翻译心得与体会毕业论文

英语翻译毕业论文可以写某个电影或者某本书的翻译，开始也不太会，也是莫文网的高手帮忙的，很靠谱的说应用英语翻译呼唤理论指导大学英语翻译教学:现状与对策商务英语翻译中存在的问题与对策新世纪十年来商务英语翻译研究:回顾与前瞻国内商务英语翻译研究综述顺应理论视角下科技英语翻译切雅实证分析经济一体化环境下的商务英语翻译教学大学英语翻译教学存在的问题与对策语用观视角下的中医英语翻译教学实证研究翻译——找到源语的所指——对规划教材《商务英语翻译》误译译例的批判研究从功能对等角度看商务英语翻译高校科技英语翻译课程设置探讨功能对等理论指导下的商务英语翻译科技英语汉译的英语翻译技巧研究——以船舶英语文本中的汉译为例功能对等视角下的科技英语翻译论商务英语翻译的4Es标准关联理论在科技英语翻译中的应用——以Climate Change and Peak Oil文本的翻译为例大学英语翻译教学:问题与对策英语翻译专业本科生的笔译能力调查分析——以某师范大学英语翻译专业为例中国职业篮球俱乐部体育英语翻译人员现状及发展对策研究从目的论的角度下看商务英语翻译试论旅游英语翻译中的创造性论高职商务英语翻译教学中学生跨文化交际意识的培养试论近代国人英语翻译基于功能翻译理论的商务英语翻译教学任务型教学法在《商务英语翻译》教学中的运用跨文化因素对商务英语翻译的影响及调整策略商务英语翻译教学存在的问题与改革商务英语翻译与文化信息等值研究大学英语翻译教学教材编写探讨东西方文化差异对商务英语翻译的影响顺序分析在科技英语翻译中的应用——以翻译项目《大气污染排放系数手册》为案例从关联理论分析法律英语翻译中的文化差异及其翻译补偿商务英语翻译原则探讨商务英语翻译中的文化与语用因素研究Advanced Systematic Golf高尔夫技术英语翻译项目的实践报告

市场行情，最差的也要1000字50元，没有人会要分的

Market Research and Export Promotion Export Marketing Plan The marking plan is the basis on which all the overseas promotion is formulated. To devise the marketing plan involves reconciling the export strategies and objectives of the manufacturer into marketing marketing plan embraces many elements including market research project, promotion/advertising details, products involved and their quantity available, distribution arrangements and total volume/value of goods Where relevant, various costing information should be included, particularly the research and advertising budget. Overall; the plan must be realistic and should have a clear sense of purpose and direction Export Market Research Before making goods for a new overseas market, as in the home trade, it is necessary to discover first of all if the goods can be sold profitably in that market. To answer that question is one of the objects of market research. Export market research, in particular, is a study of a given market abroad to determine the needs of that market and the methods by which the products; can best be supplied. It may be carried out to determine: 1. If a new product likely to find a market. 2. Whether an established product is likely to meet with a good demand in a new market. sales of a product have declined, either generally or in a certain area Here, in this chapter is laid on the first point: Market research is vital to success in overseas Markets To look for a suitable market an exporter must consider, for example: and Economic Conditions Countries with different political and economic systems take different attitudes toward foreign trade policies and regulations concerning import and export，foreign exchange control，customs, duties and other tariffs will greatly affect the suitability for a new market. and Climatic Conditions The suitability of his products: heavy clothing is not worn in hot climates; mountaineering equipment would not be in demand in a flat country. 3. Social Conditions If there is a low standard．of living with poor wage levels, there nay be no market for television sets or cars or luxury products. It may be desirable, even necessary,for price lists and sales promotion literature to be translated into a local language,with local units of measurement 5 and of the survey questionnaire and in the interviewing process. Surveys may be very expensive, and they are time--consuming: Another key weakness is that respondents often cannot or will not give true answers. The interviewing in the survey may be done by the researcher in person, by telephone, or by mail. Interviews Personal interviews are more flexible than the other two types because interviews can alter the questions to fit-the situation as they see it: They are able to probe snore deeply if an answer is not satisfactory. Ordinarily, it is possible to obtain more information by personal interview .than by telephone: or mail. Also, the interview can by observation; obtain data regarding the respondents'socioeconomic status-their home ,neighborhood, and apparent standard of living. The major limitations of this method of interviewing are its relative high cost, the length of time needed to conduct the survey, and the chance of introducing ,errors during the interviewing. 2. Telephone Survey In a telephone survey, the respondent, is approached by telephone, and interview is completed at that time. Telephone surveys can usually be conducted more rapidly and at less cost than either personal or mail surveys. Tele: phone surveys are lees flexible than personal Interviews, but more flexible than mail survey. Another significant advantage is that a telephone. survey -may be timely. For instance, people may be asked whether they are watching television at the moment and; if so, the name of the program and the sponsor. One limitation of the telephone survey is that interviews must be short: Lengthy interviews cannot be conducted satisfactorily over the phone. by Mail Interviewing by mail involves mailing a questionnaire to potential respondents and having them return the completed form by mail. Mailed questionnaires ape more economical than personal interviews and are particularly useful in national surveys,Also, if the respondents remain anonymous, they are more likely to give true answers because they do not feel the need to impress the interviewer. A major problem with mail' questionnaires is the Compilation of a good mailing list, especially for a broad-scale survey. If the sample can be drawn from a limited list, such as property taxpayers in certain counties or subscribers to a magazine, the list presents no significant limitation concerns the reliability of the questionnaire returns, Particularly when the returns are-anonymous. If the respondents have characteristics that 6 differentiate them from nonrespondents, the survey results will be invalid. Further,the questionnaire must be reasonably shorted the questions very simple; there is no to explain in a puzzling question. Ideally :Yes.'' or“No" or prechoice type of :produces the best results. Here is an example: Questionnaire for Market＿Research on Smoking A. Do you smoke cigarettes? Yes/No (If No,terminate) B How. many do you smoke a day? C. What size of cigarette do you smoke ? Mini ,Standard ,Large D. Do you smoke filter tips.? Yes/No E. Do you smoke menthol cigarettes?一Yes/No Observational Method In the observational method, the data are collected by observing some action of the respondent: No interviews are involved, although an interview may be used as a follow-up to-get additional information. For instance,if customers are observed buying beer in cans instead of bottles; they may be asked; why they prefer that one form of packaging to the other. Information may be gathered by personal or mechanical observation. In one form of personal observation the researcher poses as a customer in a store. This technique is useful in getting information about the caliber of the -sales people，or in determining what brands they push. Mechanical observation is illustrated by an electric cord stretched across a high way to count the number一of cars that pass during a certain time period The observation method has several merits. It can be highly accurate．Often it removes a11 doubt about what the customer does in: a given, situation. The consumers are unaware that they are being observed; so presumably they action theft usual fashion. The observation technique reduces interviewer bias. However, the possibility of bias is not- completely eliminated as long as people are used as :observers. Another disadvantage is that the technique is limited in its application. Observation tells what happened; but it cannot tell why. It cannot delve into motives, attitudes,or opinions. Experimental Method The experimental method of gathering primary data involves the establishment of a controlled experiment that stimulates the real market situation as much as possible. The theory is that' the small-scale experiment will furnish valuable information f tar designing a large scale marketing program. 7 The experimental method may be used in several different ways. In one instance, a firm may manufacture a few units of a product and give them to employees or consumers to try out: Probably the major application of the experimental method has been in market testing. This technique consist establishing a control market, in which all factors remain constant and one or more test markets,in which one factor is varied. A firm may be trying to determine whether to change the color of its city A, the product is marketed in its traditional color. In each of cities B, C, and D, a different color is used. All other factor are kept constant. By measuring sales in the four market over a period of time;．the manufacturer, hopes to determine which color is most effective. The outstanding merit of the experimental method is it realism. It is the only one of the three methods of gathering primary data that stimulate an actual maket situation. The problem is that it is requires long periods of careful planning and administration. Analyze the Data and Prepare a Report The final steps in market research project are to analyze the data and interpret the findings. Information gathered from market research is a guide to the invention，production and sales of the products for which there is a market. Today sophisticated electronic data processing equipment enables a researcher to tabulate and analyze masses of data quickly, and inexpensively. The end product of the investigation is the researcher's conclusion and recommendations, submitted, in written form on which the company's policy and proceedings concerning export promotion are based. Export Promotion-Advertising After deciding there are good prospects, for his goods abroad through the study of the market research investigation, the maker or the exporter will, of course; take measures to promote, exporting of the goods to that market. A most important measure in this respect is to advertise; the aid to trade that deals with the problem of giving information about the goods and 0helps to put buyers and sellers in touch with one another. By means of advertisements a supplier, tells people what goods he has for sale and emphasizes their good points in the hope that people will buy them. Advertising can, be undertaken by the company's sales or publicity department; or an advertising agcy is to be．engaged as an adviser. Purpose of Advertising Inform 8 Advertising can be used to place facts before public. An advertisement for a car may include some technical details, so that part of the advertisement is informative. Another advertisement may be .entirely informative,such as the announcement of the opening of a new To Persuade although the advertisement for the car may give some facts, its over-all objective is to persuade people to buy the car. To do this various subtle methods may be used. The illustration, for instance; may give an exaggerated impression of the car's power The wording and the lay-out may be designed to appeal to the emotion rather than the mind: If you study some advertisement for practical products, you will find that they contain little or no technical information. One would not expect to find a .scientific analysis in an' advertisement for a cake of toilet soap, of course, but an examination of advertisement for. medicinal goods will show that the appeal is mainly to the : To Remind Some advertisements aim merely to keep the name of :the product before the public. A newspaper advertisement may consist of only a picture of a packet of cigarettes; a bus may carry,the name of an insurance company; a poster may display a well-known advertising phrase. They say nothing but serve a useful. purpose in constantly reminding the public of, the, name of the product Advertising Media The term "media" means the forms used 'to carry advertisement. The choice of media depends upon the product and the audience the advertisement is aimed at For example, very few people are interested in coins. A coin dealer would want to appeal to that small number of people and to no one else. He would therefore advertise in a magazine which most coin enthusiasts read. The cost of advertising in newspapers large depends upon the circulation of each a newspaper sells a million copies, it is possible (although not probable) that a million people will read an advertisement in it. Some pages in a newspaper are more expensive to advertise in than are others, because most people will read the general news pages but only some will the pages devoted to sport, fashion, the arts; etc. Different一types of people read different newspapers, so an advertiser will use those papers whose readers are likely to be possible buyers of his products. For example, an art gallery would not advertise in a "popular" news paper because few of its readers would be likely to be visitors to art galleries. 2 Magazines The same principles about which media to use also apply to magazines. There are magazines which men read, those which women read and those which both read. Within each 9 group there is specialization, so that one magazine will be read by one "social group" and not by another. 3. Radio and Television These are the most、expensive of advertising media. A broadcast at a "peak time"will be heard or seen by millions of people: If only a tiny fraction of them respond, the huge cost twill have been justified. One reason for the success of such advertising is that it is difficult to ignore. A broadcast will be heard: or seen by everyone using a radio or television set; even if only subconsciously, it will make an impression. On the other hand, when you read a newspaper or a magazine you will not even notice most of the advertisements A radio or television advertisement must make an instant appeal. There may be only 30 seconds to get the message across; so its impacts must be immediate. 4 Outdoor Advertising This includes posters, advertisements on vans and buses and in trains. The message must be simple and short, perhaps with an immediately recognizable illustration. Selection of Customers-Credit information Once the overseas' market has been found, the next step is to look for suitable customers with whom the maker or exporter expects to establish good business relationships. Undoubtedly, he wishes to deal with those customers of high credit standing, and that is one of the chief factors to consider at the tune of setting up new business information about the credit or financial standing of an overseas trader can be obtained from various sources. They are chiefly banks, trade associations professional credit information services, and consulates abroad. Upon application for or on receipt of letters asking for the credit standing of the foreign trader in question these organizations are willing to provide, without any responsibility on their part,a credit or financial report on the trader, which is usually considered as private and confidential. The report is based on the relative references, files, and records they have kept or on the result of an investigation made accordingly. In view of the financial or credit status stated or recommended in the report alongside of other factors the maker .or manufacturer may freely consider the intended customer acceptable or not.

谈英语习语的翻译[摘要]习语是民族语言文化的结晶,在英语语言中占重要地位。习语的翻译是英语翻译的一个重点。本文在分析英语习语特性的基础上,总结归纳了英语习语翻译的方法。[关键词]英语习语;文化差异;翻译方法习语结构稳定、言简意赅、生动形象,是人们在劳动和认识世界的过程中的思想结晶,它们主要来源于生活。另外,它还来源于神话故事和历史典故。它们同文学作品、诗歌一样是语言的精华,承载着不同民族的文化特色和文化信息,与文化、传统紧密相连,不可分割。翻译作为语际交流的手段,不仅仅是语言符号的转换过程,而且也是一种文化移植的过程,因为语言是文化的载体,文化是语言赖以生存的土壤,二者密不可分。本文现从文化信息传递的角度,就英语习语的翻译进行了探讨。一、英语习语的特性李福宁说:“一个英语习语是一种语言的一个要素,这种语言在其时代的基础上拥有一种独一无二的表达方式。”所有历史悠久的语言都包含着许多丰富的习语。一方面,英语习语是一种艺术,它主要反映英语国家的文化特征,所以思想和内容必须是可译性习语的先决条件;另一方面,在语法上习语的结构是固定的,且作为一种规则,任何一种习惯用法中的任何元素都是不能改变的。例如:在句子“A stitch in time saves nine”中,“A”不能被“one”所代替。“To be at liberty”不能改变成“To be at freedom”。随着中西方交流的日益频繁,中西方文化背景间的差异大量减少,这为英语习语的翻译提供了新的机遇。二、英语习语的翻译方法(一)直译法所谓直译法是指在不违背译文的语言规范和不引起错误的联想的条件下,在译文中保留英语习语的比喻、形象和民族、地方特色的方法。随着国际间的交往日益频繁,一些具有民族特色的东西越来越多地被其他民族所理解和接受,英汉语的文化差异正在缩小,民族特色正在逐步融合,这使得习语的直译成为可能。用这种方法翻译习语把西方习语移植到汉语中来,可以很容易地翻译原文。例1: Hewentwith the stream, forhe lacked confidence inmaking his own decisions·(A·他随波逐流,因为他对自己做的决定缺乏信心。B·他跟着别人做,因为他对自己做出的决定缺乏信心。)显然, A比B更忠实原句,因为英语习语“gowith thestream”,翻译成汉语“学别人的样做事”意思一样。如果我们选择B,“学别人的样做事”无法准确表达原来意思。相反B会使中国读者产生歧义。例2: She refused several offers ofmarriage, and then, atthe age of forty, found herself left on the self·(她拒绝了多次求婚,到了40岁,发现自己被“束之高阁”。)这里“on the self”被翻译成“束之高阁”。这种译法不仅忠实表达原句的意思,而且还展现出说话人有点自卑的心理。例3: He who follows two hares is sure to catch nei-ther———Benjamin Franklin·(追逐两只兔,两头都落空。)这种译法成功再现了原始谚语的形式和所描绘的情景,同时还给读者一种原汁原味的感觉。如果翻译成“同时干两事,全都干不好”,虽然通顺,但由于失去话语原来的特征而显得不够忠实原文,不够生动。(二)意译法语言毕竟是交流的工具,因此译者的首要任务是让读者理解原文隐含的意义。在翻译时如果不可能或没有必要保留英语习语的表达形式,且汉语中也找不到合适的同义习语来套用,就得使用意译法结合上下文把习语的含义表达出来,也就是在翻译时使用另外一个中国读者能接受的类似的习语来翻译。意译法的特点是简洁易懂,不足之处是失去了原文的风格特色,也可以说意译法是一种不得已而采取的方法。由于英汉两种语言差别很大,在实际翻译中此方法使用得很广泛,尤其是翻译民族色彩浓厚的习语时。例4: She can tdo itwell because she is a green hand·(A·她做不好这件事,因为她是新手。B·她做不好这件事,因为她是绿色的手。)这里A显然更加合适。在这个英语习语中“greenhand”代表“无经验的人”,所以这个习语应该被翻译成“新手、生手”。许多读者第一眼看这译文的时候会觉得很茫然,可仔细想想就会觉得这样翻译很有道理。译文B看起来翻译比较呆板,虽然做到了忠实原文,但事实上它不仅没有把这个习语的灵魂翻译出来,而且产生了不切实际的汉语表达方式,让读者觉得乏味。(下接60页)(上接158页)(三)直译意译兼用法直译法有时候会减少译文的可读性,同时也会导致阅读的厌倦和文化传递的失效。意译法经常会改变英语习语的原汁原味。为了使习语的翻译通俗易懂却又不失其原有风格,在翻译过程中可以采取直译意译二者兼用的方法。例5: Make hay while the sun shines·(趁着晴天晒干草,莫失良机。)“趁着晴天晒干草”,属于直译法,它在成功地表达出内容的同时,也保持了谚语原来的风格。然而读者可能无法理解其含义,因而“莫失良机”这种意译法被附加上。这两种译法的联合增加了可读性也保留了谚语的原始韵味。例6: Every family is said to have at least one skeleton inthe cupboard·(俗话说:衣柜里藏骷髅,家丑家家有。)To lifta rock only to have his own toes squashed·(搬起石头砸自己的脚。)(四)借用法英汉两种语言有一部分同义习语不但有相同的意义或隐义,且有相同的或极相似的形象或比喻。遇到这种情形时不妨直截了当地借用英汉语中的同义习语。例如: Milkthe Bull (缘木求鱼); Birds of a feather flock together (物以类聚,人以群分)。(五)直译加注译法严格来说,加注不是翻译法,在写作、翻译中加注是最后的选择。因为有些习语具有浓厚的地方色彩、民族色彩,或具有典故性,为便于读者充分领会和完全吸收其特殊的文化意蕴,翻译时以直译加注为宜,即直接翻译出来,然后加注,予以解释。例如:“To carry coals to Newcas-tle.”,译成“运煤到纽卡索,多此一举。”还是不能让读者了解为什么运煤到纽卡索是多此一举,必须采用加注法说明纽卡索是英国的一个产煤中心,运煤到纽卡索是多余的。参考文献:[1]骆世平·英语习语研究[M]·上海:上海外语教育出版社,2005·[2]蔡福华·英语习语的翻译[J].雁北师范学院学报, 2004(1)·[3]刘湘屏·英语习语的文化内涵及翻译[J].安徽警官职业学院学报, 2004(1)·

毕业设计不会做，抄也要讲究方法作为一个已经毕业了的大学生，在做毕业设计的过程中，无论是设计成果的研究还是毕业论文的撰写，不可回避的一个问题就是抄袭。作为一个过来人，我想说的是，做毕业设计难免会有抄袭的现象，但是一定要掌握方法，千万不要盲目的抄完了事，那样做是非常危险的。有的同学看都不看就抄到论文上去了，有的同学拿着别人做完的东西都不研究一下就参加答辩去了。我就听过一个活生生、血淋淋的例子——老师问：“你这段代码是什么意思？”答：“我不知道。”老师又问下一段代码，又不知道，老师问：“这是你做的吗？”答：“不是，老师给的。”其结果可想而知了。你们想想，那些东西都是往届毕业生做出来的，老师们能看不出来吗？掩耳盗铃，自欺欺人，大家都是成年人，我想不用多说了吧。大家在完成毕业设计的过程中肯定会遇到各种各样的现实性困难，成果做不出来了怎么办?论文写不出来了怎么办？外文文献不会翻译怎么办？其实这都好办，世界上再难的技术也是人做出来，没有成果就找个现成的东西；论文写不出来就多看几本书，多引用书里的内容；外文水平不高就用翻译软件。总之一句话，你有张良计，我有过墙梯，物竟天择，适者生存。文章转自 众赏文库 毕业设计论文,专业文档下载