你要的是这个吗？外国文学论文论题1．重读《美狄亚》2．重释列那狐形象3．重评希斯克厉夫（《呼啸山庄》）4．对《日瓦戈医生》的再认识5．解读凯尔泰斯·伊姆雷的《无命运的人生》6．解读君特•格拉斯的《剥洋葱》7．解读君特•格拉斯的《比目鱼》8．解读君特•格拉斯的《母鼠》9．解读劳伦斯的《儿子与情人》10．解读埃尔夫丽德·耶利内克的《钢琴教师》11．解读海明威的《老人与海》象征内涵12．解读雷马克的《西线无战事》13．解读亨利希•伯尔的《莱妮和他们》14．希腊神话中的女神形象15．简论契诃夫笔下的女性世界16．屠格涅夫笔下的农民形象17．狄更斯小说中的儿童形象18．陀思妥耶夫斯基作品中的父亲形象19．君特·格拉斯小说中的诗歌21．J.D.塞林格《麦田里的守望者》中的主人公霍尔顿·考尔菲德的形象分析22．探析《钦差大臣》的狂欢化23．从《小癞子》看流浪汉小说结构模式24．论《断头台》的复调性（艾特玛托夫）25．分析杜拉斯的《情人》的叙事技巧26．如何理解困扰当代西方的“荒诞”观？27．关于西方现代派文学中人的异化问题28．从悲剧《禁闭》看萨特的哲学思想29．论萨特的《局外人》的现代意识30．奈保尔的“殖民地文学”反映了被殖民者怎样复杂的思想？31．论卡夫卡对现代派文学创作的贡献。32．《钢琴教师》中主人公埃里卡的自残说明了什么？33．解读迪伦马特的《老妇还乡》的现实意义。34．谈谈米兰·昆德拉的《不能承受的生命之轻》的哲学启示。35．论君特•格拉斯小说的忏悔情结36．关于勒·克莱齐奥①勒·克莱齐奥与中国②勒·克莱齐奥创作中的乌托邦情结③勒·克莱齐奥创作的文化解读④勒·克莱齐奥作品的叙事艺术38．布克奖、俄语布克奖39．果戈理与中国（果戈理诞辰一百周年）40.从拉斯柯尔尼科夫的犯罪心理结构看潜意识的作用41.中世纪文学与基督教的关系42.堂吉诃德与哈姆雷特形象比较研究。43.试论巴尔扎克的世界观与创作方法的矛盾。44.陀思妥耶夫斯基创作中的宗教问题研究。45.卡夫卡小说中的异化主题46.莎士比亚喜剧中的女性形象47.论《俄狄浦斯王》的冲突艺术美48.《亨利四世》中的福斯塔夫形象49.《傲慢与偏见》的戏剧叙述50.《呼啸山庄》的叙述技巧与结构艺术51.劳伦斯小说艺术的现代倾向52.从《愤怒的葡萄》看斯坦倍克与基督教文化53.论马尔克斯《百年孤独》中的孤独意识54.茨威格小说人物精神世界探幽55.卡夫卡及其作品中的荒诞意识56.论福克纳短篇小说的乡土情结57.萨特存在主义“境遇剧”与自由58.艾特玛托夫小说中的神话模式 60.沉默与爆发的魅力——试论苔丝悲剧中的性格因素61.从海丝特的悲剧看《红字》对清教思想的批判62.中西文学中的人文精神63.探析“雷雨”的审美内涵--奥斯特洛夫斯基《大雷雨》与曹禺《雷雨》之比较64.希腊神话与中国神话比较研究65.东西方戏剧“弃妇”形象比较研究66.西方文学与宗教神话原型67.中国近代戏剧形式与外来文化68.中国的武侠小说与西方骑士文学比较研究69.《雷雨》与《娜拉》比较研究70.《雷雨》中的宗教文化色彩71.繁漪和伯莎比较研究72安娜和娜拉比较研究73.由简•爱、娜拉和安娜的命运看女性意识的觉醒74《鲁滨逊漂流记》的基督教色彩75.西方宗教文化对中国现代文学的影响76.中西长篇小说的结构差异比较研究77.梁启超文学创作中的外来文化因素78.黄遵宪诗文创作中的外来影响79.徐志摩诗歌中的英国形象80.朱生豪译品中的英国形象81.英国浪漫文学思潮对中国现代诗歌的影响82.屠格涅夫和沈从文文学创作中的自然人文景观比较研究83.林黛玉与简爱形象比较84.复仇母题研究---《哈姆雷特》、《基督山伯爵》、《呼啸山庄》、《赵氏孤儿》等相关作品比较研究85.陈白露与茶花女悲剧比较86.鲁迅与陀思妥耶夫斯基小说的心理描写比较87.拜伦的《该隐》与鲁迅的《狂人日记》比较88.追求个性解放的女性----安娜与繁漪比较研究89.安娜与林黛玉的爱情悲剧比较研究90.阿Q与堂吉诃德比较研究91.郝思嘉与王熙凤比较研究92.《俄狄浦斯王》与《雷雨》艺术魅力比较93.郁达夫的“零余人”与西方文学的“多余人”比较94.中西爱情诗比较研究95.中西文学中的“负心汉”形象比较96.中西“风尘女子”形象比较97.屠格涅夫对沈从文文学创作的影响98.中西文学中的“异化”母题比较研究 99.中西文学中的“死亡结局”对比研究100.余华的《活着》与海明威的《老人与海》中的老人形象比较研究101.屠格涅夫对中国文学作家的影响102.尼采对鲁迅文学创作的影响103.中西十四行诗比较研究104.“恋母情结”母题在中西文学作品中的对比研究
莎士比亚在约1590～1612的20余年内共写了三十七部戏剧（如加上与弗莱彻合写的《两位贵亲》则是三十八部），还写有二首长诗《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》，《鲁克丽丝受辱记》和一百五十四首十四行诗。他的戏剧多取材于历史记载、小说、民间传说和老戏等已有的材料，反映了封建社会向资本主义社会过渡的历史现实，宣扬了新兴资产阶级的人道主义思想和人性论观点。由于一方面广泛借鉴古代戏剧、英国中世纪戏剧以及欧洲新兴的文化艺术，一方面深刻观察人生，了解社会，掌握时代的脉搏，故使莎士比亚得以塑造出众多栩栩如生的人物形象，描绘广阔的、五光十色的社会生活图景，并使之以悲喜交融、富于诗意和想象、寓统一于矛盾变化之中以及富有人生哲理和批判精神等特点著称。 一般来说，莎士比亚的戏剧创作可分以下3个时期： � 第一时期（1590～1600年） 以写作历史剧、喜剧为主，有9部历史剧、10部喜剧和2部悲剧。 9部历史剧中除《约翰王》是写 13 世纪初英国历史外 ，其他8部是内容相衔接的两个4部曲 ：《 亨利六世 》上 、中、下篇与《查理三世》；《查理二世》、《亨利四世》（被称为最成功的历史剧）上、下篇与《亨利五世》。这些历史剧概括了英国历史上百余年间的动乱，塑造了一系列正、反面君主形象，反映了莎士比亚反对封建割据，拥护中央集权，谴责暴君暴政，要求开明君主进行自上而下改革，建立和谐社会关系的人文主义政治与道德理想。 10部喜剧《错误的喜剧》、《驯悍记》、《维洛那二绅士》、《爱的徒劳》、《仲夏夜之梦》、《威尼斯商人 》、《 温莎的风流娘儿们 》、《无事生非》、《皆大欢喜》和《第十二夜》大都以爱情、友谊、婚姻为主题，主人公多是一些具有人文主义智慧与美德的青年男女，通过他们争取自由、幸福的斗争，歌颂进步、美好的新人新风，同时也温和地揭露和嘲讽旧事物的衰朽和丑恶，如禁欲主义的虚矫、清教徒的伪善和高利贷者的贪鄙等。莎士比亚这一时期戏剧创作的基本情调是乐观、明朗的，充满着以人文主义理想解决社会矛盾的信心，以致写在这一时期的悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中，也洋溢着喜剧气氛。尽管主人公殉情而死，但爱的理想战胜死亡，换来了封建世仇的和解。然而，这一时期较后的成熟喜剧《威尼斯商人》中，又带有忧郁色彩和悲剧因素，在鼓吹仁爱、友谊和真诚爱情的同时，反映了基督教社会中弱肉强食的阶级压迫、种族歧视问题，说明作者已逐渐意识到理想与现实之间存在着难以解决的矛盾。 第二时期（1601～1607年） 以悲剧为主 ，写了3部罗马剧、5部悲剧和3部“阴暗的喜剧”或“问题剧”。 罗马剧《尤利乌斯·凯撒》、《安东尼和克莉奥佩特拉》和《科里奥拉努斯》是取材于普卢塔克《希腊罗马英雄传 》的历史剧。 四大悲剧《哈姆雷特》、《 奥赛罗 》、《 李尔王 》、《麦克白》和悲剧《雅典的泰门》标志着作者对时代、人生的深入思考，着力塑造了这样一些新时代的悲剧主人公：他们从中世纪的禁锢和蒙昧中醒来，在近代黎明照耀下，雄心勃勃地想要发展或完善自己，但又不能克服时代和自身的局限，终于在同环境和内心敌对势力的力量悬殊斗争中，遭到不可避免的失败和牺牲。哈姆雷特为报父仇而发现“整个时代脱榫”了，决定担起“重整乾坤”的责任，结果是空怀大志，无力回天。奥赛罗正直淳朴，相信人而又嫉恶如仇，在奸人摆布下杀妻自戕，为追求至善至美反遭恶报。李尔王在权势给他带来的尊荣 、自豪 、 自信中迷失本性 ，丧失理智，幻想以让权分国来证明自己不当国王而做一个普通人，也能同样或更加伟大，因而经受了一番痛苦的磨难。麦克白本是有功的英雄，性格中有善和美的一面，只因王位的诱惑和野心的驱使，沦为“从血腥到血腥”、懊悔无及的罪人。这些人物的悲剧，深刻地揭示了在资本原始积累时期已开始出现的种种社会罪恶和资产阶级的利己主义，表现了人文主义理想与残酷现实之间矛盾的不可调和，具有高度的概括意义。 由于这一时期剧作思想深度和现实主义深度的增强，使《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》、《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》等“喜剧”也显露出阴暗的一面，笼罩着背信弃义、尔虞我诈的罪恶阴影，因而被称为“问题剧”或“阴暗的喜剧”。 第三时期（1608～1613）倾向于妥协和幻想的悲喜剧或传奇剧。 主要作品是4部悲喜剧或传奇剧《泰尔亲王里克里斯》、《辛白林》、《冬天的故事 》、《暴风雨》。这些作品多写失散、团聚、诬陷、昭雪。尽管仍然坚持人文主义理想，对黑暗现实有所揭露，但矛盾的解决主要靠魔法、幻想、机缘巧合和偶然事件，并以宣扬宽恕、容忍、妥协、和解告终。 莎士比亚还与弗莱彻合作写了历史剧《亨利八世》和传奇剧《两位贵亲》，后者近年来被有的莎士比亚戏剧集收入。莎士比亚作品的创作背景 1590年到1600年是莎士比亚创作的早期，又称为历史剧、喜剧时期。这一时期莎士比亚人文主义思想和艺术风格渐渐形成。当时的英国正处于伊丽莎白女王统治的鼎盛时期，王权稳固统一，经济繁荣。莎士比亚对在现实社会中实现人文主义理想充满信心，作品洋溢着乐观明朗的色彩。这一时期，他写的历史剧包括《理查三世》（1592）、《亨利四世》（上下集）（1597—1598）和《 亨利五世 》（1599）等9部。剧本的基本主题是拥护中央王权，谴责封建暴君和歌颂开明君主。比如，《亨利四世》展现的是国内局势动荡的画面，贵族们联合起来反叛国王，但叛乱最终被平息；王太子早先生活放荡，后来认识错误，在平定内乱中立下战功。剧作中，历史事实和艺术虚构达到高度统一。人物形象中以福斯塔夫最为生动，此人自私、懒惰、畏缩，却又机警、灵巧、乐观，令人忍俊不禁。 这一时期创作的喜剧包括诗意盎然的《仲夏夜之梦》（1596）、扬善惩恶的《威尼斯商人》（1597）、反映市民生活风俗的《温莎的风流娘儿们》（1598）、宣扬贞洁爱情的《无事生非》（1599）和歌颂爱情又探讨人性的《第十二夜》（1600）等10部。这些剧本基本主题是爱情、婚姻和友谊，带有浓郁的抒情色彩，表现了莎士比亚的人文主义生活理想。与此同时，他还写了《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（1595）等悲剧3部，作品虽然有哀怨的一面，但是基本精神与喜剧同。莎士比亚还写有长诗《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》（1592—1593）、《鲁克丽丝受辱记》（1593—1594）和154首十四行诗。 17世纪初，伊丽莎白女王一世与詹姆士一世政权交替，英国社会矛盾激化，社会丑恶日益暴露。这一时期，莎士比亚的思想和艺术走向成熟，人文主义理想同社会现实发生激烈碰撞。他痛感理想难以实现，创作由早期的赞美人文主义理想转变为对社会黑暗的揭露和批判。莎士比亚创作的第二时期（1601—1607），又称悲剧时期。他写出了《哈姆莱特》（1601）、《奥瑟罗》（1604）、《李尔王》（1606）、《麦克白》（1606）和《雅典的泰门》（1607）等著名悲剧。《奥瑟罗》中出身贵族的苔丝狄蒙娜不顾父亲和社会的反对，与摩尔人奥瑟罗私下结婚，表现了反对种族偏见的主题，而导致他们悲剧的原因不仅是奥瑟罗的嫉妒，而且是以伊阿古为代表的邪恶势力的强大。奥瑟罗临死前的清醒，包含着人类理性的胜利。《李尔王》中展现的则是一个分崩离析的社会，李尔王因为自己的刚愎自用付出了生命的代价，也给国家和人民带来了巨大的灾难。主人公从具有绝对权威的封建君主变成了一无所有、无家可归的老人，人物命运和性格发生巨大的变化，这在莎士比亚的作品中最具特色。《麦克白》中，一位英雄人物由于内在的野心和外部的唆使，成为个人野心家和暴君。其悲剧意义在于，个人野心和利己主义可以毁灭一个原本并非邪恶的人物。总体而言，这些悲剧对封建贵族的腐朽衰败、利己主义的骇人听闻、金钱关系的罪恶和劳动人民的疾苦，作了深入的揭露；风格上，浪漫欢乐的气氛减少，忧郁悲愤的情调增加，形象更丰满，语言更纯熟。 1608年以后，莎士比亚进入创作的最后时期。这时的莎士比亚已看到人文主义的理想在现实社会中无法实现，便从写悲剧转而为写传奇剧，从揭露批判现实社会的黑暗转向写梦幻世界。因此，这一时期又称莎士比亚的传奇剧时期。这时期，他的作品往往通过神话式的幻想，借助超自然的力量来解决理想与现实之间的矛盾；作品贯串着宽恕、和解的精神，没有前期的欢乐，也没有中期的阴郁，而是充满美丽的生活幻想，浪漫情调浓郁。《暴风雨》（1611）最能代表这一时期的风格，被称为“用诗歌写的遗嘱”。此外，他还写有《辛白林》和《冬天的故事》等3部传奇剧和历史剧《亨利八世》。 莎士比亚的作品从生活真实出发，深刻地反映了时代风貌和社会本质。他认为，戏剧“仿佛要给自然照一面镜子：给德行看一看自己的面貌，给荒唐看一看自己的姿态，给时代和社会看一看自己的形象和印记”。马克思、恩格斯将莎士比亚推崇为现实主义的经典作家，提出戏剧创作应该更加“莎士比亚化”。这是针对戏剧创作中存在的“把个人变成时代精神的单纯的传声筒”的缺点而提出的创作原则。所谓“莎士比亚化”，就是要求作家象莎士比亚那样，善于从生活真实出发，展示广阔的社会背景，给作品中的人物和事件提供富有时代特点的典型环境；作品的情节应该生动、丰富，人物应该有鲜明个性，同时具有典型意义；作品中现实主义的刻画和浪漫主义的氛围要巧妙结合；语言要丰富，富有表现力；作家的倾向要在情节和人物的描述中隐蔽而自然地流露出来。 莎士比亚的作品包括： 悲剧：罗密欧与朱丽叶，麦克白，李尔王，哈姆雷特，奥瑟罗，泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯，裘力斯·凯撒，安东尼与克莉奥佩屈拉（埃及艳后），科利奥兰纳斯，特洛埃围城记，雅典的泰门等。 喜剧：错中错，终成眷属，皆大欢喜，仲夏夜之梦，无事生非，一报还一报，暴风雨，驯悍记，第十二夜，威尼斯商人，温莎的风流娘们，爱的徒劳，维洛那二绅士，泰尔亲王佩力克尔斯，辛白林，冬天的故事等。 历史剧：亨利四世，亨利五世，亨利六世，亨利八世，约翰王，里查二世，里查三世。 十四行诗：爱人的怨诉，鲁克丽丝失贞记，维纳斯和阿多尼斯，热情的朝圣者，凤凰和斑鸠等。 莎士比亚的戏剧大都取材于旧有剧本、小说、编年史或民间传说，但在改写中注入了自己的思想，给旧题材赋予新颖、丰富、深刻的内容。在艺术表现上，他继承古代希腊罗马、中世纪英国和文艺复兴时期欧洲戏剧的三大传统并加以发展，从内容到形式进行了创造性革新。他的戏剧不受三一律束缚，突破悲剧、喜剧界限，努力反映生活的本来面目，深入探索人物内心奥秘，从而能够塑造出众多性格复杂多样、形象真实生动的人物典型，描绘了广阔的 、五光十色的社会生活图景，并以其博大、深刻、富于诗意和哲理著称。 莎士比亚的戏剧是为当时英国的舞台和观众写作的大众化的戏剧。因而，它的悲喜交融、雅俗共赏以及时空自由 、极力调动观众想象来弥补舞台的简陋等特点，曾在18世纪遭到以伏尔泰为代表的古典主义者的指摘，并在演出时被任意删改。莎剧的真正价值，直到19世纪初，在柯尔律治和哈兹里特等批评家的阐发下，才开始为人们所认识。然而当时的莎剧演出仍常被纳入5幕结构剧的模式 。19世纪末 ，W·波埃尔和H·格兰威尔·巴克强烈反对当时莎剧演出的壮观传统 ，提倡按伊丽莎白时代剧场不用布景的方式演出，以恢复其固有特点。 17世纪始，莎士比亚戏剧传入德、法、意、俄、北欧诸国，然后渐及美国乃至世界各地，对各国戏剧发展产生了巨大、深远的影响，并已成为世界文化发展、交流的重要纽带和灵感源泉。中国从本世纪初开始介绍和翻译莎剧，到1978年出版了在朱生豪译本基础上经全面校订、补译的11卷《莎士比亚全集》。1902年，上海圣约翰书院学生最早用英语演出《威尼斯商人》。据不完全统计，中国先后有65个职业和业余演出团体 ，以英 、汉 、藏 、蒙 、粤5种语言 ，文明戏、现代话剧、戏曲、广播剧、芭蕾舞剧 、木偶剧6种形式 ，共演出莎剧21部，包括了莎剧大部分重要作品。莎剧已成为中国中学、大学特别是戏剧院校的教材。莎剧的重要角色为中国演员的培养和提高开辟了广阔天地。 莎士比亚给世人留下了三十七部戏剧，其中包括一些他与别人合写的一般剧作。此外，他还写有一百五十四首十四行诗和三、四首长诗。 就莎士比亚的天才、成就和声望而言，他的名字未能在本册中名列前茅看来有点离奇。我把莎士比亚排得这样低，不是因为我不赏识他的艺术成就，而是我认为文学艺术人物一般说来对人类历史影响较小。 宗教领袖、科学家、政治家、探险家、哲学家或发明家的活动经常影响到人类奋斗的许多其他领域的发展。例如，科学的进展对经济和政治事物已经产生了巨大的影响，也影响了宗教信仰、哲学观点和艺术的发展。 一位著名的画家，虽然可能对后来的画家的作品影响很大，但是他对音乐和文学可能带来的影响却微乎其微，对探险和其他人类奋斗的领域实际上则毫无影响可言。类似的说法也适合于诗人、剧作家和音乐作曲家。一般说来，文艺人物只对文艺有影响，实际上只对他们所从事的那个特殊领域有影响。正是由于这种原因，没有一名文学、音乐或美术人物被列进前三十名，且只有少数几个人物才被列入本册。 那么为什么本册中有文艺人物呢？这是因为欣赏文艺对每个人的生活有一定的直接影响（虽然这种影响并不总是很大），换句话说，一个人可能会花一部分时间听音乐，一部分时间读书，一部分时间作画，等等。即使我们听音乐的时间对我们的其他活动毫无影响（这肯定是种夸张的说法），这一部分时间仍然代表着我们生活中的无聊时间。 一位艺术家对我们生活的影响可能比我们听、读或看他的作品所花的时间还要多。这是因为他的作品很可能对其他作家的创作活动产生影响，他们的作品为我们所体验和赏识。 在有些情况下，文艺作品或多或少地有些明确的哲学内容，这会影响我们对其他问题的看法。当然文学作品比音乐或美术作品更经常是如此这般。例如，在《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（第三幕，第一场）中，莎士比亚让亲王说：“对杀人的凶手不能讲慈悲，否则就是鼓励杀人。”这里提出的观点（不管人们接受与否）具有鲜明的哲学内容，可能会对人们的政治态度产生影响，而不是其他如欣赏“蒙娜丽莎”所产生的影响。 莎士比亚在所有的文学人物中首屈一指，这看来是无容置辩的。相对来说，今天很少有人谈乔叟、维吉尔、甚至荷马的作品，但是要上演一部莎士比亚的戏剧，肯定会有很多观众。莎士比亚创造词汇的天才是无与伦比的，他的话常被引用——甚至包括从未看过或读过他的戏剧的人。况且他的名气也并非昙花一现。近四百年来他的作品一直给读者和评论家带来了许多欢乐。由于莎士比亚的作品已经接受住了时间的考验，因此在将来的许许多多世纪里也将会受到普遍欢迎，这一推测看来不无道理。 在评价莎士比亚的影响时，我们应该这样考虑，如果没有他，就根本不会有他的作品（当然类似的论断适合于每一位文学艺术人物，但是这个因素在评价一般的艺术家的影响时看来并不特别重要）。 据统计，莎士比亚用此高达两网格以上。它广泛采用民间语言（如民谣、俚语、古谚语和滑稽幽默的散文等），注意吸收外来词汇，还大量运用比喻、隐喻、双关语，可谓集当时英语之大成。莎剧中许多语句已成为现代英语中的成语、典故和格言。相对而言，他早期的剧作喜欢用华丽铿锵的词句；后来的成熟作品则显得更得心应手，既能用丰富多样的语言贴切而生动的表现不同人物的特色，也能用朴素自然的词句传达扣人心弦的感情和思想。 虽然莎士比亚用英文写作，但是他是一位真正闻名世界的人物。虽然英语不完全是一种世界语言，但是它比任何其它语言都更接近世界语言。而且莎士比亚的作品被译成许多种文学，许多国家都读他的著作，上演他的戏剧。 当然有些受欢迎的作家的作品也会受到文学评论家的轻视，但是莎士比亚就不同了，文学学者都不遗余力地赞扬他的作品。世世代代的戏剧家都研究他的作品，企图获得他的文学气质。正是因为莎士比亚对其他作家有巨大的影响和不断受到大众的赏识，才使他在本书中获得相当高的名次。 某版本的莎翁戏剧集中的序言，有一段这样的话： 他通过具有强大艺术力量的形象，从他的那些典型的、同时又具有鲜明个性的主人公的复杂的关系中，从他们的行动和矛盾中去揭示出他们的性格。戏剧中放射出的强烈的人文主义思想光芒，以及卓越而大胆的艺术技巧，其意义早已超出了他的时代和国家的范围。 对文学界造成如此大的影响，难怪他的朋友、著名的戏剧家本·琼孙说：“他不只属于一个时代而属于全世纪。” 最后一点不得不提的是----- 莎士比亚与世界图书与版权日 4月23日，对于世界文学领域是一个具有象征性的日子，因为塞万提斯、威廉·莎士比亚和加尔西拉索·德·拉·维加都在1616年的这一天去世。此外，4月23日也是另一些著名作家出生或去世的日子，如莫里斯·德律恩、拉克斯内斯、佛拉吉米尔·纳博科夫、约瑟·普拉和曼努埃尔·梅希亚?巴列霍。 很自然地，1995年在巴黎召开的联合国教科文组织大会选择这一天，向全世界的书籍和作者表示敬意；鼓励每个人，尤其是年轻人，去发现阅读的快乐，并再度对那些为促进人类的社会和文化进步做出无以替代的贡献的人表示尊敬。 1995年11月，联合国教科文组织第二十八次大会通过决议，宣布每年4月23日为世界图书和版权日。 版权即著作权，是指文学、艺术、科学作品的作者对其作品享有的权利（包括财产权、人身权）。版权的取得有两种方式：自动取得和登记取得。我国的著作权法规定，作品完成就自动有版权。
哎哟 这个可有一点难度呢亲，需要的话 也可以给你呢。
论文的题目是画龙点睛的神来之笔,是提纲挈领的综述概要。下面是我带来的关于英国文学 毕业 论文题目大全的内容，欢迎阅读参考! 英国文学毕业论文题目大全(一) 1. 《浮士德》的善恶冲突论 2. 论《浮士德》思想体系的矛盾 3. 论卢梭《忏悔录》的自审意识与超俗意识 4. 济慈及其《夜莺颂》的美学魅力 5. 欧洲社会的讽刺画卷——《唐璜》浅析 6. 论雨果的人道主义思想 7. 《巴黎圣母院》中的美丑对照原则 8. 论《红与黑》中于连的形象 9. 论司汤达小说心理描写的艺术 10. 司汤达在现代小说史上的地位 11. 成功与幻灭——拉斯蒂涅(《高老头》)与吕西安(《红与白》)之比较 12. 巴尔扎克小说的现代 文化 意蕴 13. 论《包法利夫人》 14. 19世纪英国女小说家研究 15. 《傲慢与偏见》的戏剧叙述 16. 夏洛蒂·勃朗笔下的女性形象系统 17. 《呼啸山庄》的叙述技巧与结构艺术 18. 试析《简·爱》和《呼啸山庄》的情感模式 19. 《呼啸山庄》与《金锁记》情感世界之比较 20. 梅里美中短篇小说的艺术魅力 21. 《茶花女》的悲剧艺术 英国文学毕业论文题目大全(二) 1. 茶花女与杜十娘比较 2. 从蒙太里尼形象看《牛虻》的反宗教主题 3. 论哈代小说中的新女性形象 4. 莫泊桑、契诃夫、欧·亨利艺术风格之比较 5. 论威尔斯的科学幻想小说 6. 论《恶之花》的历史地位与意义 7. 略论马克·吐温的艺术风格 8. 易卜生《玩偶之家》娜拉形象 9. 易卜生有肖伯纳的“社会问题剧”的异同论 10. 19世纪俄国文学中“多余人”的形象 11. 俄罗斯文学中的妇女形象 12. 果戈理《死魂灵》的讽刺艺术 13. 屠格涅夫笔下的女性形象 14. 屠格涅夫的抒情手法 15. 屠格涅夫与郁达夫比较研究 16. 论陀思妥耶夫斯基的长篇小说 17. 谈陀思妥耶夫斯基小说中的景物描写 18. 陀思妥耶夫斯基与现代派文学 19. “现代性”历史文化语境中的鲁迅与陀思妥耶夫斯基 英国文学毕业论文题目大全(三) 1. 古希腊神话 传说 中的文化精神 2. 英雄符码及其解构——荷马史诗主要史诗主要形象论析 3. 论《俄狄浦斯王》的冲突艺术美 4. 论《美狄亚》在戏剧发展史上的重要意义 5. 从古希腊到18世纪西方文学中人的观念 6. 《埃涅阿斯纪》主题的原型意义 7. 试论__伦理在西方文学中的演变 8. 但丁与__文化 9. 哥特式小说的原理与发展 10. 中国武侠小说与骑士文学的比较 11. 《堂吉诃德》的多重意义 12. 论流浪汉小说的艺术特征 13. 试论《威尼斯商人》的冲突艺术 14. 《奥瑟罗》悲剧冲突艺术 15. 论《李尔王》的人文主义思想 16. 论《亨利四世》中的福斯塔夫形象 17. 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》与《西厢记》抒情艺术之比较 18. 试论莎士比亚喜剧风格 19. 莎士比亚悲剧风格的特殊性及其历史意义 20. 论《汤姆·琼斯》人物刻画的美学原则
中国戏剧和西方戏剧，在剧本基础、戏剧元素、艺术形式以等方面即存在共同点，又在文化要素、写实写意手法、艺术表演程式、艺术理念等方面，有很大差异。 一、中国戏剧和西方戏剧的相同之处 （一）中国戏剧和西方戏剧剧本创作都基于诗歌。由于戏剧要求歌唱时有特定的韵律，所以不管是起源于古希腊的西方戏剧，还是中国戏剧，都讲究诗歌的“韵味”，都带有“歌”的特点。或者说，中西方戏剧都是由演员将某个故事或情境，以对话、歌唱或动作等方式表演出来的艺术。 （二）中国戏剧和西方戏剧的元素相同。中西方戏剧都具有四个元素，包括了“演员”、“故事”、“舞台”和“观众”。 （三）中西方戏剧的艺术形式类同。二者都是将众多艺术形式，以一种标准聚合在一起，这些形式包括诗、乐、舞。此外，也都要进行舞台包装，包括舞台美术、服装、化妆等方面。 二、中西方戏剧的不同之处 （一）中西方戏剧的根本文化要素不同。中国戏剧的根本要素是“礼乐”，即“礼节”和“音乐”。西方上古戏剧是将诗与歌融为一体，诗歌是她的根本要素。 （二）中西方戏剧写实写意不同。中国戏剧追求的艺术境界不是写实而是写意，求其神似而非形似。这种写意的手法，如骑马无须有马、坐轿无须有轿；靠一根带丝穗的马鞭，可表现烈马奔驰；几个跑龙套的绕场一周，就能表现千军鏖战、关山飞度。而西方戏剧追求写实，其题材多攫取于现实的生活，舞台上要真实描摹和再现人物、生活，以反映生活中的纠葛和斗争为主旨，力求再现生活真实的同时，揭示生活的真谛。 （三）中西方戏剧艺术表演程式不同。中国戏剧在长期的艺术实践中，经过集中、概括、提炼，形成了其独有的一整套极其夸张的艺术程式。戏剧中的角式分成“行”，在服饰和形体的包装上，在脸谱的敷彩化装上均有生、旦、净、末、丑的固有范式。戏剧中独白、对白、旁白等语言也须符合剧情规定和人物身份、符合“行”、“角”的分野，拿腔捏调。那种尖声细气或高亢喊嗓，那种抑扬顿挫、矫柔造作的语音发声，远离生活中的语言规范，是中国戏剧特有的。而西方戏剧肯定人的价值、本能和欲望；无论在内容抑或形式上都紧密联系社会，反映人性的矛盾冲突。这种与现实生活的贴切性，使戏剧的表演重在现实的艺术再现和提升。中国戏剧可以喝茶无杯、斟酒无壶，西方戏剧有必备的道具。中国戏剧有好人坏人、忠良奸佞全绘在脸上的脸谱；西方戏剧全靠角色揣摩和艺术表演的真实再现。 （四）中西方戏剧艺术理念不同。以中西方最重要艺术主题的悲剧为例，中国的悲剧是以“苦戏”、“冤戏”、“哭戏”为特征。舞台上大多是处于社会最低层的弱势群体，是如窦娥般弱小善良、无辜受害的小人物。中国悲剧以惩恶扬善、先苦后甜为结局，但这种结局一般不是抗争的结果，而是依赖外力的作用，表达的只是善恶有报的愿望，这是中国戏剧的艺术理念。而西方悲剧舞台上常以英雄为主角。赞美使其拔高，甚至神化。真善美与假恶丑的抗争，让人看到正义的力量。在正义和邪恶的较量中，任何胜利都必须付出极其惨重的代价。但人类的希望也正在于此。
1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因 摘 要 中西戏剧都有悠久的历史，无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧，都起源于民间，并与原始人祭祀神灵，欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史，它发展快，成就高，在世界上的影响很... 类别：毕业论文 大小：95 KB 日期：2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合 摘 要随着全球化的来临，中国与外界的交流越来越频繁，特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界，如同一个大家庭，参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因，各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理 摘 要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增，同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现，跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道，这种文化差异时而会造成... 类别：毕业论文 大小：96 KB 日期：2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 摘 要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征：儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗，宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰，以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线，在思想上追求人格的完美，以“谦谦君... 类别：毕业论文 大小：90 KB 日期：2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：88 KB 日期：2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异 摘 要中国悠久历史5000年，西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化；西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天，中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国... 类别：毕业论文 大小：100 KB 日期：2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨 摘 要在经济蓬勃发展的今天，旅游业风风火火地发展起来了，作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来，且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世，这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机，但世界上酒店发展规模空前，...
Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。
Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。
Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。
隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " 2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures 2.1.1 relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. 2.1.2 non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: 2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). 2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. 2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . 2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. 2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. 2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. 2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. 2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. 2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. 3.1 Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.
你可以去看看其他网址上面写的范文。希望能帮上你
Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。
之前也是为论文苦恼了半天，网上的范文和能搜到的资料，大都不全面，一般能有个正文就不错了，而且抄袭的东西肯定不行的，关键是没有数据和分析部分，我好不容易搞出来一篇，结果还过不了审。 还好后来找到文方网，直接让专业人士帮忙，效率很高，核心的部分帮我搞定了，也给了很多参考文献资料。哎，专业的事还是要找专业的人来做啊，建议有问题参考下文方网吧 下面是之前文方网王老师发给我的题目，分享给大家： 中国当代小剧场话剧的文学性与剧场性 空间表演：全球化时代舞台图形转换和空间剧场化 中国话剧演员文化研究(1977年-2014年) 《红楼梦》戏曲、曲艺、话剧研究 戏曲舞台现代叙述方式的导演探索与建构 维吾尔戏剧研究 民营剧社的品牌化运营研究——以民营剧社“开心麻花”为例 高等院校音乐剧人才培养（本科）课程设置与实施研究 产业融合背景下话剧IP影视化开发研究 《桃花扇》接受史研究 肢体语言在话剧表演中的运用——以校园戏剧实践为例 样板戏的发生与改编研究 新编历史剧生产体制研究 开心麻花喜剧创作中台词的二度创作应用研究 市场化经营下我国剧场的设计思路更新研究 中国话剧演员文化研究 二十世纪末叶戏曲现代戏研究 舞蹈元素在话剧表演中的应用——以《洒满月光的荒原》为例 高中语文戏剧教学策略研究 政治化与世俗化的合流与悖反—上海剧艺社研究 20世纪90年代以来山西高校话剧社团调查研究 林兆华戏剧舞台叙事观念与方法研究 古代学人戏曲观的生成与演进 舞台艺术中武术表演形式研究 中国话剧（2000-2015）舞台多媒体运用研究 论现代话剧艺术民族化的生命力 中国当代小剧场戏剧论 近代中国歌剧文学创作特性历史审视 中国当代话剧舞台叙事形式的演变 天津民营小剧场话剧运营研究——以美域话剧团为例 中国现代话剧：民族表演体系的探索和建构 延安戏剧运动研究（1937-1947） 兰州市小剧场——大河剧场调查报告 从苏区到延安：李伯钊与根据地戏剧发展研究 中国话剧的民族特色与诗化精神 论林兆华话剧对戏曲假定性的借鉴和发展 王延松关于曹禺经典剧作的诗意解读与美学建构 《分手大师》从话剧到电影的叙事转换 西方话剧对海派京剧的影响 市场细分背景下小型舞台演艺产业化运营研究——以我国二线城市小型歌舞剧、话剧等表演艺术为典型 声有情，词有味—台词二度创作探析 长沙小剧场话剧传播研究 “破”与“立”视域中的五四话剧新论 异态时空中的展演与观看—伪满洲国女作家杨絮的生存与写作 “译者登场”——英若诚戏剧翻译系统研究 以舞剧《原野》为例谈话剧元素在舞剧中的运用 中国当代小剧场校园话剧艺术研究 中国儿童戏剧发展史（1919-2010） “开心麻花”话剧改编电影的策略研究 黄河流域道情戏研究 戏曲表演程式研究 异化和归化策略在音乐文献翻译中的初步实践——以《文革文化史》的翻译为例 中国剧院管理经营研究——以上海为例 用戏曲搭建跨文化沟通的桥梁 传统美学与现代美学的融合——田沁鑫话剧艺术探析 1872-1919年近代报刊剧评研究 话剧表演与声乐的融合 十七年“戏改”过程中的民间与国家——以福建地方戏为考察中心 二十世纪前期（1904-1949）戏曲期刊与戏曲理论批评 新中国话剧演员文化生态研究（1949-1966） 中国戏曲剧本语言研究 新中国舞台美术研究 伪满洲国戏剧研究 双生与互动的美学历程——中国戏剧与电影的关系研究 赖声川即兴创作研究 试论中国话剧对民族传统戏剧的学习借鉴——兼及戏剧教育汲取戏曲养分的问题 论朱琳的话剧表演艺术 基于戏改背景的样板戏版本考察与美学分析——以《智取威虎山》为例 当代国内电影改编话剧作品的艺术方法及美学特征研究——以“表演工作坊”和“开心麻花”为例 韩国学生中文话剧表演教学设计与指导实践 英语表演式教学研究——以江西某高中英语教学为例 基于话剧表演式教学法的韩国小学汉语口语课教学设计——以《务安五味》的教学为例 演员话剧表演创作中的节奏研究 高中语文戏剧类文本教学研究 传统戏曲的经典化与再生产——以《赵氏孤儿》为中心 新时期以来中国话剧观众期待视野问题研究 直面戏剧在中国的接受 复合性观演空间设计研究 从先锋到大众——论中国小剧场话剧的发展 论我国经典话剧中的性格化表演——以《雷雨》人物周萍的角色塑造为例 投影艺术介入舞台戏剧的应用研究 新中国初期民族歌剧表演艺术研究 “十七年”戏剧与电影的互动研究——以戏剧对电影的影响为中心 表演艺术的肢体语言再探索 当代台湾戏剧在中国大陆的接受研究 近年来中国IP话剧电影改编的研究 《樊粹庭文集》整理与研究 非营利艺术表演团体社会导向研究 论“赖声川模式”对内地话剧产业的启示意义 浅谈话剧与戏曲在角色塑造上的差异 山西戏剧文化创意及其产业发展研究 建国后老舍的多重身份“表演”与话剧实践 斯坦尼体系与中国话剧演剧 话剧舞台表演节奏之总体观 近代戏曲改良运动研究 中等艺术学校戏剧（话剧）表演专业发展研究——以石家庄市艺术学校为例 电子音乐制作技术在话剧舞台表演声音呈现中的若干应用——以话剧《白露为霜》为例 戏逍堂商业戏剧运作模式研究 现代性理论视角下的新时期话剧发展与艺术特点研究
1．在剧场里，作者不以自己的身份说话，而把各种各样交谈的人物引上场来。话不过是形式的最初的外在基础。 2．戏剧的魅力，来源于“行动”。 3．只有剧中人物在对话中互相较量、互相影响，而导致各自的心情和相互关系的变化，才是有“戏剧性”的。 4．在日常用语中，“戏剧性的”这个词的意思有三种：①戏剧的材料；②能产生感情反应的；③在剧场条件下完全可以上演的。 5．把人物性格用明确洗练的舞台动作（性格的动作性）表现出来，就产生了区别于其他文字形式的“戏”的因素。 6．剧本的基本的构成因素是语言，绝大部分篇幅都是人物的对话，或语言。 7．在剧本中，塑造人物的基本手段，仅仅是依靠人物自身的语言台词。 8．作家对人物形象的构思，只能通过人物自身的语言（对话、独白、旁白）体现出来。 9．剧本的语言要更富有动作性。动作性是语言首要的、基本的特征，是关系到“戏剧性”的首要问题。 10．恩格斯：要使人物的“动机”更多地通过剧情本身的进程，生动地、积极地、也就是说自然地表现出来，要使那些论证性的辩论逐渐成为不必要的东西。 11．戏剧，就其本质来说，是动作的艺术。动作是表演艺术的基础。“以动作为中心的艺术，是雅俗共赏的” 12．能把个人的性格、思想和目的最清楚地表现出来的是动作，人的最深刻方面只有通过动作才能见诸现实。 13．动作和语言是人物内心、性格、教养的外化表现。 14．通过演员的表演，把人物的动作在舞台上直观再现出来，使观众获得直接、具体的感受，是戏剧区别于小说的最基本的界限。戏剧根本排斥叙述。 15．剧本是供演出用的。剧作家塑造的人物形象，只有通过演员的表演才能变成生动、鲜明的舞台形象；只有通过演员的表演，才能把人物的生活、斗争在观众面前直观地再现出来，产生特殊的艺术力量。 16．演员扮演角色，使剧本塑造的人物形象在舞台上活起来，主要靠的是人物自身的动作。 17．中国戏曲中的程式化动作，不仅是塑造人物形象的手段，也是创造舞台环境的手段。就连舞台的时间与空间，也不依靠舞台美术的效能，而是依靠演员的程式化动作，启发观众的联想，形成具体的舞台环境。（比如摇浆便是划船，挥舞马鞭便是骑马） 18．戏剧的主要之点就是避免冗长的对话，使每句话都从动作中表现出来。 19．动作，应该是构成剧情发展的一个有机部分，又推动剧情的发展；观众能够通过可见的外部动作洞察人物隐秘的内心活动。 20．舞台上的心理描写方式：剧本的“舞台指示”中所说的“沉默”，或曰“停顿”。 21．独白和旁白都是用以揭示人物内心“隐秘”的手段，两者的区别只在于：前者是人物独处时内心活动的披露；后者则是某个人物在同其他人物交往时的“自语”。 22．舞台法则在很多方面却允许违反“物理的可能性”（物理的可能性就是指现实中真是存在的事物）。 23．戏剧表现人物内心活动的方式：将人物的心理活动内容（如回忆、幻象、梦境等等）化为直观的视觉画面，这是被普遍运用的主观表现方式；在现代和当代电影中，展现人物心理活动内容的重要手段还有“内心独白”——“画外音”。 24．对话作为戏剧动作的一种方式，不仅应该体现出人物潜在的意愿，而且应该对谈话的另一方具有一定的冲击力或影像力。“对话”本身就意味着双方的交往，两颗心灵的交往及相互影响。 25．如果争论的双方彼此都想占上风，努力刺痛对方性格的某个方面，或者触伤对方脆弱的心弦，如果通过这个，在争论中暴露了他们的性格，争论的结果又使他们产生新的关系，这就已经是一种戏了。 26．两颗心灵的交往，可以是由意愿抵触而构成的内心冲突，也可以是意愿共同时内心情感的交流。 27．话剧，对于作家来说，是语言的艺术，对于导演来说，却是行动的艺术。 28．在舞台上，塑造人物形象、揭示剧作主题的唯一手段，是舞台动作。包括外部动作、静止动作和语言动作，都可能具有戏剧性。语言动作（台词）对塑造人物形象是更重要的。台词包括对话、独白和旁白，是展示内心动作的基本手段。 29．从演员的表演艺术来说，台词和形体动作，是话剧表演艺术的两根支柱。 30．台词是体现人物内心动作的形式，也是戏剧动作的基本形式。 31．“音响效果”可以为人物创造一种客观环境的气氛。音响效果还可以创造出一种特殊的情调，用以烘托剧中人物的主观情绪。（如奥尼尔的《琼斯皇》） 32．把那些似乎是某人确实说过的话或做过的事记录下来是不够的，必须借助一种象征的语言和表演，加上布景和灯光，把他的思想，他的下意识的心灵、他的行动简括地表现出来。 33．戏剧动作地本性，首先在于它具有直观性。外部动作是可以直接看到的，语言动作是观众可以直接听到的。在戏剧艺术中，只有当直观的动作包容着非直观的心理内容时，这样的动作才是戏剧性的。 34．就人的动作的全过程来看，它总是沿着从外到内、从内到外的轨道发展的。 35．动作乃是动机的产物及其外观方式。对戏剧艺术来说，它要求通过具有直观性的动作揭示出人物的这种心理过程。 36．在高度精练的动作中寄寓着丰富的心理内涵。所谓“内涵”正是戏剧性的一个重要属性。 37．台词是内心活动的体现形式。对话、独白，必须具体体现人物的内心活动。但并不是说，人物必须在台词中把内心活动无保留地通通讲出来，使观众一览无余。真正具有戏剧性的语言，恰恰是寄寓着丰富的潜在的内心活动的对话。 38．太露必浅。“露”和“浅”也是一切文艺作品的大毛病。 39．形象是文艺特有的反映生活的方法。含蓄则是形象的属性之一。 40．戏剧性是剧作主题的体现者，它使冲突成为客观实在，它使情节得以具体展开，它又是戏剧结构的内容。 " 3．只有剧中人物在对话中互相较量、互相影响，而导致各自的心情和相互关系的变化，才是有“戏剧性”的。" 这就是ACTION的几种表现方式。 “6．剧本的基本的构成因素是语言，绝大部分篇幅都是人物的对话，或语言。” 剧本的构成因素是语言所暗示的ACTION（相互推动的事件和故事情节），是情节，不是语言。 “7．在剧本中，塑造人物的基本手段，仅仅是依靠人物自身的语言台词。” 语言，潜台词和ACTION是塑造人物的主要手段。人物的性格往往是通过同别人相互作用（ACTION），和这个人在矛盾冲突中的表现体现出来。比如我扔石头砸了你的窗子，你慢悠悠走出来，四处观看。或者你一下子从窗子跳出来，就体现出不同的性格。 “27．话剧，对于作家来说，是语言的艺术，对于导演来说，却是行动的艺术。’ “话剧”是没有翻字典就给英语“play”做翻译。 作家用“语言艺术”写出来的剧本，应该很适合于电台广播，或印出来读，在舞台上就会显得废话连篇。 演剧是通过所有的舞台表现艺术来通过ACTION 呈现一个感人的故事。 语言和行动是舞台语言的一部分，用于通过ACTION 体现故事情节。
以误会为基础，表现深刻的社会冲突。以喜剧传统的夸张形式逼真地反映了俄国专制社会的主要矛盾——官僚阶级压迫人民的反动实质。
《钦差大臣》是俄国作家果戈理的讽刺喜剧。写于1836年。作者曾经说过：“我决定在《钦差大臣》中将我……所知道的……俄罗斯的一切丑恶集成一堆，来嘲笑它一次。”一个在彼得堡当过差、出入于上流社会的纨绔子弟赫列斯达柯夫，在回乡途中因盘缠用尽而困于旅店。正在这时，市内盛传钦差大臣将临。市长是个多年沉浮宦海、一贯贪赃枉法，“凡财物到手，均不欲其有所遗漏”的酷吏，听说有个钦差大臣就要驾临本市，他和他的僚属大为惊恐，深怕他们平日的劣迹被上面察知。受到这种恐惧心理的驱使，市长亲自跑到旅店，察看动静。赫列斯达柯夫则以为由于自己付不起食宿费用，店家告到市里，市长前来兴师问罪，因而大为惶恐；同时在与市长相互试探之中，平时那种傲慢无礼、妄自尊大的举止风度，毕露无遗。这一切使得市长确信赫列斯达柯夫就是微服私访的钦差大臣，于是设法把这位“钦差大臣”迎至市长公馆，殷勤款待，并把自己的女儿许了他。赫列斯达柯夫见市长如此垂青，真是受宠若惊，得意忘形，在市长及其同僚面前，大吹牛皮，把彼得堡的达官贵人都说成是自己的近亲好友；使听者钦羡不止。赫列斯达柯夫用“借钱”的方式，向市长及其僚属“借”得巨款，又和市长妻女调情取乐，在其仆人的催促下，“快乐”地离开了这个城市。接着市邮政局长私拆赫列斯达柯夫信件，发现赫列斯达柯夫并非钦差大臣。正当把此消息告诉市长，发生争论时，宪兵来报，钦差大臣驾到。在这出戏剧中，作者借着剧中人物的活动和谈话，揭露了俄国官僚权贵的横行霸道，鱼肉人民，盗用公款，贪污受贿的恶行丑态，以及反动统治阶级和人民之间的无法调和的矛盾。《钦差大臣》是俄国戏剧史上的里程碑，它一反当时流行的小闹剧，使喜剧转向反映重大社会问题，为俄国现实主义的喜剧的发展打开了道路。
用喜剧的方式反映了作者所在时期地方官僚的欺下媚上的行为。
《钦差大臣》是戏剧，不是小说。