use of "educational psychology" of the name, but in fact has become a combination of education and psychology an integral entity. Herbart in teaching theory, the teaching is divided into education and non-teaching education teaching two, the former refers to ethics, morality, will, character training, the latter refers to imparting knowledge, skills, the intellect, both of which are Must be based on the theory of psychology. In discussing the issue of education and teaching, he attached particular importance to "the interest aroused," and interest into the experience of interest, speculative interest, aesthetic interest, compassion interest, social interest and the interest in religion, such as six. These psychological state, can guide the orientation of children's attention and caused psychological thrill, promote ideological and lively and vigorous spirit. The interest of education and psychology to become a link to an important connection point. Herbart before the Pestalozzi practice in education and education ideologically inspired later on the importance of education theorist psychology in education also played a role in a certain impact. Experimental Psychology is the selection of educational psychology as an independent subject of another important condition, which led to the emergence of experimental pedagogy. Experimental Education is a pioneer in educational psychology and experimental psychology and pedagogy is the product of combining. Germany's Levin and Mo Yiman regarded experimental psychology and the theory of extensive education and teaching theories other. Levin book "On the experimental teaching," a book that is actually educational psychology for the content of the book, for educational psychology as an independent subject of psychology laid a theoretical foundation. Test of Educational Psychology in the formation of the development process played an important catalytic role, it encourages the combination of education and psychology, educational psychology provide the birth of the theory and method. Education is often referred to因材施教principle, because there are individual differences among students. How to adapt to individual differences and因材施教, education and psychology is the common task. Intelligence tests and educational testing system is implemented by teaching classes must master the psychological state of the two students to understand and effectiveness of teaching tools. School enrolment and attendance after measuring the academic performance of students and students of case studies, to test various applications. Educational psychology as an independent scientific experiments should be attributed to the Thorndike grams. In 1903 he published "Educational Psychology," a book to the school context detailed account of the concept of learning, this is the true modern educational psychology beginning. 1913, which works for the expansion of the three volumes, including human nature, learning psychology, individual differences and the reasons for the three most. He put the three major study law (legal effect and in preparation for law and practice law) and individual differences in theory, be 20 years before and after the educational psychology of the important issues covered. As Thorndike grams of the educational psychology research study focused on the psychological aspects, leading to the Educational Psychology of the Chinese community as a long-term psychological study of the educational psychology research main target. Before and after the 1920s, acts of Psychology, Gestalt psychology and psychoanalysis, and other school of thought came to China, modern China to have a certain impact on education. Gestalt introduced to China after school, educational psychology began to "epiphany" in learning the position, no longer limited to trying to errors, and stimulate the response of the association, psychology by the issue of Educational Psychology, Educational Psychology To expand the scope of the study Thorndike three grams of learning outside the law "epiphany", will also Gestalt school of "the overall concept," "transfer", "precision law", "completed in principle." Principle, the principle applied to the education of. The theory of the 1930s prompted the Chinese education community attaches importance to the psychology of research, attention to environment on the psychological impact. Freud's analysis of school so that the spirit of renewed focus on awareness of educational psychology research, in particular the subconscious and unconscious issues. Emotional attention to educational psychology in education and the role of the teaching process, the introduction of mental health education and knowledge in the teaching process, are also subject to the impact of this school. Bafuluofu doctrine came to China after the 1950s not only affected the psychology of the basic theory, also affected the educational psychology. Two of his theory of the signal system, to provide educational psychology according to a new theory, but also to find the educational psychology and natural sciences linked to the tie. The second signal system theory that children with speech problems thinking of the educational psychology research into the main target. With the development of education and social development, to meet the needs of the development of education, educational psychology of the increasing tasks, the study of the Luenダ┏ Yuan Mu = defectors � specify г Sheng ⒄ hook tarsal Chan � Into the � target Mu-miao Kang � from hard-core Austrian silly milk to � ⑶ Jia Ye Huosu � apricot Shi confidence � hand-han Chennai paternity Suan K Shuang retting defectors � absorbed said �-di-na-na ⒄ ditch dedicated to find Mo Ying Cong � book Tuo chewing Street dedicated Yong Luanhe � ⒌ Lai-Lai worry about it Fortunately Last Zhu wolf Last armed Na allopurinol �? Nbsp; Modern scientific development, especially in modern biology, anthropology, sociology, medicine and psychiatry on the development of educational psychology have an impact, to keep it updated to meet the requirements of social development. After the Second World War, the Western educational psychologists have the task of educational psychology and targets put forward specific proposals. 1947, the United States will set up a psychology of educational psychology research planning committee that the educational psychology should include the following five aspects, namely, human growth and development, including genetic and environmental, and general growth and development, social and emotional development, The basic theory of motivation, intelligence, aptitude and interest, and individual differences in learning, including learning the nature of the factors affecting learning, learning motivation, skills, reasoning and problem-solving, attitude and special subjects of study, training and the transfer of ; Personality and adaptation, including emotions, students and teachers of mental health, special children, integrity and social activities; measurement and evaluation, including measurement of the basic principles, intelligence and aptitude of measurement, measuring learning to adapt to the measurement and Measuring the results of the application of methods of educational psychology and technology, including the issue of education research, statistical techniques, as well as for teachers provided by the research methods. . "Psychology Yearbook" integrated all the more consistent view that the educational psychology research tasks and targets should include eight items: education assessment and evaluation of measurement; development of the characteristics of children; special children and their education; about learning psychology Education; special subjects of study; learning counselling and psychological health of teachers and staff contributed to the study of teachers; educational psychology approach. Observation is the most basic educational psychology research methods. Observation of the implementation of collective activities in class or in the individual conversation, the external activities and performance of observation, but also the psychological reaction of pupils to observe the students or the written material for analysis. The general investigation and survey sample survey. The former is for all classes or school-wide investigation, which in turn at random, stratified sample cluster sampling, such as the proportion of sampling. Survey questionnaires can be divided into the way law and the interview method. The questionnaire method is through the preparation of all kinds of different tests to investigate a variety of teaching effectiveness, surveying the various intelligence, aptitude and character than the questionnaire method can be educated more in-depth understanding of education in the psychological characteristics of Changes. Various tests of the establishment and use of various scales, should ensure its validity and reliability. Comparative study in general is strictly controlled conditions of the experiment carried out. The subjects were divided into various conditions (intelligence, Xueli, age, mental quality, etc.) basically the same as the two groups, a group called the experimental group, another group called the control group, in the experimental group of students before a new stimulus, For example, new materials, while the control group will be kept frequent use of teaching materials. After a teaching time, and then measuring the two groups of academic performance, learning speed, understanding of the two groups compare the characteristics and advantages and disadvantages. The different teaching methods and various other teaching and learning problems, can make different designs, different experiment. Natural experiment in the day-to-day learning environment for the conduct experiments, which can be removed in the laboratory experiments were caused by unnecessary pressure, the trial was the normal psychological state, but the relevant variables difficult to strictly control. Today, China regards the development of education at an important position, educational psychology research has a very broad prospects.

Divorce, another injury to a childIn recent years, China's divorce rate was gradually rising trend, accounting for about marriage a few of 10%. Children of divorced parents on psychosomatic health can not be ignored negative impact. A related study shows that: 54% of divorced families of the children in emotional and emotional problems, manifested as depression little Huan, easily angered, and the tense relations between the same age children, and even heap, psychological and behavioral deviations. How to help children adapt to life after the divorce of their parents, will not affect the healthy development of their personality, psychologists recommended: Grasping her own feelings: divorce, the vast majority of couples are not a happy thing. Abandoning the child as "punching bag" and venting their emotions, divorce is not the child's fault. We should continue to give their children a warm and caring can help children grow up. To live together with their children: some divorced couples to take their children to the custody of their elders or other relatives, their only map where he considers safe. This will have the children feel abandoned by their parents, have inferiority and resentment, pessimistic turn hostile society. His father or mother after the divorce party should assume the obligation to bring up children, create a harmonious family home atmosphere. Not that spouses坏话: Most of the children after their parents divorce, hope that they can reunion between, and is willing to maintain good relations with them. However, if the dependent child's party vandalism parent-child relationship, often in front of the children said that the former spouse坏话, not conducive to the cultivation of mental health, this will affect their future happiness of love and marriage. Communicate with your child: before and after the couple divorced in, we should talk more communication with their children, why should tell his parents divorce, the marriage to have a correct understanding of the objective, and not simply as which side is wrong. If the lack of communication, some children of divorced parents will be attributed to them, there can not悦纳themselves, the loss of self-confidence, and other psychological crisis, vulnerable emerging extreme acts. Do not deprive parents love: not by blood between husband and wife, although the divorce, but parents and children of the parent-child relationship will never change. Some people, after divorce, child custody prohibit their former spouses and relatives between the exchanges, forcing kids do not recognize this gate relatives, to express their grievances, all of which are undesirable. After the divorce both parents should not be lightly denied the integrity of the children's love, perfect for the child's personality can be more caring. The child is innocent, the divorced parents should love to give them a little care, do not let children have been hurt by divorce. Even when one of remarriage, should also regularly visit the children, sharing family happiness.有两处中文自己解决下吧。

心理学有许多分支，每一分支分别从不同的角度来研究心理现象。但是，任何一个分支都不可避免地要涉及对心理和心理现象的总的看法。下面是我给大家推荐的心理学相关研究论文，希望大家喜欢!

《社区心理学研究综述》

摘 要：社区心理学是西方应用心理学领域新兴的一个重要的分支学科。本文分析社区心理学的诞生与发展,介绍社区心理学的学科概况。

关键词：社区心理学 诞生与发展 学科概况

AbstractCommunity psychology is a new important branch of western applied article analyses the formulation and development of community psychology,and introduces the general viewpoint .

Key Wordscommunity psychology;formulation and development;general viewpoint

社区心理学20世纪60年代兴起于美国,是应用心理学研究领域中一个重要的分支学科。社区是小于城市的一个区域,是社会的基本共同体或群体生活场所,是以地缘关系为纽带的一个群体生活组织,它既包含着住宅、工厂、商店、街道,是居民的一个生活网络或生活系统,同时,它还是人与人之间互动,相互影响的文化群体概念。社区心理学研究社区背景中的个体,研究人类生存的社会环境及其对人的心理健康的影响[1]。

社区心理学采用跨学科的研究方法,在社区的多重层面展开研究,强调社会系统和社区情境对人们的影响,以研究预防心理行为问题和促进社会能力的途径和措施为主要内容,并把重点放在探索和发掘个体和社区的力量及资源方面,其最终目标是促进社区居民的心理健康和幸福[2]。

社区心理学在国外已有40多年的发展历史,而在国内,有关社区心理学的研究仍然少见。文章从社区心理学的诞生与发展、学科概况等方面对社区心理学进行探讨。

社区心理学的诞生与发展

社区心理学是社会现实和科学发展的产物。二战后,随着经济的发展,人的心理健康与心理障碍等问题日益凸显出来,导致美国心理卫生运动和民权运动的兴起,从而为社区心理学的产生提供了实践的土壤。流行病学的调查研究、临床心理学的预防思想和心理学研究的生态学观点为社区心理学提供了分析的框架[3]。

1964年,临床心理学界提出了三种不同预防水平的理论。第一级预防理论指通过调查研究,找出引起社区流行病的原因,采取有效措施,尽可能消除产生心理障碍的环境因素,使社区中心理不健康现象或精神疾患的发生率降低。第二级预防理论针对尚未出现任何症状但已经确认处于危险之中的群体的预防。例如,可以把个体撤离那种造成身心伤害的恐怖区域,也可以采取措施提高个体自身的免疫能力。第三级预防理论针对社区中有心理障碍的病人,力争缩短症状的持续期,并降低疾病的破坏性,为病人创造良好的社会回归环境[4]。正是这种强调社区背景和群体治疗流行病的预防观点,在更好的水平上解决了一般医学和临床治疗所无法解决的问题,从而促进了社区心理学的诞生。

一般认为,社区心理学诞生的标志是1965年5月在Massachusetts的Swampscott市举行的社区心理学会议。在斯维姆斯哥特会议上,产生了创建一个新的研究领域--社区心理学的呼声。社区心理学关注“在复杂的交互做作用过程中,连接个体行为和社会系统的心理学过程” [5]。第二年美国心理学会成立了社区心理学分会(第27分会)。20世纪70年代早期,美国开始出版《美国社区心理学报》和《社区心理学报》,各种教科书也相继问世[6]。

真正标志美国的社区心理学在学科建设上取得独立地位的是1975年4月在美国德克萨斯州Austin市召开的学术研讨会。会议将预防与促进、社会行动与公平、尊重多样性作为主题,并讨论了社区心理学家的培训模式,促进了社区心理学同社区心理卫生领域的分离,使社区心理学真正走向学科独立和特色化发展[7]。

1987年,美国心理学会把社区心理学分会的名称改为“社区研究与行动学会”(SCRA),使美国的社区心理学走向多学科合作并更加重视行动研究的新阶段。

目前,社区心理学作为一个在社区公共生活与民主决策中具有重要渗透力的应用学科,对美国的社会生活正在发挥着越来越深刻的影响。欧洲社区心理学的出现比北美晚10年,英国于1976年和1986年相继出版了Bender M.的《社区心理学》和Koch H.的《社区临床心理学》,1991年创办了《社区和应用社会心理学报》[8]。在拉丁美洲,1975年波多黎各大学心理学系最早开设了名为社区心理学的课程,80年代之后拉丁美洲许多国家的社区心理学不断得到发展[9]。

社区心理学的学科概况

社区心理学的研究对象:社区心理学关注的是个体与社区、社会的关系,关心的是对现实生活中的人的理解,社区心理学家致力于应用基于这种理解的知识来改善和增进人的生活质量,目的是理解人和帮助人。社区心理学既是心理学的分支科学之一,又是一种助人的职业,社区心理学是力图在人们的真实背景和社会系统中理解和帮助人的学科及其实践。社区心理学的对象是人与社会背景的交界面,是一个不可分割的格式塔,是情境人[10]。为了理解个体、社区和社会的联系,社区心理学进行了生态学水平分析。

社区心理学的基本观点:社区心理学服务和干预的重心是增进个人和社区现有的心理防御力,发展和提高人们的能力而不是治疗人们的病理和缺陷。以预防和早期干预为重点,可以大大减少要求给予心理及药物治疗的人数。因此,社区心理学家的工作应该聚焦于一级预防(预防心理问题出现)和二级预防(在心理症状的早期阶段进行干预),而不是三级预防(对官能障碍的治疗等)[11]。

人与环境相互作用观是社区心理学家十分认同的观点。社区心理学者十分认同Lewin的行为公式B=f(P,E),即为人的行为是个人、环境及其相互作用的函数。西方心理学普遍存在着重视P成分而轻视E 成分的现象[12]。社区心理学主张把人的心理和行为与他们所处的社会背景以及社会系统联系起来,认同人与环境的相互作用,从而力图消除个人主义的偏差[13]。社区心理学认为人们与他们所处的环境之间的关系多数是带有回报性的,人们与所处的环境之间构成了一种整体的、不可分割的、双向的影响。

社区心理学的研究方法:社区心理学与其他学科、非专业人员的合作态度,决定了其研究方法的多样性。[14]参与观测法,指研究者“加入”社区,假设内部和外部视角,和成员一起生活、工作;个体定性访谈法,是以合作方法、开放式问题来消除参与者语言和经验的影响,集中于小样本研究;社区个案研究法,是一段时间研究单个组织或社区的方法;定量观测法,是从大样本中进行标准数据的测量和统计分析;随机区组实验法,则是通过控制组和标准化进行的社会革新[15]。

社区心理学与相关学科的比较:社区心理学与临床心理学的关系。社区心理学是一门新兴的独立的学科,不能将其视为临床心理学的一个发展领域,甚至是一个分支。二者既区别,又联系。两者的区别主要表现在:①社区心理学强调社区环境和系统对个体心理健康的影响;而临床心理学强调对个体疾病的诊断、咨询与治疗。②社区心理学注重问题行为或心理失调的事先预防,带有主动性;而临床心理学注重心理障碍或心理疾病的事后治疗,具有被动性。③社区心理学重视人的潜能,鼓励个体参与解决自己心理问题的方案中,专家和居民是平等的合作关系;而临床心理学把治疗焦点放在个体的缺陷上,忽视个体的潜能,专家与病患是医患关系。④社区心理学干预工作通常是由非心理学工作者或非专业工作者来完成;而临床心理学干预工作通常是由取得资格认定的临床心理学专家来完成。⑤社区心理学的研究以多重层面展开,强调跨学科间的合作;临床心理学虽然也强调多学科合作模式,但仅限于重视并综合其他学科的研究成果。⑥社区心理学把基于社区合作的行动研究视为自己的活力所在;而临床心理学把临床实践看作本学科专业建设与发展的核心问题。社区心理学与临床心理学存在着很多交叉和融合,两者都关注人的心理健康问题,具有许多共同的研究主题,在定量研究方法上也存在较多的交叉。

社区心理学与社会心理学的关系。二者在以下方面存在区别:①在研究方法上,社区心理学把基于社区合作的行动研究视为自己的活力所在;社会心理学虽然也涉及行动研究,但它在发展历程中主要采用实验法。②社区心理学把预防问题行为、促进社会能力作为自己的研究主线,其应用与服务色彩较浓;社会心理学虽然也涉及心理学原理在社会生活中的实际应用,但主要偏重一般原理和规律的探讨。③社区心理学注重从中观层次来解释和说明社会心理问题及其机制;社会心理学虽然理想目标是从宏观层次来解释和说明社会心理问题及其机制,但从其发展历史来看,从某种程度上说是一种“放大了的个体心理学”。④社区心理学同临床心理学中的心理健康服务存在较多交叉;社会心理学同社会学中的人际交往、社会变迁等领域存在较多交叉。社区心理学与社会心理学也是密切联系的。二者都关注人的社会能力发展及和谐社会建设问题,注重社会因素对个体心理行为的影响。另外,两者都十分重视本土化问题,因为两者都依附于具体国别的社会文化传统,都是为了处理及解释具体国别的社会问题和促进公民的健康发展[16]。

社区心理学有其可取之处:社区心理学试图克服西方心理学的个体主义的偏差,有意将个人还原到社会生活情境之中,主张情境人的理论观点,认为人的行为与他的背景和系统是不能够分离的、相互作用的关系,这一基本观点是符合实际的。社区心理学也存在一些不足之处。社区心理学带有西方主流价值观的烙印,他们主张的情境人、人与环境的互动理论等仍然是以个体为本位、以个人为出发点的,忽视或者是有意回避社会政治、经济等系统。

西方的心理健康系统经历了由专业医疗机构到社区咨询和治疗机构的转变,强调预防和培养人的适应能力。在社区建设中强调公民参与,社区构建和授权,强调理解和尊重人的多样性,倡导建设生态化的社区。这些理念对于中国心理健康系统的发展和完善,建设新型和谐社区,建设有中国特色的社区心理学都有深刻的意义和重大的价值。社区心理学的参与观测,个体定性访谈等研究方法极大丰富了社区研究的方法,为客观、真实、有效的进行社区干预和预防,提高人的适应能力和胜任能力提供了有效的研究方法。在吸收和借鉴国外社区心理学的理念、方法的基础上,挖掘我国的文化传统,研究和发展出适应中国社区的理论和方法,可以丰富我国的心理学理论研究,同时为社区建设提供理论依据。

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